COVID-19 pandemic in South America

The COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina is part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). On 3 March 2020, the virus was confirmed to have spread to Argentina.[33][34][35][36] As of 2 November 2022, a total of 9,718,875 people were confirmed to have been infected, and 129,991 people were known to have died because of the virus.[37] On 7 March 2020, the Ministry of Health confirmed the country's first documented death, a 64-year-old man who had travelled to Paris, France, who also had other health conditions; the case was only confirmed as positive after the patient's demise.[38]

On 19 March 2020, a nationwide lockdown was established in Argentina.[39][40] The lockdown was lifted throughout all the country, excepting the Greater Buenos Aires urban area (where 31.9% of the country's population live),[41] on 10 May, with Greater Buenos Aires locked down until 17 July, where the lockdown was due to be gradually loosened in several stages to lead to the return to normality.[42] However, restrictions were extended several times until 8 November 2020.[43] During the second wave, another nationwide lockdown took place from 22 to 31 May 2021.[44]

Responses to the outbreak have included restrictions on commerce and movement, closure of borders, and the closure of schools and educational institutions.[45] Clusters of infections and deaths have occurred in nursing homes, prisons and other detention centers, and urban areas.[46][47] The number of tests increased over time, although there were some concerns as there was less testing than in other countries of the region such as Chile and Peru.[48] Even so, the government's responses to the pandemic were among the best received by the population in the region during the early stages of the pandemic.[49]

The COVID-19 pandemic in Bolivia is part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was confirmed to have spread to Bolivia on 10 March 2020, when its first two cases were confirmed in the departments of Oruro and Santa Cruz.[50][51]

On 12 March, Bolivia suspended all public school sessions until 31 March, as well as all commercial flights to and from Europe indefinitely. They also prohibited large-scale public gatherings of more than 1,000 people.[52]

The COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil has resulted in 34,837,035[53] confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 688,219[53] deaths. The virus was confirmed to have spread to Brazil on 25 February 2020,[54] when a man from São Paulo who had traveled to Italy[55] tested positive for the virus. The disease had spread to every federative unit of Brazil by 21 March. On 19 June 2020, the country reported its one millionth case and nearly 49,000 reported deaths.[56][57] One estimate of under-reporting was 22.62% of total reported COVID-19 mortality in 2020.[58][59][60]

The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered a variety of responses from federal, state and local governments, having an impact on politics, education, the environment,[61] and the economy. On 27 March 2020 Brazil announced a temporary ban on foreign air travelers[62] and most state governors have imposed quarantines to prevent the spread of the virus.[63] President Jair Bolsonaro has perpetuated conspiracy theories surrounding COVID-19 treatments[64] and its origins,[65] and was accused of downplaying effective mitigations and pursuing a strategy of herd immunity.[66] In October 2021, a congressional panel recommended criminal charges against the president for his handling of the pandemic, including crimes against humanity.[66]

As of 02 November 2022, Brazil, with 34,837,035[53] confirmed cases and 688,219[53] deaths, has the third-highest number of confirmed cases and second-highest death toll from COVID-19 in the world, behind only those of the United States and of India.

The worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) severely affected Chile. The virus was confirmed to have reached Chile on 3 March 2020.[67] Initial cases had been imported from Southeast Asia and Europe, and expanded into a large number of untraceable infections, placing the country within phase 4 of the pandemic as defined by the World Health Organization, with over 1,000 confirmed cases by 25 March 2020.

The cases are concentrated in the Santiago metropolitan area, with outbreaks in other regions in the country. No national lockdown was established in Chile, unlike in neighboring Argentina and Peru, although a night curfew was implemented throughout the country. Quarantines were established locally in different cities and neighborhoods. However, in May 2020 the whole city of Santiago was put under mandatory quarantine due to an increase of cases, and similar situations were extended to most of the largest cities in Chile.

Considering its population, by June 2020 Chile had one of the worst outbreaks in the world.[68] Initially, the number of fatalities reported was lower than in other countries in South America, even those with fewer cases. However, in May 2020, the number of cases and deaths increased rapidly, while several sources reported excess deaths not officially attributed to covid, which were not counted.[69][70] By June 2020, the government confirmed thousands of additional deaths due to COVID-19, including suspected cases where PCR tests were not available.[71] The pandemic reached a peak on 13 June with 195 daily confirmed deaths and nearly 7,000 positive cases.[72] By July 2020, 10,000 people had died, and Chile had the sixth largest number of cases in the world.[73][74] In the following weeks, the number of daily cases and deaths started to decrease slowly, although some local outbreaks appeared. The number of cases increased later in the year, and by March 2021 the number of daily cases exceeded those in the initial wave.[75]

Chile became one of the first countries to start a nationwide program to vaccinate against COVID-19. On 24 December 2020, the first batch of vaccines arrived in the country to inoculate mainly health workers.[76] With larger batches of vaccines (mainly Sinovac's CoronaVac) arriving from February 2021, Chile became one of the fastest countries in the world to inoculate their population: by March 2021 a quarter of the population had received at least one dose. This fast response was due to signing contracts with multiple providers, a strong public immunization program, and little anti-vaccine sentiment.[77] Despite the success of the vaccination program the number of cases increased, which has been attributed to early relaxation of restrictions and a false sense of security.[78][79][80]

With more than 92,000 cases and 2,500 deaths per million inhabitants,[72] the impact of the pandemic has been great in the South American country. In March 2020, when the first cases of COVID-19 were reported, the country was still facing protests and riots[lower-alpha 2] that had begun in October 2019, and the pandemic affected the scheduled 2020 Chilean national plebiscite, which was rescheduled and held later in the year. Partial lockdowns and quarantines were established in the first months, hitting the economy of the country. By April 2020, unemployment had reached 9%, a ten-year high.[82][83] A wave of protests sparked in late May, mainly in Santiago, due to food shortages in certain sectors of the population.[84] The Chilean GDP shrank by a 5.8% in 2020, the largest recession in 40 years in the country.[85] Chile is the only country in the world with entry procedures such as requiring homologation of vaccines to travel to.[86]

The COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia is part of the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was confirmed to have reached Colombia on 6 March 2020.[87][88]

Up to January 2022, four waves affected Colombia: Infections and deaths peaked in August 2020, again in January 2021 following the Christmas holidays, reached new highs between April and June 2021, and a fourth wave was confirmed in late December 2021 following the arrival of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2.[89]

"Confirmed COVID-19" was the primary cause of death in Colombia in 2020, where the virus caused over 50,000 fatalities by the end of the calendar year. An additional 13,000 deaths in Colombia that year were suspected to be caused by COVID-19, making "suspected COVID-19" the third most common cause of death.[90] The "confirmed COVID-19" death toll doubled during the first half of 2021, reaching 100,000 before the end of June (including all deaths from the beginning of the pandemic).[91]

The COVID-19 pandemic in Guyana is part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was confirmed to have reached Guyana on 11 March 2020. The first case was a woman who travelled from New York,[102] a 52-year-old woman with underlying health conditions, including diabetes and hypertension.[103] The woman died at the Georgetown Public Hospital.[104]

The COVID-19 pandemic in Peru has resulted in 4,156,924[53] confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 217,012[53] deaths.

The virus spread to Peru on 6 March 2020, when a 25-year-old man who had travelled to Spain, France, and the Czech Republic tested positive.[108] On 15 March 2020, President Martín Vizcarra announced a country-wide lockdown, closing borders, restricting domestic flights, and forbidding nonessential business operations, excluding health facilities, grocery stores, pharmacies, and banks.

Peru, with a total population of 32 million people,[109] had a total of 1,002 intensive care unit (ICU) beds available as of May 2020,[110] and was working on expanding its nationwide ventilator stock from 40 to a desired 540 machines. Engineering and production are supplied by the Peruvian Armed Forces. As of June 2020, oxygen was in short supply.[111]

The COVID-19 pandemic in Uruguay has resulted in 990,560[53] confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 7,518[53] deaths.

The first cases in Uruguay were reported on 13 March 2020 by the Ministry of Public Health.[117] The early cases were imported from Italy and Spain, with some local transmissions.[118] The majority of early cases were traced to a wedding with 500 people in attendance in Montevideo, attended by a Uruguayan fashion designer who returned from Spain and later tested positive.[119][120] Various containment measures were introduced in mid-March, and major restrictions on movement followed in late March. Uruguay is one of the few countries in Latin America to have been able to avoid large outbreaks for a considerable amount of time due to their closing of borders with neighboring countries. The country had one of the lowest numbers of active cases per population in South America up until December when the public health authorities announced that large outbreaks had led to community transmission in Montevideo.[121] On 23 January 2021, President Luis Lacalle Pou announced during a press conference that the government purchased doses of COVID-19 vaccines from Pfizer and Sinovac Biotech, while negotiating with a third manufacturer.[122]