Chifa

Chifa is Chinese Peruvian culinary tradition based on Cantonese elements fused with traditional Peruvian ingredients and traditions. The term is also used to refer to restaurants that serve the chifa cuisine.[2][3]

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Lomo saltado is a dish which originated as part of the chifa tradition, the Chinese cuisine of Peru, though its popularity has made it part of the mainstream culture.[1]

Though originating in Peru, the chifa tradition has spread to neighboring countries like Ecuador,[4] Chile,[5] and Bolivia through increased Chinese immigration.

Chinese-Peruvian food has become one of the most popular types of food in Peru. The first Chinese-Peruvian fusion restaurants were opened in Lima in around 1920 in Lima's Chinatown (Barrio Chino). There are thousands of chifa restaurants across all districts of Lima and many more throughout other cities of Peru, with sometimes multiple independent restaurants operating in close proximity on a single city block.

Etymology

The majority of Chinese Peruvians have origins in southern China, where Cantonese is spoken.[6] The Comisión Lexicografía de la Academia Peruana (CLAP) proposed that the word chifa is from Cantonese 食飯喇 (Jyutping: sik9 fan6 la3), lit "to eat cooked rice" ("comer arroz cocido")[2][6] but usually meant "Time to eat [meal]". The term came to prominence in Lima in the 1930s, when Limeños heard Chinese people using the expression "chifan" as a call to eat in the restaurants they ran.[7]

A similar loanword, chaufa (a chifa fried rice dish), comes from the Cantonese 炒飯 or chaofan (Jyutping: caau3 faan6), meaning "fried rice".[8]

History

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Chinese immigrants came to Peru as coolies.[note 1] They came mainly from the southern Chinese province of Guangdong, particularly the capital city of Guangzhou. For the most part, they settled on the coast of Peru and in the capital city of Lima.[6]

As the economic status of Chinese Peruvians improved, they imported a limited number of ingredients to produce a more authentic version of their home cuisine. Additionally, they began to plant a variety of Chinese vegetables with seeds imported from China. However, due to a lack of ingredients, they were not able to prepare their cuisine in the authentic manner of their homeland.

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Around 1920, the first Chinese Peruvian restaurants were opened in Lima, and they were given the name chifa. Limeños were amazed by the bittersweet sauce, chaufa rice, soup, and other dishes. Wealthy Limeños became fascinated by chifa, to the point where in some regions of the country there are more chifas than criollo restaurants.

Peruvian chefs began to use products used in traditional Chinese cooking such as ginger, soy sauce, scallions, and a variety of other ingredients which began to make their way into daily Limeña cuisine.

There are different accounts on the development of chifa restaurants in Lima, such as the following:

Why is the Chinatown of Lima near the central market called Capon? Because on Ucayali Street pigs, bulls, sheep and goats were fattened to be made more appetizing. Near Capon Street there was a piece of land known as Otaiza, which was rented by a group of Chinese free of the [indenturement] contract, doing what they best knew how to do: cooking and merchanting (...) Capon turned into the birthplace of Chinese food and of the first Peruvian chifas, a blessing from the sky. Soon all of Lima comes to eat at Ton Kin Sen, to Thon Po, to Men Yut, and to San Joy Lao where there was dancing to a live orchestra. Chinese restaurants became known as Chifa. For some this word was derived from the Chinese ni chi fan or "Have you eaten yet". Soon later would come the dish chau fan (fried rice), and finally, chaufa, a dish that comes with almost every chifa meal.
– León, R., 2007 pp.134-136.[9]

The history of chifa is deeply rooted in the development of the Chinatown of Lima, which has become focal point in cultural, artistic, commercial, and especially gastronomic interest. Chinatown is located near Capon Street in Barrios Altos, in the Historic Centre of Lima.

Cuisine
Soy sauce, known in Peru as sillao from the Cantonese name of the item, is an important ingredient in Chifa
Arroz chaufa; the variety pictured includes beef and bean sprouts

Peruvian chifa is distinct, due to its Peruvian cuisine influences. Like most Chinese food internationally and within China, rice, meat, noodles and vegetables are important staples to chifa. Chifa is enjoyed by all socioeconomic levels, evidenced by chifas directed toward those with more disposable income, while chifas de barrio are directed towards a different social stratum. Currently, in the city of Lima there are over 6,000 chifa restaurants.[10]

Chifa dishes
NameImageDescription
Arroz chaufaCantonese-Peruvian style fried rice (white rice, soy sauce, scallions, fried egg, and meat such as chicken or pork)
Tallarin saltadoCantonese-Peruvian style chow mein
Lomo saltadoStir-fried marinated sirloin strips with onions, tomatoes and peppers and served with french fries and rice.
Pollo Chi jau kaiChicken with chu-hou sauce
Pollo Tipa KayChicken with Sweet and Sour sauce.
Pollo enrolladoChicken rolled into fried crust
Chicharron de polloFried simmered chicken cubes served with spiced lemon juice
Pollo con tausiSeasoned chicken with a dark broth
AeropuertoA mixture of arroz chaufa and tallarín saltado
Wantan fritoFried wonton
Sopa wantanCantonese-Peruvian style wonton soup
Kam Lu WantanWontons stir fried with sweet and sour sauce, vegetables and meat
Sopa estilo chifaChinese-style chicken soup
Sopa Fu chi fuEgg drop soup
Taypa a la planchaStir fry of beef, pork, chicken, fried tofu puffs, seafood, vegetables

Chifa in other countries

Since at least the 1970s, Chinese immigrants have opened chifa restaurants in Ecuador,[4] Bolivia, Chile,[5] and Spain.

See also

Notes
  1. This term is considered offensive. See more at Coolie.

References
  1. Acosta González, Martín (29 May 2011). "La jugosa historia del lomo saltado, un plato fruto del mestizaje: Tal como lo conocemos hoy, se trata de un plato relativamente joven que vio la luz gracias a la fusión de sabores de la cocina peruana y china" [The juicy story lomo saltado, a dish result of crossbreeding: As we know it today, it is a relatively young dish which was created by the fusion of flavors of Peruvian and Chinese Cuisines]. El Comercio (Peru) (in Spanish).
  2. Ana Baldoceda E. (2003-12-31). "Resultados de la propuesta lexicográfica peruana en el diccionario de la Real Academia". Boletín de la Academia Peruana de la Lengua (36): 85–162. doi:10.46744/bapl.200202.003.
  3. "Chifa". Diccionario de la Real Academia Española (in Spanish) (vigésima segunda edición ed.).
  4. "Los chifas se comen el mercado ecuatoriano". Hoy (Ecuadorian newspaper) (in Spanish). 2006-04-26. Archived from the original on 2013-07-24.
  5. "Conosur fires up Peruvian chicken, authentic pan-Latin cuisine".
  6. Rodrigues Pastor, Humberto (Oct 2004). Cuando Oriente Llegó a América, Contribución de los inmigrantes chinos, japoneses y coreanos (in Spanish). Lima. ISBN 9781931003735.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  7. Rodríguez Pastor, Humberto (2008). «Gastronomía chino-cantonesa y el chifa peruano». Gaceta Cultural del Perú (32). «Chifas hay de todas características, desde los muy lujosos hasta los que ofrecen al público el consumo "al paso", o los vendedores que ofertan chifita por las calles limeñas, en puestecillos muy modestos pero a los que no les falta su atractivo anuncio de CHIFA y hay hasta quienes lo venden en triciclos ».
  8. «Historia del arroz chaufa». Abrecht. Consultado el 27 de noviembre de 2021. Internet Archive
  9. León, Rafo (2007). Lima Bizarra. Antiguía del centro de la capital. 2da edición (in Spanish). Lima-Perú: Aguilar. ISBN 978-9972-848-17-9.
  10. "Chinese in Peru: Soul food". Commission Magazine. November 2002. Archived from the original on 2007-04-23.

References
  • Zapata Acha, Sergio (noviembre de 2006). Diccionario de gastronomía peruana tradicional (1 edición). Lima, Perú: Universidad San Martín de Porres. ISBN 9972-54-155-X.
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