Trenbolone

Trenbolone is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) of the nandrolone group which itself was never marketed.[1][2][3][4][5] Trenbolone ester prodrugs, including trenbolone acetate (brand names Finajet, Finaplix, others) and trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate (brand names Parabolan, Hexabolan), are or have been marketed for veterinary and clinical use.[1][2][3][5][6][7] Trenbolone acetate is used in veterinary medicine in livestock to increase muscle growth and appetite, while trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate was formerly used clinically in humans but is now no longer marketed.[1][2][3][5] In addition, although it is not approved for clinical or veterinary use, trenbolone enanthate is sometimes sold on the black market under the nickname Trenabol.[5]

A vial of injectable trenbolone acetate.
Not to be confused with Trestolone.
Trenbolone
Clinical data
Other namesTrienolone; Trienbolone; RU-2341; Δ9,11-Nandrolone; 19-Nor-δ9,11-testosterone; Estra-4,9,11-trien-17β-ol-3-one
AHFS/Drugs.comInternational Drug Names
Pregnancy
category
  • X
Routes of
administration		Intramuscular injection (as esters)
Drug classAndrogen; Anabolic steroid; Progestogen
ATC code
  • None
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
BioavailabilityIntramuscular: 100%
MetabolismLiver
Elimination half-life6-8 hours
ExcretionUrine
Identifiers
IUPAC name
  • (8S,13S,14S,17S)-17-Hydroxy-13-methyl-2,6,7,8,14,15,16,17-octahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.127.177
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC18H22O2
Molar mass270.372 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
SMILES
  • O=C4\C=C2/C(=C1/C=C\[C@@]3([C@@H](O)CC[C@H]3[C@@H]1CC2)C)CC4
InChI
  • InChI=1S/C18H22O2/c1-18-9-8-14-13-5-3-12(19)10-11(13)2-4-15(14)16(18)6-7-17(18)20/h8-10,15-17,20H,2-7H2,1H3/t15-,16+,17+,18+/m1/s1 Y
  • Key:MEHHPFQKXOUFFV-OWSLCNJRSA-N Y
 NY (what is this?)  (verify)

Uses

Veterinary

Trenbolone, as trenbolone acetate, improves muscle mass, feed efficiency, and mineral absorption in cattle.[5]

Side effects

Sometimes human users may experience an event called "tren cough" shortly after or during an injection, where the user experiences a violent and extreme coughing fit, which can last for minutes.

See also: Anabolic steroid § Adverse effects

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

Trenbolone has both anabolic and androgenic effects.[5] Once metabolized, trenbolone esters have the effect of increasing ammonium ion uptake by muscles, leading to an increase in the rate of protein synthesis. It may also have the secondary effects of stimulating appetite and decreasing the rate of catabolism, as all anabolic steroids are believed to; however, catabolism likely increases significantly once the steroid is no longer taken.[8] At least one study in rats has shown trenbolone to cause gene expression of the androgen receptor (AR) at least as potent as dihydrotestosterone (DHT). This evidence tends to indicate trenbolone can cause an increase in male secondary sex characteristics without the need to convert to a more potent androgen in the body.[9]

Studies on metabolism are mixed, with some studies showing that it is metabolized by aromatase or 5α-reductase into estrogenic compounds, or into 5α-reduced androgenic compounds, respectively.[10][11]

Trenbolone has potency five times as high as that of testosterone.[5][12] Trenbolone also binds with high affinity to the progesterone receptor,[5][12][13][14] Trenbolone binds to the glucocorticoid receptor, as well.[13]

Pharmacokinetics

To prolong its elimination half-life, trenbolone is administered as a prodrug as an ester conjugate such as trenbolone acetate, trenbolone enanthate, or trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate.[1][2][3][5] Plasma lipases then cleave the ester group in the bloodstream leaving free trenbolone.

Trenbolone and 17-epitrenbolone are both excreted in urine as conjugates that can be hydrolyzed with beta-glucuronidase.[15] This implies that trenbolone leaves the body as beta-glucuronides or sulfates.

Chemistry
See also: List of androgens/anabolic steroids

Trenbolone, also known as 19-nor-δ9,11-testosterone or as estra-4,9,11-trien-17β-ol-3-one, is a synthetic estrane steroid and a derivative of nandrolone (19-nortestosterone).[1][2][5] It is specifically nandrolone with two additional double bonds in the steroid nucleus.[1][2][5] Trenbolone esters, which have an ester at the C17β position, include trenbolone acetate, trenbolone enanthate, trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate, and trenbolone undecanoate.[1][2][5][16]

Basic information about different types steroids included base trenbolone inside structure.
Name: Trenbolone Trenbolone acetate Trenbolone enanthate Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate

(cyclohexylmethylcarbonate)

Structural[16]
Formula C18H22O2 C20H24O3 C25H34O3 C26H34O4
Crystal system[16] monocrystalic monocrystalic monocrystalic
Elimination half life 48–72 hours short

1–2 days;[16] 3 days[17]

 long

11 days[16]

 8 days[16]

History

Trenbolone was first synthesized in 1963.[18]

Society and culture

Generic names

Trenbolone is the generic name of the drug and its INN and BAN.[1][2][3] It has also been referred to as trienolone or trienbolone or tren.[1][2][3][19]

Some bodybuilders and athletes use trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate and other esters (acetate, enanthate) for their muscle-building and otherwise performance-enhancing effects.[20][5] Such use is illegal in the United States and several European and Asian countries. The DEA classifies trenbolone and its esters as Schedule III controlled substances under the Controlled Substances Act.[21] Trenbolone is classified as a Schedule 4 drug in Canada[22] and a class C drug with no penalty for personal use or possession in the United Kingdom.[23] Use or possession of steroids without a prescription is a crime in Australia.[24]

Doping in sports

There are known cases of doping in sports with trenbolone esters by professional athletes.

See also

References
  1. J. Elks (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3.
  2. Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. January 2000. p. 1591. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1.
  3. I.K. Morton; Judith M. Hall (6 December 2012). Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 279–. ISBN 978-94-011-4439-1.
  4. "Trenbolone".
  5. William Llewellyn (2011). Anabolics. Molecular Nutrition Llc. pp. 491–499, 618–, 724–. ISBN 978-0-9828280-1-4.
  6. Nichols, Wade; Hutcheson, John; Streeter, Marshall; Corrigan, Mark; Nuttelman, Brandon. "Implant Strategies for Finishing Cattle using Revalor® (trenbolone acetate and estradiol), Finaplix® (trenbolone) and/or Ralgro® (zeranol)" (PDF). Merck Animal Health.
  7. Kicman, A T (2008). "Pharmacology of anabolic steroids". British Journal of Pharmacology. 154 (3): 502–521. doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.165. ISSN 0007-1188. PMC 2439524. PMID 18500378.
  8. "Anabolic Steroids: Mechanisms and Effects".
  9. Wilson, V. S.; Lambright, C; Ostby, J; Gray Jr, LE (2002). "In Vitro and in Vivo Effects of 17beta-Trenbolone: A Feedlot Effluent Contaminant". Toxicological Sciences. 70 (2): 202–11. doi:10.1093/toxsci/70.2.202. PMID 12441365.
  10. Yarrow, Joshua F.; McCoy, Sean C.; Borst, Stephen E. (2010). "Tissue selectivity and potential clinical applications of trenbolone (17β-hydroxyestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one): A potent anabolic steroid with reduced androgenic and estrogenic activity". Steroids. 75 (6): 377–89. doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2010.01.019. PMID 20138077. S2CID 205253265.
  11. Gettys, TW; d'Occhio, MJ; Henricks, DM; Schanbacher, BD (1984). "Suppression of LH secretion by oestradiol, dihydrotestosterone and trenbolone acetate in the acutely castrated bull". The Journal of Endocrinology. 100 (1): 107–12. doi:10.1677/joe.0.1000107. PMID 6361192.
  12. C. G. Nicholas Mascie-Taylor; Lyliane Rosetta (13 January 2011). Reproduction and Adaptation: Topics in Human Reproductive Ecology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 69–. ISBN 978-1-139-49430-4.
  13. APMIS.: Supplementum. Munksgaard. 2001. p. 5339. ISBN 9788716164575.
  14. Kenneth W. McKerns (13 March 2013). Reproductive Processes and Contraception. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 171–. ISBN 978-1-4684-3824-6.
  15. Schänzer, W (1996). "Metabolism of anabolic androgenic steroids". Clinical Chemistry. 42 (7): 1001–20. doi:10.1093/clinchem/42.7.1001. PMID 8674183.
  16. Borodi, Gheorghe; Turza, Alexandru; Camarasan, Paula Alexandra; Ulici, Adelina (2020). "Structural studies of Trenbolone, Trenbolone Acetate, Hexahydrobenzylcarbonate and Enanthate esters". Journal of Molecular Structure. 1212: 128127. Bibcode:2020JMoSt121228127B. doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128127. ISSN 0022-2860. S2CID 216299984.
  17. Ruiz, Pedro; Strain, Eric C. (2011). Lowinson and Ruiz's Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-1-60547-277-5.
  18. Schänzer W (1996). "Metabolism of anabolic androgenic steroids". Clin. Chem. 42 (7): 1001–20. doi:10.1093/clinchem/42.7.1001. PMID 8674183.
  19. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (1990). Residues of Some Veterinary Drugs in Animals and Foods: Monographs Prepared by the Thirty-Fourth Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Geneva, 30 January-8 February 1989. Food & Agriculture Org. pp. 88–. ISBN 978-92-5-102933-6.
  20. "Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate use in bodybuilding". 20 November 2021.
  21. "Controlled Substances Act". United States Food and Drug Administration. 11 June 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
  22. "Controlled Drugs and Substances Act". laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2012-09-15.
  23. http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/alcohol-drugs/drugs/acmd1/anabolic-steroids-report/anabolic-steroids?view=Binary. Archived 2011-09-22 at the Wayback Machine
  24. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2011-08-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

Further reading
  • Meyer HH (2001). "Biochemistry and physiology of anabolic hormones used for improvement of meat production". APMIS. 109 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0463.2001.tb05785.x. PMID 11297191. S2CID 23149070.
  • Yarrow JF, McCoy SC, Borst SE (2010). "Tissue selectivity and potential clinical applications of trenbolone (17beta-hydroxyestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one): A potent anabolic steroid with reduced androgenic and estrogenic activity". Steroids. 75 (6): 377–89. doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2010.01.019. PMID 20138077. S2CID 205253265.
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