Hypochondroplasia

Hypochondroplasia
Hypochondroplasia is autosomal dominant in inheritance.
SymptomsSkeletal dysplasia[1]
CausesFGFR3 gene mutation[2]
Diagnostic methodPhysical finding, X-ray[3]
TreatmentSpecial education, Laminectomy [1]

Hypochondroplasia (HCH) is a developmental disorder caused by an autosomal dominant genetic defect in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 gene (FGFR3) that results in a disproportionately short stature, micromelia[3] and a head that appears large in comparison with the underdeveloped portions of the body. It is classified as short-limbed dwarfism.[2][4]

Signs and symptoms

Individuals affected by this disorder appear normal at birth. As the infant grows, however, their arms and legs do not develop properly, and their body becomes thicker and shorter than normal.[3] The following are characteristics consistent with this condition:[1]

Complications

Spinal stenosis

Among the possible complications of Hypochondroplasia are:[3]

  • Obstructive apnea
  • Tibial bowing
  • Spinal stenosis

Cause

Hypochondroplasia is transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait affecting the FGFR3 gene on chromosome 4p16.3. There is currently no cure for this condition.[2]

Pathophysiology

TYK

This disorder results from mutations in the proximal tyrosine kinase domain of the FGFR3 gene.[3] This gene plays an important role in embryonic development, playing a part in regulating activities such as cell division, migration and differentiation.

Hypochondroplasia can result from p. Lys650Asn as well.[5][3] In FGFR3, some 20 different mutations have been associated to hypochondroplasia,[6] and it seems to have a role in skeletal dysplasia.[7]

Diagnosis


The diagnosis of this condition can be done via X-rays (with lack of normal distance L1 to L5),[8] and additionally genetic testing is available to ascertain hypochondroplasia.[9]

However, the physical characteristics are one of the most important in determining the condition.[3]

  • Skeletal survey in favor of hypochondroplasia
    Skeletal survey in favor of hypochondroplasia
  • a,b)10 year old with hypochondroplasia (with variable degrees of genu varum)
    a,b)10 year old with hypochondroplasia (with variable degrees of genu varum)

Treatment

Treatment of hypochondroplasia usually takes the form of orthopedic surgery and physical therapy. Genetic counseling is advised for individuals and their families. Specifically in the case of spinal stenosis, one option is laminectomy.[3][1]

Prognosis

Life expectancy for individuals with hypochondroplasia is normal; height is about 132–147 centimetres (4 ft 4 in–4 ft 10 in).[10]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Hypochondroplasia | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 "Hypochondroplasia - Genetics Home Reference". Archived from the original on 2009-02-13. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Bober, Michael B.; Bellus, Gary A.; Nikkel, Sarah M.; Tiller, George E. (1 January 1993). "Hypochondroplasia". GeneReviews. PMID 20301650. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 18 December 2016.update 2013
  4. ↑ "Dwarfism: MedlinePlus". NIH. NIH. Archived from the original on 5 July 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  5. ↑ "NM_000142.4(FGFR3):c.1950G>C (p.Lys650Asn) AND Hypochondroplasia - ClinVar - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  6. ↑ Reference, Genetics Home. "FGFR3 gene". Genetics Home Reference. Archived from the original on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  7. ↑ Foldynova-Trantirkova, Silvie; Wilcox, William R.; Krejci, Pavel (21 December 2016). "Sixteen years and counting: the current understanding of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) signaling in skeletal dysplasias". Human Mutation. 33 (1): 29–41. doi:10.1002/humu.21636. ISSN 1059-7794. PMC 3240715. PMID 22045636.
  8. ↑ "OMIM Entry - # 146000 - HYPOCHONDROPLASIA; HCH". omim.org. Archived from the original on 10 March 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  9. ↑ "Hypochondroplasia - Conditions - GTR - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 24 December 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  10. ↑ RESERVED, INSERM US14 -- ALL RIGHTS. "Orphanet: Hypochondroplasia". www.orpha.net. Archived from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2016.

Further reading

Classification
External resources
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