1644

1644 (MDCXLIV) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1644th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 644th year of the 2nd millennium, the 44th year of the 17th century, and the 5th year of the 1640s decade. As of the start of 1644, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
1644 by topic
Arts and science
  • Architecture
  • Art
  • Literature
  • Music
  • Science
Leaders
  • State leaders
  • Colonial governors
  • Religious leaders
Birth and death categories
Births – Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments – Disestablishments
Works category
  • Works
1644 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1644
MDCXLIV
Ab urbe condita2397
Armenian calendar1093
ԹՎ ՌՂԳ
Assyrian calendar6394
Balinese saka calendar1565–1566
Bengali calendar1051
Berber calendar2594
English Regnal year19 Cha. 1 – 20 Cha. 1
Buddhist calendar2188
Burmese calendar1006
Byzantine calendar7152–7153
Chinese calendar癸未年 (Water Goat)
4340 or 4280
    — to —
甲申年 (Wood Monkey)
4341 or 4281
Coptic calendar1360–1361
Discordian calendar2810
Ethiopian calendar1636–1637
Hebrew calendar5404–5405
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1700–1701
 - Shaka Samvat1565–1566
 - Kali Yuga4744–4745
Holocene calendar11644
Igbo calendar644–645
Iranian calendar1022–1023
Islamic calendar1053–1054
Japanese calendarKan'ei 21 / Shōhō 1
(正保元年)
Javanese calendar1565–1566
Julian calendarGregorian minus 10 days
Korean calendar3977
Minguo calendar268 before ROC
民前268年
Nanakshahi calendar176
Thai solar calendar2186–2187
Tibetan calendar阴水羊年
(female Water-Goat)
1770 or 1389 or 617
    — to —
阳木猴年
(male Wood-Monkey)
1771 or 1390 or 618
July 1: Battle of Colberger Heide
July 2: Battle of Marston Moor.

It is one of eight years (CE) to contain each Roman numeral once (1000(M)+500(D)+100(C)+(-10(X)+50(L))+(-1(I)+5(V)) = 1644).

Events
Kolumna Zygmunta is erected.

January–March

April–June
  • April 18 – Opchanacanough leads the Powhatan Indians in an unsuccessful uprising against the English at Jamestown. Although 300 of the English colonists are slain, the settlers pursue Opchanacanough, who is imprisoned in Jamestown for the rest of his life. [4] This is the last such Indian rebellion in the region.
  • April 25 – A popular Chinese rebellion led by Li Zicheng sacks Beijing, prompting Chongzhen, the last emperor of the Ming Dynasty, to commit suicide.
  • May 6 – Johan Mauritius resigns as Governor of Brazil.[3]
  • May 25 – Ming general Wu Sangui forms an alliance with the invading Manchus, and opens the gates of the Great Wall of China at Shanhaiguan Pass, letting the Manchus through, towards the capital Beijing.
  • May 26 – Battle of Montijo: The Kingdom of Portugal is victorious over Habsburg Spain, in the first major action between the two nations during the Portuguese Restoration War.
  • May 27 – Battle of Shanhai Pass: The Manchu Qing Dynasty and Wu Sangui gain a decisive victory, over Li Zicheng's Shun Dynasty.
  • June 3 – Li Zicheng proclaims himself emperor of China.
  • June 6 – The invading Qing army, with the help of Ming general Wu Sangui, captures Beijing in China, marking the beginning of Manchu rule over the Chinese mainland.
  • June 11 – During the English Civil War, Prince Rupert and his men take Liverpool Castle. [5] Liverpool is later reclaimed by Sir John Moore.

July–September

October–December

Date unknown
  • The opera Ormindo is first performed in Venice (music by Francesco Cavalli, and libretto by Giovanni Faustini).
  • Sigismund's Column is erected in Warsaw, to commemorate King Sigismund III Vasa, who moved the capital of Poland from Kraków to Warsaw in 1596.
  • Philosopher René Descartes publishes Principia Philosophiae (Principles of Philosophy).
  • A Spanish officer is murdered in St. Dominic's Church, Macau during mass, by colonists loyal to Portugal, during the Portuguese Restoration War.
  • The West India Company displays greater interest in profit than in colonization.

Births
Thomas Britton
Veit Hans Schnorr von Carolsfeld
Otto Mencke
Henry Winstanley
Henrietta of England

January–March
  • January 9 – Robert Gibbes, English landgrave (d. 1715)
  • January 10
    • Louis François, duc de Boufflers, Marshal of France (d. 1711)
    • Celestino Sfondrati, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1696)
  • January 11 – Hayashi Hōkō, Japanese philosopher (d. 1732)
  • January 14 – Thomas Britton, English concert promoter (d. 1714)
  • January 18 – John Partridge, English astrologer (d. 1708)
  • January 23 – Jonas Budde, Norwegian army officer (d. 1710)
  • January 25 – Antoine Thomas, Jesuit priest, missionary, astronomer (d. 1709)[9]
  • January 26 – Thomas Boylston, American colonial doctor (d. 1695)
  • February 2
    • Isaac Chayyim Cantarini, Italian rabbi (d. 1723)
    • Johannes Hancke, German writer (d. 1713)
  • February 7 – Nils Bielke, member of the High Council of Sweden (d. 1716)
  • February 8 – Pierre de La Broue, American bishop (d. 1720)
  • February 12 – Jakob Ammann, Swiss founder of the Amish sect (d. 1712)
  • February 24 – Maria Elisabeth Lämmerhirt, German mother of Johann Sebastian Bach (d. 1694)
  • March 1 – Simon Foucher, French polemicist (d. 1696)
  • March 15 – Veit Hans Schnorr von Carolsfeld, German iron and cobalt magnate (d. 1715)
  • March 21 – Sir Walter Bagot, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1704)
  • March 22
    • Otto Mencke, German philosopher and scientist (d. 1707)
    • Sir James Rushout, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1698)
  • March 25 – Heinrich von Cocceji, German jurist from Bremen (d. 1719)
  • March 31 – Henry Winstanley, English engineer (d. 1703)

April–June
  • April 6 – António Luís de Sousa, 2nd Marquis of Minas, Portuguese general, governor-general of Brazil (d. 1721)
  • April 7
    • Nathaniel Johnson, American politician (d. 1713)
    • François de Neufville, duc de Villeroy, French soldier (d. 1730)
  • April 11 – Marie Jeanne Baptiste of Savoy-Nemours, Duchess of Savoy (d. 1724)
  • April 17 – Abraham Storck, Dutch painter (d. 1708)
  • April 21 – Conrad von Reventlow, Danish statesman and the first Grand Chancellor of Denmark (d. 1708)
  • May 2 – Robert Cotton, English politician (d. 1717)
  • May 4 – Juan Caballero y Ocio, Spanish priest remarkable for lavish gifts to the Catholic Church and charity (d. 1707)
  • May 5 – Sir Richard Newdigate, 2nd Baronet, English landowner (d. 1710)
  • May 26 – Michael Ettmüller, German physician (d. 1683)
  • June 2 – William Salmon, English medical writer (d. 1713)
  • June 7 – Johann Christoph Volkamer, German botanist (d. 1720)
  • June 16 – Henrietta Anne Stuart, Princess of Scotland, England and Ireland (d. 1670)[10]
  • June 17 – Johann Wolfgang Franck, German baroque composer (d. 1710)

July–September

October–December

Date unknown

Deaths
Pope Urban VIII
Johannes Wtenbogaert

References
  1. Braddick, M. J. (2015). The Oxford handbook of the English revolution. Oxford, United Kingdom New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 103. ISBN 9780199695898.
  2. Coward, Barry (1994). The Stuart age: England, 1603-1714. London New York: Longman. p. 223. ISBN 9780582067226.
  3. "What Happened In 1644". hisdates.com. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
  4. Edward S. Ellis, et al., The People's History of the World; Including Two Volumes on the Races of Mankind, Volume 5: United States (Chicago: The History Publishing Association, 1902) p. 127 ("The second outbreak occurred April 18th, 1644... Opechankano was taken prisoner, and died in Jamestown while a captive")
  5. "Rupert, Prince", by Charles Harding Firth, in The Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 17 (Oxford University Press, 1922) p. 408 ("Rupert returned to Wales.. Defeating the parliamentarians at Stockport, he forced his way into Lancashire, stormed Bolton on 28 May, and captured Liverpool on 11 June", quoting Ormerod, Civil War Tracts of Lancashire, p. 187)
  6. Levene, Mark (1999). The massacre in history. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 93. ISBN 9781571819345.
  7. Jeremy Black (1996). The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: Renaissance to Revolution, 1492-1792. Cambridge University Press. p. 80.
  8. Levillain, Philippe (2002). The papacy : an encyclopedia. New York: Routledge. p. 801. ISBN 9780415922289.
  9. Walle, Willy (2003). The history of the relations between the Low Countries and China in the Qing era (1644-1911. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press Ferdinand Verbiest Foundation. p. 90. ISBN 9789058673152.
  10. Lowther, Kenneth (1979). Dartmoor : Exeter, Newton Abbot, Totnes, Plymouth, Teignmouth, Dawlish. London: Ward Lock. p. 35. ISBN 9780706357929.
  11. Dumas, Alexandre (1998). The Vicomte de Bragelonne. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. p. 674. ISBN 9780192834638.
  12. Schiavone, Michael J. (2009). Dictionary of Maltese Biographies Vol. 1 A–F. Pietà: Pubblikazzjonijiet Indipendenza. p. 756. ISBN 9789993291329.
  13. Fetis, FirstName (2013). Anthony Stradivari the Celebrated Violin Maker. Newburyport: Dover Publications. p. x. ISBN 9780486316529.
  14. Baker, Christopher (2002). Absolutism and the scientific revolution, 1600-1720 : a biographical dictionary. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. p. 382. ISBN 9780313308277.
  15. John Evelyn (2000). The Diary of John Evelyn: 1620-1649. Clarendon Press. p. 379.
  16. Venning, Timothy (2005). Compendium of British office holders. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 118. ISBN 9780230505872.
  17. Baker, Christopher (2002). Absolutism and the scientific revolution, 1600-1720 : a biographical dictionary. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. p. 313. ISBN 9780313308277.
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