Cyclofenil

Cyclofenil, sold under the brand name Sexovid among others, is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) medication which is used as a gonadotropin stimulant or ovulation inducer and in menopausal hormone therapy in women.[3][4][5][6] It is mostly no longer available.[6] The medication is taken by mouth.[7][8][9]

Not to be confused with Cycloguanil.
Cyclofenil
Clinical data
Trade namesSexovid, others
Other namesCyclophenil; F-6066; H-3452; ICI-48213; bis(p-Acetoxyphenyl)-cyclohexylidenemethane
AHFS/Drugs.comInternational Drug Names
Routes of
administration		By mouth
Drug classSelective estrogen receptor modulator; Progonadotropin
ATC code
Pharmacokinetic data
Elimination half-life18–29 hours[1][2]
Identifiers
IUPAC name
  • [4-[(4-Acetoxyphenyl)-cyclohexylidene-methyl]phenyl] acetate
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.018.264
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC23H24O4
Molar mass364.441 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
SMILES
  • O=C(Oc3ccc(C(/c1ccc(OC(=O)C)cc1)=C2\CCCCC2)cc3)C

Side effects of cyclofenil include liver toxicity among others.[10] It is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) and hence is a mixed agonist–antagonist of the estrogen receptor (ER), the biological target of estrogens like estradiol.[8] It has antiestrogenic effects on the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis and hence can increase sex hormone production and stimulate ovulation.[8][11]

Cyclofenil was introduced for medical use in 1970.[12] It has been mostly discontinued, but remains available in a few countries, including Brazil, Italy, and Japan.[6][13][3] It has been used as a doping agent by male athletes.[8]

Medical use

Cyclofenil is used to treat menstrual disturbances and anovulatory infertility caused by insufficiency of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis in women.[3] It has also been used to treat menopausal symptoms.[3] The medication is generally used at a dosage of 400 to 600 mg per day.[3][8][9]

Available forms

Cyclofenil has been available in the form of 100, 200, and 400 mg oral tablets.[8]

Non-medical use

Cyclofenil has been used by male athletes to increase testosterone levels.[8] It is not effective for this purpose in women.[8]

Contraindications

Cyclofenil is contraindicated during pregnancy and in those with severe liver disease and unexplained uterine bleeding.[14]

Side effects

Cyclofenil is associated with a relatively high incidence of hepatotoxicity.[10] Biochemical signs of undesirable liver changes have been observed in 35% or more of individuals and 1% of individuals experience overt hepatitis.[10]

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

Cyclofenil is a SERM, or a mixed agonist and antagonist of the estrogen receptors (ERs).[8] It is described as a relatively weak/mild SERM.[8] The medication is generally less effective than other SERMs.[15] The medication is an "impeded estrogen" and is thought to work as a progonadotropin by blocking the actions of estrogens in the pituitary gland and hypothalamus, thereby disinhibiting release of the gonadotropins luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone.[11] In men, cyclofenil can increase testosterone levels due its progonadotropic effects.[8]

Pharmacokinetics

In terms of distribution, cyclofenil acts both centrally and peripherally.[15] The elimination half-life of cyclofenil after a single 200 mg dose is 18 to 29 hours.[1][2]

Chemistry

Cyclofenil is a nonsteroidal SERM and is closely related structurally to triphenylethylene SERMs like clomifene and tamoxifen.[9] It has been referred to as a diphenylethylene derivative, differing from triphenylethylenes only by the replacement of one of the phenyl rings with a cyclohexane ring.[16][11]

History

Cyclofenil was first introduced for medical use in 1970 under the brand name Ondogyne in France.[12] Subsequently, it was introduced throughout the world under a variety of other brand names, including its most well-known brand name Sexovid.[12]

Society and culture

Generic names

Cyclofenil is the English generic name of the drug and its INN, USAN, and BAN.[4][5][6]

Brand names

Cyclofenil has been marketed under a variety of brand names including Ciclifen, Fertodur, Gyneuro, Klofenil, Menoferil, Menopax, Neoclym, Oginex, Ondonid, Ondogyne, Rehibin, Sexadieno, Sexovar, and Sexovid.[17][12][13]

Availability

Cyclofenil remains available today only in Brazil, Italy, and Japan.[6][13][3] In the past, it has also been available in France, Germany, Mexico, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, and the United Kingdom.[5][12][13][3]

Regulation

Cyclofenil is included on the World Anti-Doping Agency list of illegal doping agents in sport.[18][19]

Research

Cyclofenil was investigated as a possible treatment for scleroderma in the 1980s, but was found to be ineffective.[20] Later study of its efficacy in treating Raynaud's phenomenon in people with scleroderma also found no significant benefit.[21]

References
  1. Vaclav Insler; Bruno Lunenfeld (January 1993). Infertility: Male and Female. Churchill Livingstone. p. 458. ISBN 978-0-443-04514-1.
  2. Josef Blankstein; Shlomo Mashiach; Bruno Lunenfeld (1 July 1986). Ovulation Induction and in Vitro Fertilization. Year Book Medical Publishers. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-8151-0871-9.
  3. Sweetman, Sean C., ed. (2009). "Sex hormones and their modulators". Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference (36th ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. p. 2088. ISBN 978-0-85369-840-1.
  4. J. Elks (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. pp. 329–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3.
  5. Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. January 2000. pp. 284–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1.
  6. "List of 7 Menopausal Disorders Medications Compared".
  7. G. Seyffart (6 December 2012). Drug Dosage in Renal Insufficiency. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 166–. ISBN 978-94-011-3804-8.
  8. Ashraf Mozayani; Lionel Raymon (15 October 2003). Handbook of Drug Interactions: A Clinical and Forensic Guide. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 555–. ISBN 978-1-59259-654-6.
  9. Godwin I. Meniru; Peter R. Brinsden; Ian L. Craft (31 July 1997). A Handbook of Intrauterine Insemination. Cambridge University Press. pp. 58–59, 207. ISBN 978-0-521-58676-4.
  10. Ross Cameron; George Feuer; Felix de la Iglesia (6 December 2012). Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 565–. ISBN 978-3-642-61013-4.
  11. Solomon Zuckerman; Barbara J. Weir (22 October 2013). Physiology. Elsevier Science. pp. 209–. ISBN 978-1-4832-5975-8.
  12. William Andrew Publishing (22 October 2013). Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition. Elsevier. pp. 1162–. ISBN 978-0-8155-1856-3.
  13. "IBM Watson Health Products". IBM Watson Health Products. Retrieved 2021-11-01.
  14. Mutschler; Hartmut Derendorf (1995). Drug Actions: Basic Principles and Therapeutic Aspects. CRC Press. pp. 294–. ISBN 978-0-8493-7774-7.
  15. E.P.W. Tatford (6 December 2012). Problems in Gynaecology. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 105–106. ISBN 978-94-009-4125-0.
  16. J. Horsky; J. Presl (6 December 2012). Ovarian Function and its Disorders: Diagnosis and Therapy. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 92–. ISBN 978-94-009-8195-9.
  17. Martin Negwer; Hans-Georg Scharnow (2001). Organic-chemical drugs and their synonyms: (an international survey). Wiley-VCH. p. 2397. ISBN 978-3-527-30247-5.
  18. David R. Mottram; Neil Chester (13 November 2014). Drugs in Sport. Routledge. pp. 117–. ISBN 978-1-134-70800-0.
  19. Ed The Emtree Editorial Team (1 January 2004). Doping Search Guide 2004: Over 10,000 Substance Names in Reference to the 2004 WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency) List of Prohibited Substances and Methods. Elsevier. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-444-51752-4.
  20. Torres MA, Furst DE (February 1990). "Treatment of generalized systemic sclerosis". Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 16 (1): 217–41. doi:10.1016/S0889-857X(21)01050-4. PMID 2406809.
  21. Pope J, Fenlon D, Thompson A, et al. (2000). Pope J (ed.). "Cyclofenil for Raynaud's phenomenon in progressive systemic sclerosis". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2): CD000955. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000955. PMC 7032887. PMID 10796397.
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