Close-mid central unrounded vowel

The close-mid central unrounded vowel, or high-mid central unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ɘ. This is a mirrored letter e and should not be confused with the schwa ə, which is a turned e. It was added to the IPA in 1993; before that, this vowel was transcribed ë (Latin small letter e with diaresis, not Cyrillic small letter yo). Certain older sources[2] transcribe this vowel ɤ̈.

Close-mid central unrounded vowel
ɘ
IPA Number397
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɘ
Unicode (hex)U+0258
X-SAMPA@\
Braille⠲ (braille pattern dots-256) ⠑ (braille pattern dots-15)

The ɘ letter may be used with a lowering diacritic ɘ̞, to denote the mid central unrounded vowel.

Conversely, ə, the symbol for the mid central vowel may be used with a raising diacritic ə̝ to denote the close-mid central unrounded vowel, although that is more accurately written with an additional unrounding diacritic ə̝͑ to explicitly denote the lack of rounding (the canonical value of IPA ə is undefined for rounding).

Features

Occurrence

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Cotabato Manobo[3]May be transcribed in IPA with ə.
Chuvash чĕлхе [t͡ɕɘlɣɛˈ] 'language, tongue'
Cuyonon maambeng [maambɘŋ] 'industrious'
DinkaLuanyjang[4]ŋeŋ[ŋɘ́ŋ]'jawbone'Short allophone of /e/.[4]
EnglishAustralian[5][6]bird[bɘːd]'bird'Typically transcribed in IPA with ɜː. See Australian English phonology
Cardiff[7]foot[fɘt]'foot'Less often rounded [ɵ];[8] corresponds to [ʊ] in other dialects. See English phonology
New Zealand[9]bit[bɘt]'bit'Merger of /ə/ and /ɪ/ found in other dialects. See New Zealand English phonology
Southern American[10]nut[nɘt]'nut'Some dialects.[10] Corresponds to /ʌ/ in other dialects. See English phonology
Estonian[11]kõrv[kɘrv]'ear'Typically transcribed in IPA with ɤ; can be close-mid back [ɤ] or close back [ɯ] instead, depending on the speaker.[11] See Estonian phonology
IrishMunster[12]sáile[ˈsˠɰaːlʲə̝]'salt water'Usually transcribed in IPA with [ɪ̽]. It is an allophone of /ə/ next to non-palatal slender consonants.[12] See Irish phonology
Jebero[13]ɨx[e/ï][k/c/q] [ˈiʃɘk] 'bat'
Kaingang[14]me [ˈᵐbɘ]'tail'Varies between central [ɘ] and back [ɤ].[15]
Kalagan Kaagan[16][miˈwə̝ːʔ]'lost'Allophone of /ɨ/ in word-final stressed syllables before /ʔ/; can be transcribed in IPA with ə.[16]
Karakalpakбир [bɘr]'one'
Kazakhбір [bɘr]'one'Also transcribed as [ɪ̞].
Kensiu[17][ɟɚ̝h]'to trim'Rhotacized; may be transcribed in IPA with ɚ.[17]
Kera[18][t͡ʃə̝̄wā̠a̠]'fire'Allophone of /a/; typically transcribed in IPA with ə.[18]
Korean[19]/ŏŏleun[ə̝ːɾɯ̽n]'adult'May be transcribed in IPA with əː. See Korean phonology
Lizu[20][Fkə̝]'eagle'Allophone of /ə/ after velar stops.[20]
Malayalamഎ് (not used in written context.)[äɘɨ]'ew, an Emotive Interjection used to express disgust'Occurs medially when going from [ä] to [ɨ]. See Malayalam phonology
Mapudungun[21]elün[ë̝ˈlɘn]'to give (something)'
Marchoisaneut[anˈɘ]'today'Common to varieties around la Souterraine and Noth. Corresponds to [ə] in other varieties.
Mongolian[22]үсэр[usɘɾɘ̆]'jump'
Mono[23]dœ[də̝]'be (equative)'May be transcribed in IPA with ə.[23]
Poitevin-SaintongeaisPoitevinchebre[ʃˀɘ:bʁ]'goat'
Polish[24]mysz[mɘ̟ʂ]'mouse'Somewhat fronted;[24] typically transcribed in IPA with ɨ. See Polish phonology
RomanianMoldavian dialect[25]casă[ˈkäsɘ]'house'Corresponds to [ə] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Shiwiar[26]
Temne[27]pər[pə̝́r]'incite'Typically transcribed in IPA with ə.[27]
Vietnamese[28]v[vɘ˨˩ˀ]'wife'Typically transcribed in IPA with ɤ. See Vietnamese phonology
XumiUpper[29][LPmɘ̃dɐ]'upstairs'Nasalized; occurs only in this word.[29] It is realized as mid [ə̃] in Lower Xumi.[30]
ZapotecTilquiapan[31]ne[nɘ]'and'Most common realization of /e/.[31]

Notes

  1. While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. For example Collins & Mees (1990).
  3. Kerr (1988:110)
  4. Remijsen & Manyang (2009:117, 119)
  5. Cox (2006:?)
  6. Durie & Hajek (1994:?)
  7. Collins & Mees (1990:93)
  8. Collins & Mees (1990:92)
  9. Bauer et al. (2007)
  10. Roca & Johnson (1999:186)
  11. Asu & Teras (2009), pp. 368–369.
  12. Ó Sé (2000)
  13. Valenzuela & Gussenhoven (2013:101)
  14. Jolkesky (2009:676–677 and 682)
  15. Jolkesky (2009:676 and 682)
  16. Wendel & Wendel (1978:198)
  17. Bishop (1996:230)
  18. Pearce (2011:251)
  19. Lee (1999:121)
  20. Chirkova & Chen (2013a:79)
  21. Sadowsky et al. (2013:92)
  22. Iivonen & Harnud (2005:62, 66–67)
  23. Olson (2004:235)
  24. Jassem (2003:105) The source transcribes this sound with the symbol ɨ but one can see from the vowel chart at pag. 105 that the Polish sound is closer to [ɘ] than to [ɨ].
  25. Pop (1938), p. 29.
  26. Fast Mowitz (1975:2)
  27. Kanu & Tucker (2010:249)
  28. Hoang (1965:24)
  29. Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013:389)
  30. Chirkova & Chen (2013b:370)
  31. Merrill (2008:109–110)

References

  • Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009), "Estonian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 367–372, doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x
  • Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
  • Bishop, Nancy (1996), "A preliminary description of Kensiu (Maniq) phonology" (PDF), Mon–Khmer Studies Journal, 25
  • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013a), "Lizu", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 75–86, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000242
  • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013b), "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157
  • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990), "The Phonetics of Cardiff English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 87–103, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
  • Cox, F.M. (2006), "The acoustic characteristics of /hVd/ vowels in the speech of some Australian teenagers", Australian Journal of Linguistics, 26: 147–179, doi:10.1080/07268600600885494, S2CID 62226994
  • Durie, M.; Hajek, J. (1994), "A revised standard phonemic orthography for Australian English vowels", Australian Journal of Linguistics, 14 (1): 93–107, doi:10.1080/07268609408599503
  • Fast Mowitz, Gerhard (1975), Sistema fonológico del idioma achual, Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano
  • Hoang, Thi Quynh Hoa (1965), A phonological contrastive study of Vietnamese and English (PDF), Lubbock, Texas: Texas Technological College
  • Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X, S2CID 145733117
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
  • Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA, Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP, 3: 675–685
  • Kanu, Sullay M.; Tucker, Benjamin V. (2010), "Temne", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 247–253, doi:10.1017/S002510031000006X
  • Kerr, Harland (1988), "Cotabato Manobo Grammar" (PDF), Studies in Philippine Linguistics, 7 (1): 1–123, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-11
  • Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
  • Lee, Hyun Bok (1999), "Korean", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 120–122, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
  • Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
  • Mokari, Payam Ghaffarvand; Werner, Stefan (2016), Dziubalska-Kolaczyk, Katarzyna (ed.), "An acoustic description of spectral and temporal characteristics of Azerbaijani vowels", Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics, 52 (3), doi:10.1515/psicl-2016-0019, S2CID 151826061
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  • Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Irish), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, ISBN 0-946452-97-0
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  • Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
  • Remijsen, Bert; Manyang, Caguor Adong (2009), "Luanyjang Dinka", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (1): 113–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003605
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