COVID-19 pandemic in Easter Island

The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached the Chilean island and special territory of Easter Island (Rapa Nui) in March 2020.

COVID-19 pandemic in Easter Island
DiseaseCOVID-19
Virus strainSARS-CoV-2
LocationRapa Nui, Chile
Index caseHanga Roa
Arrival date24 March 2020
(2 years, 7 months, 1 week and 1 day)
Confirmed cases1,631[1]
Active cases36
Suspected cases‡Unknown
RecoveredUnknown
Deaths
Unknown
‡Suspected cases have not been confirmed by laboratory tests as being due to this strain, although some other strains may have been ruled out.
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Background

On 12 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that a novel coronavirus was the cause of a respiratory illness in a cluster of people in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, which was reported to the WHO on 31 December 2019.[2][3]

The case fatality ratio for COVID-19 has been much lower than SARS of 2003,[4][5] but the transmission has been significantly greater, with a significant total death toll.[6][4]

Timeline

On 19 March, the local government of Easter Island ordered a lockdown of the island and requested LATAM Airlines to evacuate all tourists on the island.[7]

On 24 March, the first case in Easter Island was confirmed,[8] followed by a second one in the following days. By the start of April, 5 confirmed cases had been reported. A sixth case was reported in mid April;[9] however, the Ministry of Health confirmed a few days later that the case was a false positive. All cases had recovered after some weeks.

On 24 April, confusion arose at Santiago International Airport regarding positive results for COVID-19 on tests conducted on natives waiting to return to Easter Island. While the airport authority declared that they had not been involved, and Chilean health minister Jaime Mañalich described the situation as a "misunderstanding" because the people had been symptom-free and no tests had been scheduled by the Chilean health ministry, it was later clarified that the municipality of Rapa Nui had been behind the testing. According to Pedro Edmunds Paoa, the test kits had been purchased from South Korea by the local authorities of Easter Island, and the testing procedure was part of a safety protocol. A group of 20 persons of people who had tested positive at the airport or had close contact with them decided to stay in Santiago for a voluntary quarantine of 14 days, amidst fears that their immediate return to the island would result in discrimination, while the remainder of the 527 passengers had departed as planned.[10]

On 1 July, after 100 days of no contracted COVID-19 cases, schools were reopened on the island. Safety measures include the wearing of face masks and students' temperatures being taken upon entering the school.[11]

In August, elections took place for the Ma'u Henua indigenous community, which administers the Rapa Nui National Park. Strict protocols were in place, but photos showed that social distancing measures were not followed, prompting an investigation by authorities.[12]

On 2 September, a plane landed with 262 passengers from mainland Chile. PCR tests were taken by health personnel from Hanga Roa Hospital, which confirmed 4 new cases to have reached the island, all of which were asymptomatic. The government said that the addresses of the infected were under 24/7 surveillance by military personnel, to prevent a breaking of the mandatory quarantine.[13]

In early October, a group of 25 natives of Rapa Nui was finally able to return to their island after being stuck on Tahiti for six months. However, at the time it was unclear whether a young mother who had just given birth would be able to board the flight. A French military plane will carry the group, after a request by Chilean authorities and following months of pleading by the stranded. The returnees will be placed in a 14-day quarantine, and the plane is expected to carry back a second group composed of 15 Tahitians who had been stranded on Easter Island.[14]

At the start of November, the municipality announced that the Tapati Festival 2021 would be held without outside visitors for the first time. The 52nd installment of the annual culture festival will also be cut short and last one a single week instead of the usual two, after plans to scrap it completely were vetoed by the community. It is scheduled to begin on 29 January 2021.[15]

While the government of Chile announced plans to open the country to tourists again by 23 November 2020, the municipal government said that Easter Island would remain closed to all people except residents.[16]

In October 2021 a referendum was held on reopening the island to tourists from January 2021.[17] The proposal was rejected by 66% of voters.[18]

Impact

Tourism

Fears that the island's health system, which consists of just a single hospital[19] with only 3 ventilators could be quickly overwhelmed resulted in the fast closure of the island, leading to around a 1000 tourists becoming stranded on the island. The local government and some hotels provided free stay and food for those who had run out of money, and eventually the visitors were evacuated to mainland Chile via chartered flights. But now many on the island – whose economy depends heavily on tourism – feared that they won't see the return of sufficient numbers of tourists anytime soon.[20]

Mitigation measures

To combat the crisis, native islanders have turned to the ancestral Polynesian tradition of Tapu (from which the English word taboo is derived), which resulted in a cultural acceptance of the lockdown and the self-isolation of affected families. In addition, many native people whose regular work (e.g. in tourism) was interrupted started cultivating their land to grow food.[21] The Tapu tradition is based around "sustainability and respect", potentially helping mitigate the expected decline in tourism revenue, while also safeguarding the elderly from the disease, who are especially valued in local tradition yet also especially vulnerable to COVID-19.[22] This was achieved by using Tapu to enforce a quarantine and restrict social contact. Later, the government brought back another ancient principle, Umanga, which encourages "reciprocal labour between neighbours".[23] While some people have been opposed to the changes, others see the extraordinary situation on the island - which has depended on food imports from mainland Chile and the income provided by around 100,000 tourists per year - as an incentive to "turbocharge" plans to make the island self-sustainable and waste-free by 2030. The modern implementation of Umanga was done via an employment scheme called Pro Empleo Rapa Nui, where 700 islanders were given work. The outcomes by the end of October 2020 included enhanced recycling initiatives and news in the local Rapa Nui language, among others. The program was expected to run until December 2020, and to cost the government an estimated 2.5bn pesos (about $3.1m) in total.[23]

The provincial government has also outlined a plan to counteract economic losses and supply shortages. These include financial aid, public construction works and plans to strengthen local agriculture by distributing seeds. It was also ensured that outside supply – on which the remote island depends – would be able to once again reach Rapa Nui via cargo ships; in addition, there had been talks with the FACH and Navy regarding potential help in case a real supply crisis struck.[24]

Case summary
Week New cases Total cases
March 15–21, 2020 2 2
March 22–28, 2020 1 3
March 29 – April 4, 2020 2 5
April 5–11, 2020 0 5
April 12–18, 2020 0 5
August 30 - September 5, 2020 4 9

See also

References
  1. "Informe Epidemiológico Nº208 Enfermedad Por SARS-CoV-2 | Chile, 17 de octubre de 2022" [Epidemiological Report Nº208 SARS-CoV-2 Disease | Chile, October 17, 2022] (PDF). Department of Epidemiology. 19 October 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  2. Elsevier. "Novel Coronavirus Information Center". Elsevier Connect. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  3. Reynolds, Matt (4 March 2020). "What is coronavirus and how close is it to becoming a pandemic?". Wired UK. ISSN 1357-0978. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  4. "Crunching the numbers for coronavirus". Imperial News. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  5. "High consequence infectious diseases (HCID); Guidance and information about high consequence infectious diseases and their management in England". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  6. "World Federation Of Societies of Anaesthesiologists – Coronavirus". www.wfsahq.org. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  7. Clarín.com. "Coronavirus en Chile: los moai de Isla de Pascua, en cuarentena". www.clarin.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  8. "De origen autóctono: Rapa Nui confirma primer contagio de coronavirus en la isla" (in Spanish). CNN Chile. 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  9. Ministry of Health of Chile (15 April 2020). "Informe epidemiológico – Enfermedad por SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-2019)" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 April 2020.
  10. Villalobos D., Fernanda (25 April 2020). "Las distintas versiones del "malentendido" caso de personas que no pudieron viajar a Rapa Nui por tener covid-19" [The different versions of the 'misunderstanding' case of people who could not travel to Rapa Nui due to having COVID-19]. El Mercurio (in Spanish). Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  11. "Alumnos vuelven a clases en la remota Isla de Pascua libre de coronavirus" [Students return to classes on remote Coronavirus-free Easter Island] (in Spanish). France 24. 2 July 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  12. "Rapa Nui: Abren investigación por incumplimiento de protocolos en primeros comicios bajo pandemia" [Rapa Nui: Investigation opened for breach of protocols in first elections under pandemic]. El Mercurio (in Spanish). 17 August 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  13. Vallejos, Leonardo (13 September 2020). "Cuatro nuevos casos de covid en Rapa Nui: Son personas que retornaron del continente el pasado 2 de septiembre" [Four new cases of covid in Rapa Nui: They are people who returned from the continent on September 2]. El Mercurio (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  14. Perry, Nick (6 October 2020). "After 6 months stranded, Easter Islanders will return home". AP. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  15. Peña A., Juan (7 November 2020). "Tapati 2021 de Rapa Nui será sin turistas por primera vez en la historia y se extenderá sólo por una semana" [Tapati 2021 of Rapa Nui will be without tourists for the first time in history and will last for only one week]. El Mercurio (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  16. "Rapa Nui mantendrá fronteras cerradas para turistas" [Rapa Nui will keep borders closed for tourists]. La Prensa Austral (in Spanish). 15 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  17. "Remote Easter Island votes against welcoming back tourists to prevent new Covid outbreak". RFI. 25 October 2021.
  18. "Osterinsel (Rapa Nui, Isla de Pascua), Chile, 24. Oktober 2021 : Neuöffnung für den Tourismus". Direct Democracy.
  19. "Inauguran Hospital Hanga Roa en Isla de Pascua" (in Spanish). Infraestructura Hospitalaria. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015.
  20. Rapu, Sergio (2 July 2020). "The Island, the Tourist, and the Pandemic". Independent Lens. PBS. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  21. Agence France-Presse (5 April 2020). "Easter Island inhabitants turn to tradition to tackle virus troubles". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  22. Neilson, Michael (11 April 2020). "Covid 19 coronavirus: How a Kiwi/Rapa Nui family is coping in one of the world's most isolated locations - Easter Island". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  23. Johnason, Mark (11 April 2020). "The origin of the word 'taboo'". BBC. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  24. "Gobernación Provincial ya gestiona medidas económicas para paliar efectos del Covid19 en Rapa Nui" [Provincial Government already manages economic measures to mitigate the effects of Covid19 in Rapa Nui] (Press release) (in Spanish). Easter Island: Gobernación Provincia de Isla de Pascua. 27 April 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
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