Guggulsterone

Guggulsterone
	; E-Guggulsterone
	; Z-Guggulsterone
Names
	IUPAC name (8R,9S,10R,13S,14S)-17-Ethylidene-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15-decahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,16-dione
	Other names Pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione
Identifiers
CAS Number	95975-55-6 ; 39025-24-6 (E) ; 39025-23-5 (Z) ;
3D model (JSmol)	(E): Interactive image; (Z): Interactive image;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL410683 ;
ChemSpider	4944297 (E) ; 4952892 (Z) ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.118.937
IUPHAR/BPS	2745;
PubChem CID	6439929 (E); 6450278 (Z);
UNII	A4PW148END ; 9B259YE66O (E) ; 6CST3U34GN (Z) ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID6033538 ;
	InChI (E): InChI=1S/C21H28O2/c1-4-16-19(23)12-18-15-6-5-13-11-14(22)7-9-20(13,2)17(15)8-10-21(16,18)3/h4,11,15,17-18H,5-10,12H2,1-3H3/b16-4-/t15-,17+,18+,20+,21-/m1/s1 Key: WDXRGPWQVHZTQJ-AUKWTSKRSA-N; (Z): InChI=1S/C21H28O2/c1-4-16-19(23)12-18-15-6-5-13-11-14(22)7-9-20(13,2)17(15)8-10-21(16,18)3/h4,11,15,17-18H,5-10,12H2,1-3H3/b16-4+/t15-,17+,18+,20+,21-/m1/s1 Key: WDXRGPWQVHZTQJ-OSJVMJFVSA-N;
	SMILES (E): O=C1C[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])CCC4=CC(CC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])CC[C@]2(C)/C1=C\C)=O; (Z): O=C1C[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])CCC4=CC(CC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])CC[C@]2(C)/C1=C/C)=O;
Properties
Chemical formula	C21H28O2
Molar mass	312.453 g·mol−1
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Guggulsterone is a phytosteroid found in the resin of the guggul plant, Commiphora mukul. Guggulsterone can exist as either of two stereoisomers, E-guggulsterone and Z-guggulsterone. In humans, it acts as an antagonist of the farnesoid X receptor, which was once believed to result in decreased cholesterol synthesis in the liver. Several studies have been published that indicate no overall reduction in total cholesterol occurs using various dosages of guggulsterone, and levels of low-density lipoprotein ("bad cholesterol") increased in many people.[1][2] Nevertheless, guggulsterone is an ingredient in many nutritional supplements.

Guggulsterone is a broad-spectrum ligand of steroid hormone receptors, and is known to possess the following activities:[3][4][5][6]

Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (K_i = 39 nM)
Progesterone receptor partial agonist (K_i = 201 nM)
Glucocorticoid receptor antagonist (K_i = 224 nM)
Androgen receptor antagonist (K_i = 240 nM)
Estrogen receptor agonist (K_i > 5 μM; EC₅₀ > 5 μM)
Farnesoid X receptor antagonist (IC₅₀ = 5–50 μM)
Pregnane X receptor agonist (EC₅₀ = 2.4 μM ((Z)-isomer))

Guggulsterone has been found in animal research to be orally active; it has an absolute bioavailability of 42.9% after oral administration in rats, with a half-life of around 10 hours in this species, indicating a good pharmacokinetic profile.[7]

References

Szapary, PO; Wolfe, ML; Bloedon, LT; Cucchiara, AJ; Dermarderosian, AH; Cirigliano, MD; Rader, DJ (2003). "Guggulipid Ineffective for Lowering Cholesterol". JAMA. 290 (6): 765–772. doi:10.1001/jama.290.6.765. PMID 12915429.
Sahni, S; Hepfinger, CA; Sauer, KA (2005). "Guggulipid Use in Hyperlipidemia". Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 62 (16): 1690–1692. doi:10.2146/ajhp040580. PMID 16085931.
Burris, T. P. (2004). "The Hypolipidemic Natural Product Guggulsterone Is a Promiscuous Steroid Receptor Ligand". Molecular Pharmacology. 67 (3): 948–954. doi:10.1124/mol.104.007054. ISSN 0026-895X. PMID 15602004. S2CID 309272.
Brobst, D. E. (2004). "Guggulsterone Activates Multiple Nuclear Receptors and Induces CYP3A Gene Expression through the Pregnane X Receptor". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 310 (2): 528–535. doi:10.1124/jpet.103.064329. ISSN 0022-3565. PMID 15075359. S2CID 7093631.
Hugo Kubinyi; Gerhard Müller (6 March 2006). Chemogenomics in Drug Discovery: A Medicinal Chemistry Perspective. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 394–. ISBN 978-3-527-60402-9.
Roger Blumenthal; JoAnne Foody; Nathan D. Wong (25 February 2011). Preventive Cardiology: A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 1563–. ISBN 978-1-4377-3785-1.
Verma, N.; Singh, S.K.; Gupta, R.C. (1999). "Pharmacokinetics of Guggulsterone after Intravenous and Oral Administration in Rats". Pharmacy and Pharmacology Communications. 5 (5): 349–354. doi:10.1211/146080899128734956. ISSN 1460-8081.

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[1] Szapary, PO; Wolfe, ML; Bloedon, LT; Cucchiara, AJ; Dermarderosian, AH; Cirigliano, MD; Rader, DJ (2003). "Guggulipid Ineffective for Lowering Cholesterol". JAMA. 290 (6): 765–772. doi:10.1001/jama.290.6.765. PMID 12915429.

[2] Sahni, S; Hepfinger, CA; Sauer, KA (2005). "Guggulipid Use in Hyperlipidemia". Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 62 (16): 1690–1692. doi:10.2146/ajhp040580. PMID 16085931.

[Burris2004-3] Burris, T. P. (2004). "The Hypolipidemic Natural Product Guggulsterone Is a Promiscuous Steroid Receptor Ligand". Molecular Pharmacology. 67 (3): 948–954. doi:10.1124/mol.104.007054. ISSN 0026-895X. PMID 15602004. S2CID 309272.

[Brobst2004-4] Brobst, D. E. (2004). "Guggulsterone Activates Multiple Nuclear Receptors and Induces CYP3A Gene Expression through the Pregnane X Receptor". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 310 (2): 528–535. doi:10.1124/jpet.103.064329. ISSN 0022-3565. PMID 15075359. S2CID 7093631.

[KubinyiMüller2006-5] Hugo Kubinyi; Gerhard Müller (6 March 2006). Chemogenomics in Drug Discovery: A Medicinal Chemistry Perspective. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 394–. ISBN 978-3-527-60402-9.

[BlumenthalFoody2011-6] Roger Blumenthal; JoAnne Foody; Nathan D. Wong (25 February 2011). Preventive Cardiology: A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 1563–. ISBN 978-1-4377-3785-1.

[VermaSingh1999-7] Verma, N.; Singh, S.K.; Gupta, R.C. (1999). "Pharmacokinetics of Guggulsterone after Intravenous and Oral Administration in Rats". Pharmacy and Pharmacology Communications. 5 (5): 349–354. doi:10.1211/146080899128734956. ISSN 1460-8081.