Activating transcription factor 2

Activating transcription factor 2, also known as ATF2, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ATF2 gene.[5]

ATF2
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesATF2, CRE-BP1, CREB-2, CREB2, HB16, TREB7, activating transcription factor 2
External IDsOMIM: 123811 MGI: 109349 HomoloGene: 31061 GeneCards: ATF2
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

1386

11909

Ensembl

ENSG00000115966

ENSMUSG00000027104

UniProt

P15336

P16951

RefSeq (mRNA)
RefSeq (protein)
Location (UCSC)Chr 2: 175.07 – 175.17 MbChr 2: 73.82 – 73.89 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Function

This gene encodes a transcription factor that is a member of the leucine zipper family of DNA-binding proteins. This protein binds to the cAMP-responsive element (CRE), an octameric palindrome. The protein forms a homodimer or heterodimer with c-Jun. The protein is also a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) that specifically acetylates histones H2B and H4 in vitro; thus, it may represent a class of sequence-specific factors that activate transcription by direct effects on chromatin components. Additional transcript variants have been identified but their biological validity has not been determined.[5]

The gene atf2 is located at human chromosome 2q32.[6] The protein ATF-2 has 505 amino acids. Studies in mice indicate a role for ATF-2 in the development of nervous system and the skeleton.[7] ATF-2 is normally activated in response to signals that converge on stress-activated protein kinases p38 and JNK.[8] ATF-2 phosphorylation in response to treatment of cells with tumor promoter phorbol ester has been demonstrated.[9]

Several studies implicate abnormal activation of ATF-2 in growth and progression of mammalian skin tumors.[10][11] ATF-2 may mediate oncogenesis caused by mutant Ras protein[12] and regulate maintenance of the aggressive cancer phenotype of some types of epithelial cells.

ATF2 has also been shown to be phosphorylated at its C-terminal (serine 472 and 480 in mouse; serine 490 and 498 in human) by ATM upon double-stranded breaks.[13] Mice with mutations of these two serines are sensitive to irradiation and easier to tumorigenesis under p53 knockout background.

Interactions

Activating transcription factor 2 has been shown to interact with

See also

References
  1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000115966 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000027104 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. "Entrez Gene: ATF2 activating transcription factor 2".
  6. Ozawa K, Sudo T, Soeda E, Yoshida MC, Ishii S (1991). "Assignment of the human CREB2 (CRE-BP1) gene to 2q32". Genomics. 10 (4): 1103–4. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(91)90210-6. PMID 1833307.
  7. Reimold AM, Grusby MJ, Kosaras B, Fries JW, Mori R, Maniwa S, Clauss IM, Collins T, Sidman RL, Glimcher MJ, Glimcher LH (1996). "Chondrodysplasia and neurological abnormalities in ATF-2-deficient mice". Nature. 379 (6562): 262–5. Bibcode:1996Natur.379..262R. doi:10.1038/379262a0. PMID 8538792. S2CID 4326412.
  8. Gupta S, Campbell D, Dérijard B, Davis RJ (1995). "Transcription factor ATF2 regulation by the JNK signal transduction pathway". Science. 267 (5196): 389–93. Bibcode:1995Sci...267..389G. doi:10.1126/science.7824938. PMID 7824938. S2CID 40268838.
  9. Yamasaki T, Takahashi A, Pan J, Yamaguchi N, Yokoyama KK (March 2009). "Phosphorylation of Activation Transcription Factor-2 at Serine 121 by Protein Kinase C Controls c-Jun-mediated Activation of Transcription". J. Biol. Chem. 284 (13): 8567–81. doi:10.1074/jbc.M808719200. PMC 2659215. PMID 19176525.
  10. Leslie MC, Bar-Eli M (2005). "Regulation of gene expression in melanoma: new approaches for treatment". J. Cell. Biochem. 94 (1): 25–38. doi:10.1002/jcb.20296. PMID 15523674. S2CID 23515325.
  11. Papassava P, Gorgoulis VG, Papaevangeliou D, Vlahopoulos S, van Dam H, Zoumpourlis V (2004). "Overexpression of activating transcription factor-2 is required for tumor growth and progression in mouse skin tumors". Cancer Res. 64 (23): 8573–84. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-0955. PMID 15574764.
  12. Vlahopoulos SA, Logotheti S, Mikas D, Giarika A, Gorgoulis V, Zoumpourlis V (17 March 2008). "The role of ATF-2 in oncogenesis". BioEssays. 30 (4): 314–27. doi:10.1002/bies.20734. PMID 18348191. S2CID 678541.
  13. Bhoumik A, Takahashi S, Breitweiser W, Shiloh Y, Jones N, Ronai Z (May 2005). "ATM-dependent phosphorylation of ATF2 is required for the DNA damage response". Mol. Cell. 18 (5): 577–87. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2005.04.015. PMC 2954254. PMID 15916964.
  14. Newell CL, Deisseroth AB, Lopez-Berestein G (July 1994). "Interaction of nuclear proteins with an AP-1/CRE-like promoter sequence in the human TNF-alpha gene". J. Leukoc. Biol. 56 (1): 27–35. doi:10.1002/jlb.56.1.27. PMID 8027667. S2CID 85570533.
  15. Kara CJ, Liou HC, Ivashkiv LB, Glimcher LH (April 1990). "A cDNA for a human cyclic AMP response element-binding protein which is distinct from CREB and expressed preferentially in brain". Mol. Cell. Biol. 10 (4): 1347–57. doi:10.1128/MCB.10.4.1347. PMC 362236. PMID 2320002.
  16. Hai T, Curran T (May 1991). "Cross-family dimerization of transcription factors Fos/Jun and ATF/CREB alters DNA binding specificity". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88 (9): 3720–4. Bibcode:1991PNAS...88.3720H. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.9.3720. PMC 51524. PMID 1827203.
  17. Yamaguchi Y, Wada T, Suzuki F, Takagi T, Hasegawa J, Handa H (August 1998). "Casein kinase II interacts with the bZIP domains of several transcription factors". Nucleic Acids Res. 26 (16): 3854–61. doi:10.1093/nar/26.16.3854. PMC 147779. PMID 9685505.
  18. Sano Y, Tokitou F, Dai P, Maekawa T, Yamamoto T, Ishii S (October 1998). "CBP alleviates the intramolecular inhibition of ATF-2 function". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (44): 29098–105. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.44.29098. PMID 9786917.
  19. Murata T, Shinozuka Y, Obata Y, Yokoyama KK (May 2008). "Phosphorylation of two eukaryotic transcription factors, Jun dimerization protein 2 and activation transcription factor 2, in Escherichia coli by Jun N-terminal kinase 1". Anal. Biochem. 376 (1): 115–21. doi:10.1016/j.ab.2008.01.038. PMID 18307971.
  20. Raingeaud J, Gupta S, Rogers JS, Dickens M, Han J, Ulevitch RJ, Davis RJ (March 1995). "Pro-inflammatory cytokines and environmental stress cause p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by dual phosphorylation on tyrosine and threonine". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (13): 7420–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.13.7420. PMID 7535770.
  21. Chen Z, Cobb MH (May 2001). "Regulation of stress-responsive mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways by TAO2". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (19): 16070–5. doi:10.1074/jbc.M100681200. PMID 11279118.
  22. Tournier C, Whitmarsh AJ, Cavanagh J, Barrett T, Davis RJ (July 1997). "Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 is an activator of the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 (14): 7337–42. Bibcode:1997PNAS...94.7337T. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.14.7337. PMC 23822. PMID 9207092.
  23. Fuchs SY, Xie B, Adler V, Fried VA, Davis RJ, Ronai Z (December 1997). "c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases target the ubiquitination of their associated transcription factors". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (51): 32163–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.51.32163. PMID 9405416.
  24. Sano Y, Harada J, Tashiro S, Gotoh-Mandeville R, Maekawa T, Ishii S (March 1999). "ATF-2 is a common nuclear target of Smad and TAK1 pathways in transforming growth factor-beta signaling". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (13): 8949–57. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.13.8949. PMID 10085140.
  25. Hong S, Choi HM, Park MJ, Kim YH, Choi YH, Kim HH, Choi YH, Cheong J (April 2004). "Activation and interaction of ATF2 with the coactivator ASC-2 are responsive for granulocytic differentiation by retinoic acid". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (17): 16996–7003. doi:10.1074/jbc.M311752200. PMID 14734562.
  26. Cho SG, Bhoumik A, Broday L, Ivanov V, Rosenstein B, Ronai Z (December 2001). "TIP49b, a regulator of activating transcription factor 2 response to stress and DNA damage". Mol. Cell. Biol. 21 (24): 8398–413. doi:10.1128/MCB.21.24.8398-8413.2001. PMC 100004. PMID 11713276.
  27. Firestein R, Feuerstein N (March 1998). "Association of activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) with the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme hUBC9. Implication of the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway in regulation of ATF2 in T cells". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (10): 5892–902. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.10.5892. PMID 9488727.

Further reading
  • PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-2


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