List of marine animals of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay

The list of marine animals of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay is a list of marine and shore-based species that form a part of the fauna of South Africa and that have been recorded ffrom this geographical range. In some cases they are an important part of the ecological community, and others may have been passing through, or were carried out of their natural ranges by the vagaries of ocean currents or winds. Some of the animals are deep within their range of endemicity, or near its borders, while others are cosmopolitan or recently arrived aliens. This list includes animals which live entirely marine lives, or which spend critical parts of their lives at sea, or rely on the sea or intertidal shore for the major part of their diet.

Astronaut photo of Cape Town showing the Cape Peninsula, and surrounding waters, including False Bay.
Map showing approximate extent of the range of the article and identifying key locations and the borders of the Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area
Marine ecoregions of the South African exclusive economic zone
Marine species distribution reference map of the Southern African coastline, showing key range locations

The geographical range is from Bloubergstrand at the north of Table Bay to Cape Hangklip, the south eastern limit of False Bay, in the Western Cape province of South Africa and includes the Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area (TMNP MPA),[1] the Helderberg Marine Protected Area, and part of the Robben Island Marine Protected Area.

Most of the shore is within the City of Cape Town, except for a section of the east coast of False Bay, south of Kogel Bay, which is in the Overstrand Local Municipality

The region is near to several universities and research institutions in Cape Town and Stellenbosch, which has led to many studies of the organisms and of the marine ecology, particularly those organisms that are are easily or incidentally collected. The popularity of these waters for recreational diving has led to an increase in reported underwater photographic observations in recent years.[2]

Sponges

Calcarea – lime sponges

Order Leucosolenida

Family Sycettidae

  • Hairy tube sponge, Sycon spp. (Saldanha Bay to Kosi Bay)[3][4]

Family Leucosoleniidae

Demospongiae – fibre or horny sponges

Order Astrophorida

Family Ancorinidae

Order Hadromerida

Family Clionaidae

Family Polymastiidae

Family Trachycladidae

Family Suberitidae

  • Dusty sponge, Suberites aff. ficus (both side of the Cape Peninsula, also southern Namibia, Mediterranean, Pacific and north Atlantic)[5][4]

Family Tethyidae

Order Halichondrida

Family Halichondriidae

Order Poecilosclerida

Family Chondropsidae

Family Crambeidae

  • Stellar sponge, Crambe acuata (Lévi, 1958) syn. Crambe chelastra (Lüderitz to Cape Peninsula)[6][4]

Family Latrunculiidae

Family Isodictyidae

Family Microcionidae

Family Desmacellidae

Order Haplosclerida

Family Chalinidae

Order Dictyoceratida

Family Irciniidae

  • Black stink sponge, Ircinia arbuscula (Hyatt, 1877) (syn. Sarcotragus australis) (Cape Peninsula to Cape Agulhas, also Australia)[6] Note: Ircinia arbuscula (Lendenfeld, 1888) is syn. of Sarcotragus australis (Lendenfeld, 1888), so this needs to be clarified.
  • Sand cup sponge, Psammocinia cf. arenosa (Orange River to Cape Peninsula)[6]

Cnidarians

Anthozoa

Hexacorallians

Order: Actiniaria – Anemones

Family Actiniidae

Family Halcampidae

Family Haloclavidae

  • Burrowing anemone, Haloclava capensis (Verrill, 1865), (TMNP MPA).[4][15](Table Bay to Cape Agulhas)[6]

Family Hormathiidae

Family Sagartiidae

  • Striped anemone, Anthothoe chilensis(Lesson, 1830) (Lüderitz to Richards Bay, also Argentina, Brazil, Chile and St. Helena)[3]
  • Striped anemone, Anthothoe stimpsonii (Verrill, 1869), (TMNP MPA).[4][16] (Namibia to Eastern Cape)[6]
  • Square-mouth striped anemone, Anthothoe sp. (False Bay) (still being described)

Family Preactiidae

Family Isanthidae

Order Corallimorpharia
Family Corallimorphidae

Order Zoanthids
Family Parazoanthidae

Order Cerianthids
Family Cerianthidae

Order Scleractinia
Family Dendrophylliidae

Family Caryophylliidae

Octocorallians

Order Malacalcyonacea[20]
Family Alcyoniidae

Family Eunicellidae

Family Gorgoniidae

Family Leptophytidae

  • Purple soft coral Tenerodus fallax (Lüttschwager, 1922), (TMNP MPA).[4][24](Cape Columbine to Richards' Bay)[6]
  • Brown soft coral, Tenerodus pollex McFadden & van Ofwegen, 2017 (TMNP MPA).[4][25]

Family Malacacanthidae

Family Melithaeidae

Family Nephtheidae

Order Pennatulacea – sea pens
Family Echinoptilidae

Family Virgulariidae

Order Scleralcyonacea – sea fans
Family Parasphaerascleridae

Family Spongiodermidae

Medusozoa

Staurozoa

Order Stauromedusae
family Depastridae

Family Kishinouyeidae

Family Lipkeidae

Scyphozoa – true jellyfish

Order Semaeostomeae
Family Pelagiidae

  • Compass jellyfish, Benguela compass jelly, redbanded jellyfish, Chrysaora fulgida (Reynaud, 1830), recorded as Chrysaora hysoscella (Linnaeus, 1767), which is now known to be restricted to the north Atlantic. (pelagic, Atlantic Ocean).[3][4][33]
  • Night-light jellyfish, Pelagia noctiluca (Forsskal, 1775) (pelagic, Atlantic Ocean, also Mediterranean and Pacific)[3][4]

Family Ulmaridae

Order Rhizostomeae
Family Rhizostomatidae

Order Carybdeida
Family Carybdeidae

  • Box jellyfish, sea wasp, Carybdea murrayana Haeckel, 1880 recorded as syn. Carybdea branchi Gershwin & Gibbons, 2009 (north of Namibia to Port Elizabeth)[3][4][36]

Hydrozoans

Order Anthoathecata

Family Candelabridae

Family Eudendriidae

Family Hydractiniidae

Family Porpitidae

Family Solanderiidae

Family Stylasteridae

Family Tubulariidae

Order: Leptothecata
Family Aequoreidae

Family Aglaopheniidae

Family Campanulariidae

Family Halopterididae

Family Kirchenpaueriidae

Family Plumulariidae

Family Sertulariidae

Order Siphonophorae
Family Apolemiidae

Family Forskaliidae

  • Net jelly, Forskalia edwardsii (Kolliker, 1853) (pelagic, worldwide)[43][4][44]

Family Physaliidae

  • Bluebottle, Portuguese man-of-war, Physalia physalis (Linnaeus, 1758), recorded as syn. Physalia utriculus (La Martiniere, 1787) (pelagic, whole coast)[3][4][45]

Ctenophora – comb jellies

Order Beroida
Family Beroidae

Order Cestida
Family Cestidae

Order Cydippida
Family Pleurobrachiidae

Order Lobata
Family Bolinopsidae

Order Platyctenida
Family Coeloplanidae

Platyhelminthes – flatworms

Order Polycladida
Family Notocomplanidae

  • Limpet flatworm, Notocomplana erythrotaenia (Schmarda, 1859), recorded as syn. Notoplana patellarum (Stimpson, 1855), (TMNP MPA).[4][46] (Cape Columbine to Eastern Cape)[6]

Family Planoceridae

  • Gilchrist's flatworm, Planocera gilchristi Jacubowa, 1906, (TMNP MPA).[4][47] (Cape Peninsula to Maputo)[6]

Family Pseudocerotidae

Incertae sedis

  • Acoel flatworm, sponge flatworm. Undescribed. (Both sides of the Cape Peninsula)[14]
  • Striped flatworm. Undescribed. (Cape Peninsula and Port Elizabeth)[14][4]
  • Freckled flatworm. Undescribed. (Both sides of the Cape Peninsula)[14][4]

Annelida

Order Myzostomida
Family Myzostomidae

Order Sipuncula
Family Golfingiidae

  • Common peanut worm, Golfingia capensis (Teuscher, 1874), (TMNP MPA).[4][50] (Lüderitz to Mozambique)[6]

Subclass Hirudinea – Leeches

Order Rhynchobdellida
Family Piscicolidae

  • Warty leech, Pontobdella sp.[4] (Cape Peninsula to Algoa Bay)[6]

Class Polychaeta – bristleworms

Subclass Echiura

Order Echiuroidea
Family Thalassematidae

  • Opaque tongue worm Listriolobus capensis (Jones & Stephen, 1954), recorded as syn. Ochetostoma capense Jones & Stephen, 1954, (TMNP MPA).[4][51] (Cape Columbine to Eastern Cape)[6]

Subclass Errantia

Order Amphinomida Family Euphrosinidae

  • Plump bristleworms Euphrosine capensis Kinberg, 1857, (TMNP MPA).[4][52] (Lüderitz to Durban)[6]

Order Eunicida
Family Eunicidae

  • Wonder worm, Bobbit worm, Eunice aphroditois (Pallas, 1788) (Lüderitz to Sodwana Bay)[3][4]
  • Lysidice natalensis Kinberg, 1865, (TMNP MPA).[4] (Lüderitz to Algoa Bay)[6]
  • Estuarine wonder-worm, Marphysa haemasona Quatrefages, 1866 recorded as syn. Marphysa elityeni Lewis & Karageorgopoulos, 2008, (TMNP MPA)[4][53] (Walvis Bay to Algoa Bay) [6]

Family Lumbrineridae

  • False earthworm, Lumbrineris coccinea (Renier, 1804), (TMNP MPA).[4][54] (Walvis Bay to Mozambique)[6]

Family Oenonidae

  • Iridescent worm Arabella iricolor (Montagu, 1804), (TMNP MPA).[4][55] (Lüderitz to Maputo)[6]

Family Onuphidae

Order Phyllodocida
Family Glyceridae

Family Nephtyidae

  • Nephtys' sand worms Nephtys spp. (TMNP MPA)[4] (North Namibia to Richard's Bay)[6]

Family Nereididae

  • Perinereis capensis (Kinberg, 1865), (TMNP MPA),[4]
  • Bar-toothed nereid, Perinereis vallata (Grube, 1857) recorded as syn. Perinereis nuntia vallata (Grube, 1857),(TMNP MPA)[4][59] (Walvis Bay to Mozambique)[6]
  • Dumeril's clam worm, Platynereis dumerilii (Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833), (TMNP MPA).[4][60]
  • Mussel-worm, Pseudonereis variegata (Grube, 1857), (TMNP MPA).[4][61] (Whole coast)[6]
  • Estuarine nereid, Simplisetia erythraeensis (Fauvel, 1918), (TMNP MPA)[4][62] (Orange River to Mozambique)[6]

Family Polynoidae

  • Milky scaleworm, Antinoe lactea Day, 1953[63](TMNP MPA)[4] (Cape Columbine to Cape Peninsula)[6]
  • Common scaleworm, Lepidonotus semitectus (Stimpson, 1855), (TMNP MPA)[4][64] (Walvis Bay to Wild Coast)[6]
  • Two-tone scaleworm, Polynoe erythrotaenia (Schmarda, 1861) recorded as syn. Hemilepidia erythrotaenia Schmarda, 1861, (TMNP MPA)[4][65] (Lüderitz to Cape Peninsula)[6]

Family Sigalionidae

  • Boa worm Sthenelais boa (Johnston, 1833), (TMNP MPA).[4][66]

Family Syllidae

Subclass Sedentaria

Family Arenicolidae

  • Bloodworm, Arenicola loveni Kinberg, 1866,[4] (Cape Columbine to Durban)[6]

Family Capitellidae

  • Clubworm, Notomastus latericeus Sars, 1851, (TMNP MPA).[4] (Orange River to Mozambique)[6]

Family Chaetopteridae

Family Maldanidae

  • Bamboo worms, Euclymene spp. (TMNP MPA)[4][69]

Family Orbiniidae

  • Naineris laevigata (Grube, 1855), (TMNP MPA).[4]
  • Wooly worm, Orbinia angrapequensis (Augener, 1918) (TMNP MPA)[4][70] (Walvis Bay to Algoa Bay)[6]
  • Orbinia sp. (TMNP MPA).[4]

Family Sabellariidae

  • Cape reef worms Gunnarea gaimardi (Quatrefages, 1848), also recorded as syn. Gunnarea capensis (Schmarda, 1861), (TMNP MPA).[4][71] (North Namibia to North KZN)[6]

Order Terebellida
Family Cirratulidae

Family Flabelligeridae

  • Flabby bristleworm Flabelligera affinis M. Sars, 1829, (TMNP MPA)[4][72] (Lüderitz to Algoa Bay)[6]

Family Pectinariidae

  • Cone-tube worm, Amphictene capensis (Pallas, 1766), recorded as syn. Pectinaria capensis (Pallas, 1766), (TMNP MPA).[4][73] (Lüderitz to Cape Peninsula)[6]

Family Terebellidae

  • Sand mason, lollipop worm, Lanice conchilega Pallas, 1766 (False Bay to Port Elizabeth, also northern oceans)[74][4]
  • Nicolea macrobranchia (Schmarda, 1861), (TMNP MPA).[4]
  • Lobed tangleworm, Telothelepus capensis Day, 1955 (TMNP MPA)[4][75]
  • Tangleworms family Terebellidae Mamlgren, 1867 (whole coast)[3]
  • Tangleworms, Thelepus spp.[4]

Order Sabellida
Family Sabellidae

  • Branchiomma natalensis (Kinberg, 1866), (Lüderitz to Cape Point)[6]
  • Branchiomma violacea (Schmarda, 1861), (Walvis Bay to Durban)[6]
  • Feather-duster worm, Pseudobranchiomma longa (Kinberg, 1866) syn. Sabellastarte longa (Cape Peninsula to Mozambique)[3][4]
  • Gregarious fanworm, Pseudopotamilla reniformis (Muller, 1771) (Port Nolloth to southern Mozambique)[3][4]
  • Peacock fanworm, pencilworm, Sabella spallanzanii (Gmelin, 1791) syn. Sabella penicillus (as S. penicillus, False Bay to southern KwaZulu-Natal)[76][4]
  • Blue coral worm, large hydroid worm, Spirobranchus kraussii (Baird, 1864), also recorded as syn. Pomatoleios kraussii (Baird, 1864), (TMNP MPA).[4][77]

Family Serpulidae

Order Spionida
Family Spionidae

Arthropods

Pycnogonida – sea spiders

Order Pantopoda
Family Ammotheidae

Family Nymphonidae

Superfamily Ascorhynchoidea family incertae sedis

  • Yellow sea spider, Queubus jamesanus Barnard 1946 (Cape Peninsula to Port St. Johns)[3][79][4]

Crustacea

Order Amphipoda

Family Amaryllididae

  • Pocket amphipod, Amaryllis macrophthalma Haswell, 1879, (TMNP MPA).[4][80] (Walvis Bay to Mozambique)[6]

Family Ampeliscidae

  • Four-eyed amphipod, Ampelisca palmata K.H. Barnard, 1916, (TMNP MPA).[4][81]

Family Caprellidae

Family Cyamidae

Family Cyproideidae

  • Ornate amphipod, Cyproidea ornata Haswell, 1879 (Namibian coast to Kosi Bay)[3][84][4]

Family Dexaminidae

  • Sea squirt amphipod, Polycheria atolli A.O. Walker, 1905 (whole coast)[85][86]

Family Hyalidae

  • Apohyale diastoma (K.H. Barnard, 1916), (TMNP MPA). recorded as syn. Hyale diastoma K.H. Barnard, 1916.[4][87]
  • Seaweed amphipod, Apohyale grandicornis (Krøyer, 1845), (TMNP MPA). recorded as syn. Hyale grandicornis (Krøyer, 1845),[4][88]

Family Hyperiidae

Family Iphimediidae

Family Ischyroceridae

  • Hitchhiker amphipods, Jassa spp. (TMNP MPA).[4] (whole coast)[6]
  • Jumping sand, Siphonoecetes spp.[4]

Family Leucothoidae

  • Sponge amphipod, Leucothoe spinicarpa (Abildgaard, 1789), (TMNP MPA).[4]

Family Lysianassidae

  • Compact amphipod, Lysianassa ceratina (Walker, 1889), (TMNP MPA).[4][90]
  • Lysianassa spp. (TMNP MPA).[4]

Family Maeridae

  • Red-striped amphipod, Ceradocus (Denticeradocus) rubromaculatus (Stimpson, 1855) recorded as alt. rep. Ceradocus rubromaculatus (Stimpson, 1855), (TMNP MPA).[4][91](whole coast)[6]
  • Maera hirondellei Chevreux, 1900, (TMNP MPA)[4][92]

Family Melitidae

  • Brack water amphipod, Melita zeylanica Stebbing, 1904. (TMNP MPA).[4][93]

Family Ochlesidae

  • Ridgeback amphipod, Ochlesis lenticulosus K.H. Barnard, 1940, (TMNP MPA).[4][94] (False Bay to Algoa Bay)[6]

Family Phoxocephalidae

  • Spade-foot amphipod, Griffithsius latipes (Griffiths, 1976), (TMNP MPA)[4][95] (Luderitz to Cape Peninsula)[6]

Family Phronimidae

Family Pontogeneiidae

  • Paramoera bidentata K.H. Barnard, 1932, (TMNP MPA).[4][97] (Whole coast)[6]
  • Big-eyed amphipod, Paramoera capensis (Dana, 1853), (TMNP MPA).[4][98] (Whole coast)[6]

Family Talitridae

  • Sand hopper Africorchestia quadrispinosa (K.H. Barnard, 1916), (TMNP MPA).[4][99]
  • Beach hopper, louse amphipod, Capeorchestia capensis (Dana, 1853). also recorded as syn. Talorchestia capensis (Dana, 1853), (Orange river to Wild Coast)[6] (TMNP MPA).[4][100]

Family Urothoidae

  • Burrowing amphipod, Urothoe grimaldii Chevreux, 1895, (TMNP MPA).[4][101] (North Namibia to Algoa Bay)[6]

Order Cumacea

Family Bodotriidae

  • Cumopsis africanum (Zimmer, 1920) recorded as syn. Heterocuma africanum Zimmer, 1920.[4][102]
Infraorder Achelata

Family Palinuridae

  • West Coast rock lobster, Jasus lalandii (H. Milne-Edwards, 1837) (Walvis Bay to Port Elizabeth)[3][4]

Family Scyllaridae

  • Shoveller crayfish, cape slipper lobster, Scyllarides elisabethae (Ortmann, 1894), (TMNP MPA).[4][103] (False Bay to north KZN)[6]
Infraorder Axiidea

Family Callichiridae

Infraorder Caridea – benthic prawns

Family Alpheidae

  • Cracker shrimp, Alpheus lobidens De Haan, 1849 Alpheus crassimanus Heller, 1865 (Saldanha Bay to Delagoa Bay)[3][105]
  • Cracker shrimp, Alpheus sulcatus Kingsley, 1878, recorded as syn. Alpheus macrochirus Richters, 1880, (TMNP MPA).[4][106]
  • Commensal shrimp, Betaeus jucundus Barnard, 1947, (TMNP MPA).[4][107]

Family Hippolytidae

Family Palaemonidae

Family Penaeidae

  • Surf shrimp, swimming shrimp, Macropetasma africana (Balss, 1913), (TMNP MPA).[4][111]
Infraorder Anomura – hermit crabs

Family Diogenidae

Superfamily Galatheoidea

  • Squat lobster, Galatheoidea sp.(TMNP MPA)[4]

Family Paguridae

  • Blue-striped hermit crab, blue faced hermit crab, Pagurus liochele (Barnard, 1947) (False Bay to Port Elizabeth).[4][116][117]
  • Blue-lined hermit crab, Anapagurus hendersoni Barnard, 1947. (TMNP MPA)[4][118]
Infraorder Brachyura – true crabs

Family Calappidae

Fanuly Camptandriidae

  • Danielella edwardsii (MacLeay, 1838) recorded as syn. Danielita edwardsii (MacLeay, 1838), (TMNP MPA).[4][120]

Family Dromiidae

  • Sumo crab, scrubbing-brush crab, Dromidia aegibotus Barnard, 1947 (Cape Peninsula to Port Elizabeth)[121][4]
  • Shaggy sponge crab, Dromidia hirsutissima (Lamarck, 1818) (Southern Namibia to Mossel Bay)[3][122][4]
  • Cryptic sponge crab, Platydromia spongiosa (Stimpson, 1858) (Namibian border to Sodwana Bay)[3] syn. Cryptodromiopsis spongiosa[123][4]
  • Furred sponge crab, cloaked sponge crab, Pseudodromia latens Stimpson, 1858 (Saldanha Bay to East London)[3][4][124]

Family Epialtidae

  • Toothed decorator crab, Acanthonyx dentatus H. Milne Edwards, 1834 recorded as syn. Dehaanius dentatus (H. Milne-Edwards, 1834) (Saldanha Bay to Richards Bay)[3][125][4]
  • Agulhas spider crab, Maja capensis (Ortmann, 1894) (False Bay to Port Elizabeth)[121] syn. Mamaia capensis (not listed on WoRMS, possibly Maja cornuta (Linnaeus,[4] 1758) reported as syn. Maja squinado var. capensis Ortmann, 1894)[4]

Family Grapsidae

Family Hexapodidae

  • Three-legged crab, Spiroplax spiralis (Barnard, 1950), (TMNP MPA).[4][127]

Family Hymenosomatidae

Family Inachidae

Family Leucosiidae

  • Long-legged crab, Afrophila punctata (Bell, 1855), (TMNP MPA).[4][130]

Family Nautilocorystidae

  • Masked crab, Nautilocorystes ocellatus (Gray, 1831), (TMNP MPA).[4][131]

Family Ovalipidae

Family Pilumnoididae

Family Pinnotheridae

  • Pea crab, Afropinnotheres dofleini (Lenz in Lenz & Strunck, 1914) recorded as syn. Pinnotheres dofleini Lenz in Lenz & Strunck, 1914, (TMNP MPA).[4][133]

Family Plagusiidae

Family Portulinidae

  • Smith’s swimming crab, Charybdis (Archias) smithii Macleay, 1838, recorded as alt. rep. Charybdis smithii Macleay, 1838, (TMNP MPA).[4][134]

Family Varunidae

Suborder Pleocyamata

Family Upogebiidae

Order Euphausiacea

Family Euphausiidae

Order Isopoda

Family Anthuridae

  • Apanthura sandalensis Stebbing, 1900, (TMNP MPA).[4][139]
  • Haliophasma spp. (TMNP MPA).[4]
  • Slender chequered isopod, Mesanthura catenula (Stimpson, 1855) (Lamberts Bay to KwaZulu-Natal)[3][140][4]

Family Cirolanidae

  • Cirolana cranchii Leach, 1818, (TMNP MPA),[4]
  • Crimped cirolanid, Cirolana undulata Barnard, 1914, (TMNP MPA).[4]
  • Crimped cirolanid, Cirolana venusticauda Stebbing, 1902, (TMNP MPA).[4]
  • Right-angled beach louse, Eurydice kensleyi Bruce & Soares, 1996 (TMNP MPA).[4][141]
  • Wide-foot beach louse, Excirolana latipes (Barnard, 1914), (TMNP MPA)[4][142]
  • Natal beach louse, Excirolana natalensis (Vanhöffen, 1914), (TMNP MPA).[4][143]
  • Hairy-legged cirolanid, Natalolana hirtipes (H. Milne Edwards, 1840), (TMNP MPA).[4][144]

Family Cymothoidae

Family Holidoteidae

  • Austroarcturus dayi (Kensley, 1977) recorded as Microarcturus dayi Kensley, 1977.[4][146]

Family Idoteidae

Family Janiridae

Family Joeropsididae

  • Stebbing's isopod, Joeropsis stebbingi Kensley, 1975, (TMNPA MPA).[4][154]

Family Ligiidae

Family Paranthuridae

  • Paranthura punctata (Stimpson, 1855), (TMNP MPA).[4][156]

Family Sphaeromatidae

  • Hump-tailed isopod, Cymodoce valida (Stebbing, 1902), (TMNP MPA).[4][157]
  • Cymodocella spp. (TMNP MPA).[4]
  • Roll-tailed isopod, Dynamenella dioxus Barnard, 1914 (TMNP MPA)[4][158]
  • Roll-tailed isopod Dynamenella huttoni (TMNP MPA).[4]
  • Dynamenella spp. (TMNP MPA).[4]
  • Spherical isopod, Exosphaeroma spp. (whole Namibian coast to cape Peninsula)[3]
  • Exosphaeroma antikraussi Barnard, 1940, (TMNP MPA).[4][159]
  • Exosphaeroma kraussi Tattersall, 1913, (TMNP MPA).[4][160]
  • Exosphaeroma planum Barnard, 1914, (TMNP MPA).[4][161]
  • Exosphaeroma truncatitelson Barnard, 1940, (TMNP MPA).[4][162]
  • Variegated spherical isopod, Exosphaeroma varicolor Barnard, 1914, (TMNP MPA).[4][163]
  • Exospaeroma spp. (TMNP MPA).[4]
  • Roll-tailed isopod, Ischyromene australis (Richardson, 1906) recorded as syn. Dynamenella australis Richardson, 1906 (TMNP MPA).[4][164]
  • Roll-tailed isopod, Ischyromene huttoni (G. Thomson, 1879), (TMNP MPA).[4][165]
  • Roll-tailed isopod, Ischyromene magna (Barnard, 1954), recorded as syn. Cymodocella magna Barnard, 1954, (TMNP MPA).[4][166]
  • Spike-back isopod, Parisocladus perforatus (H. Milne Edwards, 1840), (TMNP MPA).[4][167]
  • Spike-back isopod, Parisocladus stimpsoni (Heller, 1861), (TMNP MPA).[4][168]
  • Button isopod, Sphaeramene polytylotos Barnard, 1914, (TMNP MPA).[4][169]

Family Tylidae

Order Leptostraca

Family Nebaliidae

  • Cape leaf shrimp, Nebalia capensis Barnard, 1914, (TMNP MPA).[4][172]

Order Mysida – mysid shrimps

Family Mysidae

  • Surf mysid, Gastrosaccus psammodytes O. Tattersall, 1958 (Namibian border to Durban)[3][173]
  • Red and white shrimp, Heteromysis (Heteromysis) fosteri Wittmann & Griffiths, 2017 (TMNP MPA)[4][174]
  • Octopus commensal shrimp, Heteromysis (Heteromysis) octopodis Wittmann & Griffiths, 2017 (TMNP MPA)[4][175]
  • Kelp mysid, Mysidopsis major (Zimmer, 1928) (Lüderitz to False Bay)[3][4][176]
  • Stargazer shrimp, Mysidopsis zsilaveczi Wittmann & Griffiths, 2014, (TMNP MPA)[4][177]

Order Stomatopoda – mantis shrimps

Family Lysiosquillidae

  • Cape mantis shrimp, Lysiosquilla capensis Hansen, 1895 (Cape Point to Port Elizabeth)[3][178] Also reported as Lysiosquilla (armata) capensis not listed on WoRMS.[4] (Walvis Bay to KZN south coast)[6]

Order Tanaidacea

Family Leptocheliidae

  • Leptochelia barnardi Brown, 1957. (TMNP MPA)[4][179]

Family Tanaididae

  • Slender tanaid, Zeuxoides helleri Sieg, 1980, recorded as syn. Anatanais gracilis (Heller, 1865), (TMNP MPA).[4][180]

Infraclass Cirripedia – barnacles

Order Balanomorpha
Family Balanidae

Family Coronulidae

Family Tetraclitidae

Order Scalpellomorpha
Family Lepadidae

Order Sessilia
Family Balanidae

Family Chthamalidae

Class Copepoda

Order Calanoida
Family Centropagidae

  • Pelagic copepods, Centropages brachiatus (Dana, 1849), (TMNP MPA).[4][192]

Order Harpacticoida
Family Porcellidiidae

  • Porcellidium spp. (TMNP MPA).[4]

Class Hexapoda

Family Neanuridae

Bryozoans – moss animals, lace animals

Order Cheilostomatida
Family Adeonidae

  • Forked false coral, Adeonella spp. (Namibian border to Durban)[6][4]
  • Large pore lacy false coral, Adeonellopsis meandrina (O'Donoghue & de Watteville, 1944), (TMNP MPA)[4][194]
  • Pore-plated false coral, Laminopora jellyae (Levinsen, 1909) (Cape Peninsula to East London)[14][4]

Family Beaniidae

Family Bugulidae

  • Eyelash moss animal, bonsai bush, Bicellariella bonsai Florence, Hayward & Gibbons, 2007 (Port Nolloth to Port St Johns)[14][4][196]
  • Eyelash moss animal, Bicellariella ciliata (Linnaeus, 1758), (TMNP MPA).[4]
  • Fouling moss animal, Bugula neritina (Linnaeus, 1758) (Olifants River to Sodwana Bay, Almost worldwide)[6]
  • Tree moss animal, Bugula plumosa (Pallas, 1766) (Both sides of the Cape Peninsula, Great Britain)[14]
  • Bird's head moss animal, Bugulina avicularia (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cape Peninsula to Durban). reported as Bugula avicularia.[6][4][197]
  • Fan-shaped moss animal, Bugulina flabellata (Thompson, in Gray, 1848) (Namibian border to Algoa Bay), recorded as syn. Bugula flabellata[6]
  • Tree moss animal, Crisularia plumosa (Pallas, 1766), (TMNP MPA).[4]
  • Dentate moss animal, Virididentula dentata (Lamouroux, 1816) (Cape Peninsula to Sodwana Bay, Indo-Pacific and Brazil), recorded as syn. Bugula dentata [14][4][198]

Family Calwelliidae

  • Busk's moss animal, Onchoporella bombycina Busk, 1884, recorded as syn. Onchoporella buskii (Harmer, 1923) (Port Nolloth to Algoa Bay, endemic)[14][4][199]

Family Candidae

Family Celleporidae

  • Spiny false-coral, Celleporaria capensis (O'Donoghue & de Watteville, 1935), (TMNP MPA).[4][201]
  • Cylindrical false coral, Turbicellepora redoutei (Audouin, 1826) syn. Cellepora cylindriformis (Port Nolloth to Port St. Johns)[14][4][202]
  • Cylindrical false coral, Turbicellepora cylindriformis (Busk, 1881), (TMNP MPA).[4]
  • Cylindrical false coral, Turbicellepora valligera Hayward & Cook, 1983, (TMNP MPA).[4][203]

Family Chaperiidae

  • Scrolled false coral, Chaperia spp. (Namibian border to Sodwana Bay)[14][4]
  • Maroon scrolled false coral, Chaperiopsis multifida (Busk, 1884), (TMNP MPA)[4][204]

Family Electridae

Family Exochellidae

  • Escharoides contorta (Busk, 1854) (Cape Town to KwaZulu-Natal)[6]
  • Encrusting bryozoan, Escharoides spp. (TMNP MPA).[4]

Family Flustridae

  • Leafy moss animal, Flustra spp. (Both sides of Cape Peninsula. North Atlantic)[14][4]

Family Gigantoporidae

  • Staghorn false coral, Gephyrophora polymorpha Busk, 1884 recorded as syn. Gigantopora polymorpha (Busk, 1884) (Port Nolloth to Cape Infanta)[14][4][206]

Family Lanceoporidae

  • Calyptotheca nivea (Busk, 1884) (Cape Point to East London)[6][4][207]
  • Calyptotheca porelliformis (Waters, 1918), (TMNP MPA)[4][208]

Family Lepraliellidae

Family Margarettidae

Family Membraniporidae

Family Phidoloporidae

Family Steginoporellidae

Family Watersiporidae

Order Ctenostomatida
Family Alcyonidiidae

Order Cyclostomatida
Family Diaperoeciidae

  • Beauteous bryozoan, pore-tubed bryozoan, Nevianipora pulcherrima (Kirkpatrick, 1890) syn. Tubulipora pulcherrima (Cape Peninsula to Mossel Bay, Indo-Pacific)[6][14][4]

Family Tubuliporidae

  • Tennysonia stellata Busk, 1867, (TMNP MPA).[4][214]

Molluscs

Gastropoda – slugs and snails

Patellogastropoda – true limpets

Family Patellidae – true limpets

Vetigastropoda

Family Calliostomatidae

Family Haliotidae – abalone

  • Perlemoen or abalone, Haliotis midae Linnaeus, 1758 (Cape Columbine to KwaZulu-Natal South coast)[3][4]
  • Spiral-ridged siffie, Haliotis parva Linnaeus, 1758 (Cape Point to Eastern Cape)[3][4]
  • Siffie or Venus ear, blood-spotted abalone, Haliotis spadicea Donovan, E., 1808 (Cape Point to KwaZulu-Natal north coast)[3][4]

Family Fissurellidae – keyhole limpets

  • Saddle-shaped keyhole limpet, Dendrofissurella scutellum (Gmelin, 1791) also recorded as syn. Amblychilepas scutella (Gmelin, 1791) (Namibia to northern KwaZulu-Natal)[3][221][4]
  • Conical keyhole limpet, Diodora parviforata (G.B. Sowerby III, 1889) (Orange River to Eastern Cape)[3] (syn. Fissurella parviforata G.B. Sowerby III, 1889).[4]
  • Diodora elevata (Dunker, 1846) (Saldanha Bay to western Transkei)[222]
  • Cape keyhole limpet, Fissurella mutabilis Sowerby, 1834 (Orange River to Eastern Cape)[3][4]
  • Mantled keyhole limpet, Pupillaea aperta (G.B. Sowerby I, 1825) (Orange River to KwaZulu-Natal south coast)[3][4] (syn. Fissurellidea aperta G.B. Sowerby, 1825)

Family Phasianellidae

Family Trochidae

Family Turbinidae

Caenogastropoda

Family Epitoniidae

  • Wentletrap sea snail, Epitonium kraussi (Nyst, 1873), (TMNP MPA).[4][227]

Family Janthinidae

Family Turritellidae

Littorinimorpha

Family Aporrhaidae – pelican foot shells

Family Assimineidae

Family Calyptraeidae – slipper limpets

Family Cassidae – helmet shells

Family Charoniidae

  • Pink lady, Charonia lampas Linnaeus, 1758 (also as Charonia lampas pustulata Cape Point to Mozambique)[3][4]

Family Cymatiidae

Family Cypraeidae – true cowries

Family Hipponicidae – hoof limpets

  • Horse's hoof, Sabia conica (Schumacher, 1817), recorded as syn. Hipponix conicus (Schumacher, 1817) (Cape Point to Mozambique)[3][236]

Family Littorinidae

Family Naticidae – necklace shells

Family Ranellidae

  • Single-ridged triton, Ranella gemmifera Euthyme, 1889 also recorded as syn.Ranella australasia gemmifera (Cape Point to Durban)[3][4]

Family Tonnidae

Family Triviidae – trivia

Family Velutinidae

  • ?Lamellaria (s.l.) capensis Bergh, 1907 (Cape Point and north (?))[233]
  • ?Lamellaria (s.l.) leptoconcha Bergh, 1907 (Cape Point and north (?))[233]
  • Lamellaria perspicua Linnaeus, 1758 (Cape Point and north (?))[233]

Family Vermetidae – worm shells

Neogastropoda

Family Ancillariidae

Family Babyloniidae

Family Buccinidae

Family (unassigned), superfamily Buccinoidea

  • Elongate whelk, Afrocominella capensis simoniana (Petit de la Saussaye, 1852). also recorded as syn. Afrocominella elongata (Dunker, 1857), (TMNP MPA).[4][243]

Family Columbellidae

Family Conidae – cone shells

  • Algoa cone, Conus algoensis G. B. Sowerby II, 1834 (Cape Columbine to Cape Agulhas)[3][4]
    • Conus algoensis algoensis (West Coast)[3]
    • Yellow Algoa cone, Conus algoensis simplex G. B. Sowerby II, 1858 (Cape Point to Hermanus)[3]
  • Elongate cone, Conus mozambicus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 (Orange river to Eastern Cape)[3][4]

Family Cystiscidae

Family Fasciolariidae

  • Short-siphoned whelk, Lugubrilaria lugubris (A. Adams & Reeve, 1847) (Saldanha to False Bay)[3][4] (syn? Pleuroploca lugubris lugubris (Adams, A. & L.A. Reeve in Reeve, L.A., 1847)), Fasciolaria lugubris lugubris
  • Long-siphoned whelk, Africofusus ocelliferus (Lamarck, 1816), recorded as syn. Fusinus ocelliferus Lamarck, 1816 (Namaqualand to central KwaZulu-Natal)[3][245][4]

Family Marginellidae – marginellas

  • Marginella confortini Bozzetti, 1992, (TMNP MPA).[4]
  • Marginella diadochus A. Adams & Reeve, 1850, (TMNP MPA).[4]
  • Marginella falsebayensis J. H. Veldsman & S. G. Veldsman, 2012, (TMNP MPA).[4]
  • Marginella fishhoekensis Massier, 2004, (TMNP MPA).[4]
  • Marginella houtbaaiensis S. G. Veldsman, 2013, (TMNP MPA).[4]
  • Marginella musica Hinds, 1844 (Lüderitz to Cape Agulhas)[3][4]
  • Cloudy marginella, Marginella nebulosa Bolten in Röding, P.F., 1798 (Cape Point to Eastern Cape)[3][4]
  • Marginella peelae Bozzetti, 1993, recorded as syn. Marginella beltmani Hart, 1993, (TMNP MPA).[4][246]
  • Sandy marginella, Marginella piperata Hinds, 1844 (Cape Point to KwaZulu-Natal north coast)[3][4]
  • Pinch lipped marginella, Marginella rosea Lamarck, 1822 (Cape Columbine to Cape Agulhas)[3][4]
  • Marginella san S. G. Veldsman, 2014, (TMNP MPA).[4]
  • Marginella textilis S. G. Veldsman & J. H. Veldsman, 2014, (TMNP MPA).[4]
  • Cape marginella, Prunum capense (Krauss, 1848), reported as syn. Volvarina capensis Krauss, 1848 (Namibia to Cape Hangklip)[3][247][4]
  • Banded volvarina, banded marginella, zoned marginella, Volvarina zonata (Kiener, 1841) (Saldanha Bay to Port Elizabeth)[3][4]

Family Mitridae – mitres

  • Brown mitre, Isara picta (Reeve, 1844), recorded as syn. Mitra picta Reeve, 1844 (Cape Columbine to KwaZulu-Natal south coast)[3][248][4]

Family Muricidae

Family Nassariidae

Dogwhelks

Subfamily Bulliinae – Plough shells

Family Clavatulidae

Heterobranchia

Order Ellobiida
Family Trimusculidae

Order Systellommatophora Family Onchidiidae

clade Cephalaspideahead shield slugs
Family Cylichnidae

Family Retusidae

  • Retusa truncatula (Bruguiere, 1792) (False Bay to Durban, also northern Europe, Mediterranean, Canary Islands)[256]

Family Philinidae

Family Aglajidae

Family Gastropteridae

Family Haminoeidae

Family Bullidae

clade Aplysiomorphasea hares
Family Aplysiidae

clade Sacoglossasap-sucking slugs
Family Oxynoidae

Family Plakobranchidae

  • Plant-sucking nudibranch, Elysia spp. (Orange River to northern KwaZulu-Natal)[3][256][257]
  • Sap-sucker, Elysia rubropunctata, not listed om WoRMS, but might refer to Elysia punctata var. rubropunctata, Macnae, 1954. (TMNP MPA).[4][261]

Family Hermaeidae

Family Limapontiidae

  • Mop sap sucking slug, Placida capensis Macnae, 1954 taxon inquirendum, (TMNP MPA).[4]
  • Dendritic nudibranch, Placida dendritica (Alder & Hancock, 1843) (Elands Bay to Port Alfred, cosmopolitan)[256][257]

clade Pleurobranchomorphasidegill slugs
Family Pleurobranchidae

Family Pleurobranchaeidae


clade Nudibranchianudibranchs
subclade Doridaceadorid nudibranchs
Family Aegiridae

Family Cadlinidae

Family Dorididae

Family Discodorididae

Family Cadlinidae

Family Chromodorididae

Family Dendrodorididae

Family Mandeliidae

Family Onchidorididae

Family Goniodorididae

Family Corambidae

Family Polyceridae

subclade Dendronotida
Family Scyllaeidae

Family Tethydidae

Family Dotidae

  • Crowned doto, Doto africoronata Shipman & Gosliner, 2015,[4] previously reported as Doto coronata (Gmelin, 1791) (Atlantic coast Cape Peninsula to Knysna, also North Atlantic and Mediterranean)[256][257] but now recognised as a different species.
  • Feathered doto, Doto pinnatifida (Montagu, 1804) (Atlantic coast Cape Peninsula to Knysna, also English Channel)[256][257][4]
  • Doto rosea Trinchese, 1881 (False Bay)[256]
  • Doto splendidissima Pola & Gosliner, 2015, (TMNP MPA).[4]

Family Tritoniidae

subclade Euarminida
Family Arminidae

subclade Cladobranchia
Family Coryphellidae

  • White-edged nudibranch, Coryphella capensis Thiele, 1925, also recorded as Fjordia capensis (Thiele, 1925) (Atlantic coast Cape Peninsula to Port Elizabeth) recorded as syn. Flabellina capensis[256][257][4]

Family Cuthonidae

Family Fionidae

Family Janolidae

  • Cape silvertip nudibranch, Antiopella capensis (Bergh, 1907) also recorded as syn. Janolus capensis Bergh, 1907 (Saldanha Bay to East London)[3][256][257][4]
  • Medallion silvertip nudibranch, Antiopella longidentata (Gosliner, 1981) also recorded as syn. Janolus longidentatus Gosliner, 1981 (False Bay)[3][256][257][4][271]
  • Nippled nudibranch, Janolus sp. (South Paw, off Clifton, Cape Peninsula)[14]
    Nippled nudibranch at South Paw
  • Gasflame nudibranch, Bonisa nakaza Gosliner, 1981 (Atlantic coast Cape Peninsula to Port Elizabeth)[3][256][257]

Family Lemindidae

Family Tergipedidae

Family Trinchesiidae

  • Catriona casha Gosliner & Griffiths, 1981 (Langebaan Lagoon to Knysna)[256]
  • Catriona columbiana (O'Donoghue, 1922) (Cape Town Harbour, Pacific coast of North America and Japan)[256]
  • Sunset nudibranch, ?Tenellia casha (not listed on WoRMS) (TMNP MPA).[4]
  • Candy nudibranch, Trinchesia speciosa (Macnae, 1954) (Atlantic coast Cape Peninsula to Port Elizabeth) recorded as syn. Cuthona speciosa[256][257][4]
  • Yellow candy nudibranch, Trinchesia sp. (TMNP MPA),[4]

subclade Aeolididaaeolid nudibranchs
Family Aeolidiidae

Family Embletoniidae

Family Eubranchidae

Family Flabellinidae

Family Facelinidae

Family Myrrhinidae

Family Glaucidae

  • Sea swallow, blue glaucus, Glaucus atlanticus Forster, 1777 (False Bay to KwaZulu-Natal, circumtropical).[4]

Order Siphonariida

Family Siphonariidae

  • Cape false limpet, Siphonaria capensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1833, (TMNP MPA).[4]
  • Siphonaria compressa Allanson, 1958, (TMNP MPA).[4][275]
  • Ribbed false-limpet, Siphonaria concinna G. B. Sowerby I, 1823, (TMNP MPA).[4]
  • Siphonaria deflexa (Helbling, 1779), nomen dubia (TMNP MPA).[4]
  • Eyed false-limpet, Siphonaria oculus Krauss, 1848, (TMNP MPA).[4]
  • Serrate false-limpet, Siphonaria serrata (Fischer von Waldheim, 1807), (TMNP MPA),[4]

Bivalvia

Order Arcida
Family Arcidae – ark clams

Order Cardiida
Family Donacidae

  • White mussel, Donax serra Röding, 1798 (TMNP MPA).[4][276][4]
  • Butterfly wedge-shell, Latona sordida (Hanley, 1845), recorded as syn. Donax sordidus Hanley, 1845. (TMNP MPA).[4][277]

Order Carditida
Family Carditidae

Order Limida
Family Limidae – file shells

Order Mytilida
Family Mytilidae

Order Ostreida
Family Ostreidae – true oysters

Family Pinnidae – pen shells

Order Pectinida
Family Pectinidae – scallops

Order Venerida
Family Mactridae – trough shells

Order Venerida
Family Lasaeidae

Family Tellinidae

  • Ridged tellin, Gastrana matadoa (Gmelin, 1791) (Cape Point to northern KwaZulu-Natal)[3][4]
  • Trilateral tellin Homalina trilatera (Gmelin, 1791), (TMNP MPA). recorded as Tellina trilatera Gmelin, 1791,[4][282]
  • Gilchrist's tellin, Moerella tulipa (Hanley, 1844) (Cape Columbine to Eastern Cape)[3] recorded as Tellina gilchristi Sowerby, 1904 (unaccepted)[283][4]
  • Port Alfred tellin, Pallidea palliderosea (Anton, 1838) (Cape Point to KwaZulu-Natal south coast)[3] reported as Tellina alfredensis Bartsch, 1915 Linnaeus 1758 (unaccepted)[284][4]
  • Trilateral tellin, Homalina trilatera (Gmelin, 1791) recorded as Tellina trilatera Gmelin, 1791 (Orange river to Transkei)[3][222][4][282]

Family Veneridae – Venus shells

  • Heart clam, greater heart-clam, Dosinia orbignyi (Dunker, 1845) recorded as Dosinia lupinus orbignyi Dunker, 1845 (Namibia to Eastern Cape)[3][285][4]
  • Zigzag clam, Pitar hebraeus (Lamarck, 1818) recorded as Pitar abbreviatus Krauss, 1848 (Cape Point to Mozambique)[3][286]
  • Mottled venus, Sunetta bruggeni Fischer-Piette, 1974, recorded as syn. Sunetta contempta bruggeni Fischer & Piette, 1974 (Cape Point to northern KwaZulu-Natal)[3][287][4]
  • Streaked sand clam, Tivela compressa (Sowerby, 1851) (Cape Point to Eastern Cape)[3]
  • Corrugated venus, Venerupis corrugata (Gmelin, 1791) (Namibia to central KwaZulu-Natal)[3][4]
  • Warty venus, Venus verrucosa Linnaeus, 1758 (Namibia to Mozambique)[3][4]

Order unassigned, Euheterodonta
Family Solenidae

Polyplacophora – chitons

Order Chitonida
Family Acanthochitonidae

Family Chitonidae


Family Callochitonidae

  • Broad chiton, Callochiton dentatus Spengler, 1797 recorded as syn. Callochiton castaneus (Wood, 1815) (Orange river to northern KwaZulu-Natal)[3][4]

Family Chaetopleuridae

Family Ischnochitonidae

Cephalopoda

Order Octopoda – octopus
Family Enteroctopodidae

Family Octopodidae

Family Argonautidae

Order Teuthidasquid
Family Loliginidae

  • Chokka or calimari, Loligo reynaudii d'Orbigny [in Ferussac & d'Orbigny], 1839-1841, recorded as syn. Loligo vulgaris reynaudi (Orbigny, 1845) (Orange River to Eastern Cape)[3][291][4]

Order Sepiolidabobtail squid

  • Unidentified species (Cape Peninsula, both sides)

Order Sepiidacuttlefish Family Sepiidae

  • Beautiful cuttlefish, Sepia pulchra Roeleveld & Liltved, 1985, also recorded as syn. Sepia (Hemisepius) pulchra Roeleveld & Liltved, 1985.[292][4]
  • Tuberculate cuttlefish, Sepia tuberculata Lamarck, 1798 (Cape Columbine to Eastern Cape)[3][4]
  • Common cuttlefish, patchwork cuttlefish, Sepia vermiculata Quoy and Gaimard, 1832 (Orange River to Mozambique)[3][4]
  • Pore-bellied cuttlefish, Hemisepius typicus Steenstrup, 1875, recorded as syn. Sepia typica (Steenstrup, 1875), (TMNP MPA).[4][293]

Brachiopoda – lampshells

Order Lingulida Family Discinidae

  • Disc lamp shell, Discinisca tenuis (Sowerby, 1847), (TMNP MPA).[4][294]

Order Terebratulida
Family Kraussinidae

Family Cancellothyrididae

  • Lamp shell, Terebratulina meridionalis Jackson, 1952, (Cape Peninsula)[3][4][296]

Echinoderms

Crinoidea – feather stars

Order Comatulida
Family Antedonidae

  • Feather star, Annametra occidentalis (AH Clark, 1915), (TMNP MPA).[4][297]

Family Comatulidae

Family Tropiometridae

Asteroidea – starfish

Order Paxillosida
Family Astropectinidae

Order Valvatida
Family Goniasteridae

Family Goniasteridae

  • Granular starfish, Fromia schultzei Döderlein, 1910, recorded as syn. Austrofromia schultzei (Doderlein, 1910) (False Bay to Port Elizabeth)[3][299][4]

Family Asterinidae

Order Forcipulatida
Family Asteriidae

  • Spiny starfish, Marthasterias africana (Müller & Troschel, 1842), recorded as Marthasterias glacialis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Saldanha Bay to Port Elizabeth)[3][301]
  • Many-armed starfish Coscinasterias calamaria (Gray, 1840) (Saldanha Bay to False Bay)[298][4]

Order Spinulosida
Family Asterinidae

Family Stichasteridae

  • Dividing starfish, Allostichaster capensis (Perrier, 1875), (TMNP MPA).[4][303]

Order Velatida
Family Pterasteridae

Order Spinulosida
Family Echinasteridae

Ophiuroidea – brittlestars

Order Euryalida
Family Gorgonocephalidae

Order Amphilepidida
Family Amphiuridae

Family Ophiactidae

  • Snake-star, Ophiactis carnea Ljungman, 1867, (TMNP MPA).[4][305]

Order Ophiurida
Family Ophiotrichidae

Family Amphiuridae

  • Equal-tailed brittle star, Amphiura (Amphiura) capensis Ljungman, 1867, recorded as syn. Amphiura capensis Ljungman 1867 (whole coast)[3][4]

Family Ophionereididae

Family Ophiodermatidae

Echinoidea – sea urchins

Order Echinoida
Family Echinidae

Order Echinolampadacea
Family Echinolampadidae

Order Spatangoida
Family Brissidae

Family Loveniidae

Holothuroidea – sea cucumbers

Order Dendrochirotida
Family Cucumariidae

Family Phyllophoridae

Chaetognatha – Arrow worms

Family Sagittidae

Hemichordata

Class Enteropneusta Family Ptychoderidae

  • Cape acorn worm, Balanoglossus capensis Gilchrist, 1908, (TMNP MPA).[4][307]

Tunicates

Order Aplousobranchia

Family Clavelinidae

Family Didemnidae

Family Holozoidae

Family Polycitoridae

Family Polyclinidae

Order Phlebobranchia

Family Ascidiidae

Family Cionidae

Order Pyrosomatida

Family Pyrosomatidae

Order Salpida

Family Salpidae

Order Stolidobranchia

Family Pyuridae

Family Styelidae

Cephalochordata – Lancelets

Family Branchiostomatidae

  • Cape lancelet, Branchiostoma capense Gilchrist, 1902, (TMNP MPA).[4][314]

Vertebrates

Fishes

Agnatha – jawless fishes (cyclostomes)

Order Myxiniformes – hagfishes
Family: Myxinidae

Gnathostomata – jawed fishes

Chondrichthyes – cartilaginous fishes

Elasmobranchii – sharks and rays
Order Myliobatiformes – stingrays
Family Myliobatidae – eagle rays

Order Rajiformes – rays, skates and guitarfish
Family Dasyatidae – stingrays

Family Rajidae – skates

Family Rhinobatidae – guitarfish

Order Torpediniformes – electric rays
Family Narkidae

Family Torpedinidae

Order Carcharhiniformes – ground sharks
Family Carcharhinidae – requiem sharks


Family Scyliorhinidae – catsharks

Family Sphyrnidae – hammerhead sharks

Family Triakidae – houndsharks

Order Hexanchiformes – cow and frill sharks
Family Hexanchidae – cow sharks

Order Lamniformes – mackerel sharks
Family Alopiidae – thresher sharks

Family Cetorhinidae – basking sharks

Family Lamnidae – mackerel sharks

Family Mitsukurinidae – goblin sharks

Family Odontaspididae

  • Ragged-tooth shark or spotted ragged-tooth shark, Carcharias taurus Rafinesque, 1810 (Cape Point to Mozambique)[3][315][330][316] also reported as syn. Eugomphodus taurus (Rafinesque, 1810)

Family Pseudocarchariidae – crocodile sharks

Order Orectolobiformes – carpet sharks
Family Rhincodontidae – whale sharks

Order Pristiophoriformes – sawsharks
Family Pristiophoridae

Order Squaliformes – dogfish sharks
Family Echinorhinidae – bramble sharks

Family Etmopteridae

Family Squalidae – dogfishes

Holocephali – chimaeras

Order Chimaeriformes
Family Callorhinchidae – elephantfish

Family Chimaeridae – chimaeras

Family Rhinochimaeridae – longnose chimaeras

Class Actinopterygii – ray finned fishes
Order Anguilliformes – eels

Family Anguillidae – freshwater eels

Family Congridae – conger eels

Family Derichthyidae – longneck eels

Family Nemichthyidae – snipe eels

Family: Nettastomatidae – witch eels

Family Ophichthidae – snake-eels and worm-eels

Family Serrivomeridae – sawtooth eels

Family Synaphobranchidae – cutthroat eels

Order Ateleopodiformes

Family Ateleopodidae – tadpole fishes

Order Atheriniformes

Family Atherinidae – silversides

Order Aulopiformes

Family Alepisauridae – lancetfishes

Family Bathysauropsidae

Family Chlorophthalmidae – greeneyes

Family Evermannellidae – sabretooth fishes

  • Coccorella atlantica (Parr, 1928) (central water areas of all 3 major oceans; off western and south-western Cape coast, 1 specimen from 31°34'S, 30°09'E)[315][348]

Family Ipnopidae

Family Notosudidae – notosudids

Family Paralepididae – barracudinas

Family Scopelarchidae – pearleyes

Family Synodontidae

Order Batrachoidiformes

Family Batrachoididae – toadfishes

Order Beloniformes

Family Exocoetidae – flyingfishes

Family Hemiramphidae – halfbeaks

Family Belonidae – needlefishes

Family Scomberesocidae – sauries

  • Dwarf saury, Scomberesox simulans (Hubbs & Wisner, 1980), recorded as syn. Nanichthys simulans Hubbs and Wisner, 1980 (off the Cape up the west coast, warm temperate waters of the Atlantic and southern Indian oceans)[315]
Order Beryciformes

Family Berycidae – berycids

Family Monocentridae – pineapple fishes

  • Pineapple fish, Japanese pineapple fish, Monocentris japonica (Houttuyn, 1782) (Indo-West Pacific and Red Sea south to Mossel Bay)[315](Recorded from False Bay on at least two occasions)[317][344]

Family Trachichthyidae – slimeheads

Order Blenniiformes

Family Blenniidae – blennies

Family Clinidae – klipfishes

Family Tripterygiidae – threefin blennies or triplefins

Order Carangiformes

Family: Echeneidae – remoras[369]

Family: Istiophoridae – sailfish, spearfishes and marlins[371]

Order Centrarchiformes

Family: Cheilodactylidae – fingerfins[372]

Family: Dichistiidae – galjoens

Family: Kyphosidae – sea chubs[373]

Family: Oplegnathidae – knifejaws[374]

Family: Parascorpididae – jutjaw

Order Clupeiformes

Family Clupeidae – herrings, sardines and pilchards

Family Dussumieriidae

Family Ehiravidae

Family Engraulidae – anchovies

Order Elopiformes

Family Elopidae – ladyfishes

Order Eupercaria incertae sedis

Family: Haemulidae – rubberlips and grunters[379]

Family: Sciaenidae – kobs[380]

Family: Sparidae – seabreams

Order Gadiformes

Family: Bregmacerotidae – codlets

Family Gadidae – cods

Family Macrouridae – grenadiers

Family Melanonidae – melanonids

Family Merlucciidae – hakes

Family Moridae – deepsea cods

Order Gobiesociformes

Family Gobiesocidae – clingfishes[394]

Order Gobiiformes

Family: Gobiidae – gobies[395]

Subfamily Gobiinae

Order Gonorynchiformes

Family Gonorynchidae – beaked sandfish

Order Lampriformes

Family Lampridae – opahs

  • Spotted opah, Jerusalem haddock, moonfish, Lampris guttatus (Brünnich, 1788) (all oceans but not in polar waters, occurs throughout South African waters, usually well offshore)[315][396]
  • Southern opah, Lampris immaculatus Gilchrist, 1904 (circumglobal south of 30°S)[315]

Family Lophotidae – crestfishes

Family Radiicephalidae – tapertails

Family Regalecidae – oarfishes

Family Trachipteridae – ribbonfishes

Family Ceratiidae – seadevils

Family Himantolophidae – footballfish

Family Melanocetidae – devil-anglers

Order Lophiiformes

Family Antennariidae – anglers

Family Lophiidae – monks[401]

  • Blackmouth angler, Lophiomus setigerus (Vahl, 1797) (Indo-West Pacific south to False Bay)[315][402]
  • Monkfish, devil anglerfish, Lophius vomerinus (Valenciennes, 1837), syn. Lophius upsicephalus (off Cape of Good Hope; eastern South Atlantic and south western Indian Ocean off South Africa; Bay of Bengal off Burma)[315][403] also recorded as Lophius sp.[344]
Order Mugiliformes

Family Mugilidae[404]

Order Myctophiformes

Family Myctophidae – lanternfishes

  • Bolinichthys supralateralis (Parr, 1928) (off Cape Peninsula and in Agulgas current; Atlantic (40°N – 02°S and 32° to 40°S); Indian Ocean (21° – 30°S); west coast of Australia and near Hawaii)[315]
  • Diaphus effulgens (Goode and Bean, 1896) (off all SA coasts)[315]
  • Diaphus mollis Tåning, 1928 (off all SA coasts, broadly tropical distribution in all major oceans)[315]
  • Diaphus taaningi Norman, 1930 (over west coast continental shelf/slope southward to 24°S. Amphitropical species in Atlantic (western sector); tropical waters to 42°N; eastern sector: southward from Mauretanian upwelling region to South African region)[315]
  • Electrona risso (Cocco, 1829) (off east and west coasts of South Africa. Widespread in Atlantic (55°N – 40°S), Mediterranean, Indian Ocean (0° – 40°S), Tasman sea and Cook Strait, and eastern Pacific (42°N – 20°S))[315]
  • Gonichthys barnesi Whitley, 1943 (off east and west coasts, south of 30°S. Convergence species in all 3 oceans (30° – 40°S))[315]
  • Gymnoscopelus braueri (Lönnberg, 1905) (circumglobal between Subtropical convergence and Antarctica)[315]
  • Hygophum hanseni (Tåning, 1932) (from 30°S on west coast to 33°S on east coast. Convergence species (30° to 43°S) in all 3 oceans)[315]
  • Hygophum hygomii (Lütken, 1892) (west of Cape Peninsula and off east coast (25° – 37°S))[315]
  • Hygophum proximum Bekker, 1965) (south to about 37°S in Agulhas current; Indian Ocean (25°N – 10°S))[315]
  • Lampadena notialis Nafpaktitis and Paxton, 1968 (Off east coast and Cape Peninsula; convergence species in all 3 oceans)[315]
  • Mirror lampfish, mirror lanternfish, Lampadena speculigera Goode and Bean, 1896 (off west and southeast coasts. Atlantic (66° – 35°N and 35° – 45°S), Indian Ocean (30° to 45°S) and Pacific Ocean (30° – 45°S))[315][406]
  • Hector's lanternfish, Lampanyctodes hectoris (Günther, 1876), (TMNP MPA).[344]
  • Lampanyctus alatus Goode and Bean, 1896 (off all South African coasts; Atlantic (46°N – 38°S), Indian Ocean (0° – 39°S)[315]
  • Southern lanternfish, Lampanyctus australis Tåning, 1932 (off all South African coasts; circumglobal convergence species (33° – 43°S with northern extension to about 27°S in eastern boundary currents))[315][407]
  • Lampanyctus festivus Tåning, 1928 (off all South African coasts. Atlantic(53° – 18°N and 28° – 40°S with northern extension to 12°S in Benguela current and Indo-West Pacific.)[315]
  • Lampanyctus lepidolychnus Bekker, 1967 (off all South African coasts, circumglobal convergence species (23° – 48°S))[315]
  • Rakery beaconlamp, Lampanyctus macdonaldi (Goode and Bean, 1896) (west of Cape Peninsula, circumglobal between subtropical convergence and Antarctic polar front)[315][408]
  • Lampanyctus pusillus (Johnson, 1890) (off all South African coasts. Bisubtropical species in all major oceans)[315]
  • Lampichthys procerus (Brauer, 1904) (off Cape Peninsula, circumglobal convergence species (32° – 48°S) with extensions into lower latitudes in eastern boundary currents)[315]
  • Lobianchia dofleini (Zugmayer, 1911) (off all South African coasts. Mediterranean, Atlantic (50°N – 40°S), Indian Ocean (23° – 38°S), Tasman sea and south Pacific(region of subtropical convergence))[315]
  • Lobianchia gemellarii (Cocco, 1838) (off all South African coasts, worldwide in tropical/subtropical waters)[315]
  • Metelectrona ventralis (Bekker, 1063) (west of Cape Peninsula in southern Benguela upwelling region; circumglobal subantarctic species (36°-51°S))[315]
  • Myctophum phengodes (Lütken, 1892) (off all South African coasts)[315]
  • Myctophum selenops Tåning, 1928 (west of Cape peninsula in Agulhas water pockets)[315]
  • Nannobrachium atrum (Tåning, 1928), syn. Lampanyctus ater (off all South African coasts; Atlantic (58° – 17°N and 15° – 40°S) and Indian Ocean (12° – 44°S))[315][409]
  • Notolychnus valdiviae (Brauer, 1904) (off all South African coasts)[315]
  • Patchwork lampfish, Notoscopelus resplendens (Richardson, 1845) (off all South African coasts)[315][410]
  • Protomyctophum normani Tåning, 1932 (once west of Slangkop lighthouse; circumglobal convergence species (36° – 43°S))[315]
  • Scopelopsis multipunctatus Brauer, 1906 (off all South African coasts)[315]
  • Symbolophorus barnardi (Tåning, 1932) (off all South African coasts)[315]
Order Notacanthiformes

Family Halosauridae – halosaurs

Family Notacanthidae – spiny eels

Order Ophidiiformes

Family Aphyonidae – aphyonids

Family Bythitidae – bythitids or brotulas

Family Ophidiidae – cuskeels

Order Osmeriformes

Family Alepocephalidae – slickheads

Family Opisthoproctidae – barreleyes

Family Microstomatidae

Family Bathylagidae

Order Ovalentaria incertae sedis

Family Pseudochromidae

Order Perciformes

Family Luvaridae – louvar

Family Callionymidae – dragonets

Suborder: Cottoidei

Family: Psychrolutidae – fatheads

Family: Liparidae – snailfishes

Suborder Percoidei

Superfamily: Cirrhitoidea

Superfamily: Percoidea Family: Acropomatidae – lanternbellies

Family: Bramidae – pomfrets

Family: Callanthiidae – goldies

Family: Carangidae – kingfishes

Family: Centracanthidae – picarels

Family: Chaetodontidae – butterflyfishes

Family: Coryphaenidae – dolphinfish or dorades

Family: Emmelichthyidae – rovers

Family: Epigonidae – cardinal fishes (see also Apogonidae)

Family: Malacanthidae – tilefishes

Family: Monodactylidae – moonies

Family: Pentacerotidae – armourheads

Family: Polyprionidae – wreckfishes

Family: Pseudochromidae – dottybacks Subfamily: Congrogadinae – snakelets

Family: Rachycentridae – cobia

Family: Scombropidae – gnomefishes

Family: Serranidae – rockcods (groupers) and seabasses

Subfamily: Epinephelinae

Subfamily: Serraninae


Suborder: Scombroidei

Family: Trichiuridae – frostfishes

  • Buttersnoek, Lepidopus caudatus (Euphrasen, 1788) (Mediterranean, eastern Atlantic from Norway to South Africa, Australia and new Zealand)[315]
  • Cutlass fish, Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus, 1758 (Cosmopolitan in tropical and temperate waters)[315]

Family: Xiphiidae – Swordfishes

Suborder Scorpaenoidei

Family: Congiopodidae – horsefishes

Family: Scorpaenidae

  • Bigscale scorpionfish, Scorpaena scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 (Algoa Bay to Natal)[315](False Bay to KZN)[14]
  • Tasselled scorpionfish, Scorpaenopsis oxycephalus (Bleeker, 1849), (TMNP MPA).[344]

Family: Sebastidae

Family: Tetrarogidae – waspfishes

Family: Triglidae – gurnards

Suborder: Stromateoidei

Family: Centrolophidae – Ruffs

  • Black ruff, Centrolophus niger (Gmelin, 1789) (Temperate waters of Australia, New Zealand, South America and South Africa, also North Atlantic and Mediterranean)[315]
  • Antarctic butterfish, Hyperoglyphe antarctica (Carmichael, 1818) (Temperate waters; islands of south Atlantic and southern Indian oceans; New Zealand, southern Australia and South Africa)[315]
  • Schedophilus huttoni (Waite, 1910) (Circumglobal in southern ocean, taken off Cape Town, common off Namibia)[315]
  • Black butterfish or peregrine driftfish, Schedophilus velaini (Sauvage, 1879) (Gulf of Guinea, to South Africa)[315](syn. Hyperoglyphe moselii (Cunningham, 1910))
  • Flabby driftfish, Tubbia tasmanica Whitley, 1943 (Temperate waters of Southern Ocean; New Zealand, Tasmania and South Africa off Natal)[315]

Family: Ariommatidae

Family: Tetragonuridae – Squaretails

Family: Stromateidae

Suborder: Trachinoidei Family: Ammodytidae – Sandlances

Family: Champsodontidae – Gapers

Family: Chiasmodontidae – Swallowers

Family: Uranoscopidae – Stargazers

Suborder: Zoarcoidei

Family: Zoarcidae – Eelpouts

Order Pleuronectiformes

Family Cynoglossidae

Family Soleidae – soles

Order Saccopharyngiformes

Family Cyematidae – arrow eels

Order Scombriformes

Family: Caristiidae

Family: Gempylidae – snake mackerels[432]

Family: Nomeidae – Driftfishes[433]

Family: Pomatomidae – elf[434]

Family: Scombridae – tunas, mackerels and bonitos[435]
Subfamily: Gasterochismatinae

Subfamily: Scombrinae

Order Siluriformes – catfishes

Family Ariidae – sea catfishes

Order Stomiiformes

Family Gonostomatidae – bristlemouths

Family Phosichthyidae – lightfishes

Family Sternoptychidae – hatchetfishes

Family: Stomiidae

Order Syngnathiformes

Family Centriscidae – snipefishes and shrimpfishes

Family Fistulariidae – flutemouths

  • Serrate flutemouth, Fistularia petimba Lacepède, 1803 (Atlantic, Indian and western Pacific oceans; east coast of Africa south to Mossel Bay; also reported from Walvis Bay and False Bay)[315]

Family Syngnathidae – seahorses and pipefishes

Order Tetraodontiformes

Family Diodontidae

Family Molidae[449]

Family Ostraciidae

Family Tetraodontidae – puffers

Order Zeiformes

Family Oreosomatidae

Family Zeidae

Reptiles

Mostly vagrant turtles and the occasional sea snake.

Family Dermochelyidae

Family Cheloniidae

Family Elapidae

Birds

As of 2022, 39 species of seabirds and shorebirds are known to use the marine protected area.

12 species of seabird nest in the TMNP MPA, six of these are endemic to the region. Four of the endemics are listed as endangered, one is near threatened, and one is of least concern.

Order Charadriiformes

Family: Charadriidae

Family Laridae

Family Scolopacidae

Family Stercorariidae

Order Ciconiiformes

Family Ardeidae

Order Pelecaniformes

Family Anhingidae

Family Pelecanidae

Family Threskiornithidae

Order Phoenicopteriformes

Family Phoenicopteridae

Order Procellariiformes

Family Diomedeidae

Family Procellaridae

Family Hydrobatidae

Order Sphenisciformes – Penguins

Family: Spheniscidae

Order Suliformes

Family Sulidae – gannets and boobies

  • Cape gannet, Morus capensis (Lichtenstein, 1823), (Breeding: three islands off Namibia and three islands off South Africa. Otherwise: coastal waters off the Gulf of Guinea to Mozambique) Endangered.[3][451]

Family: Phalacrocoracidae – Cormorants

Mammals

Order Carnivora

Suborder Pinnipedia – seals
Family Otariidaeeared seals

Family Phocidae – true seals

Family Mustelidae – weasels and others
Subfamily Lutrinaeotters

Order Cetacea

Suborder Mysticetibaleen whales
Family Balaenidae – right whales

  • Southern right whale, Eubalaena australis Desmoulins, 1822 (pelagic, Southern Ocean, winters along the South African coast from central Namibia to southern Mozambique )[3][454]

Family Balaenopteridae – rorquals

Family Neobalaenidae

Suborder Odontocetitoothed whales
Superfamily Delphinoidea
Family Delphinidaeoceanic dolphins

Geographical position of places mentioned in species ranges

See also

References

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  2. Kock, Alison; Stanbridge, Debbie; Brink, Rene; Holness, Stephen; Harris, Linda; Gardner, Kathryn; van Wilgen-Bredenkamp, Nicola; Mayekiso, Sisanda; Jones, Georgina. Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area – State of Knowledge Report March 2022 (PDF). Internal Report 01 / 2022 (Report). Pretoria: Scientific Services, South African National Parks. Chapter 8: Research and monitoring.
  3. Branch, G.M., Branch, M.L, Griffiths, C.L. and Beckley, L.E (2005): Two Oceans: a guide to the marine life of southern Africa ISBN 0-86486-672-0
  4. Kock, Alison; Stanbridge, Debbie; Brink, Rene; Holness, Stephen; Harris, Linda; Gardner, Kathryn; van Wilgen-Bredenkamp, Nicola; Mayekiso, Sisanda; Jones, Georgina. Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area – State of Knowledge Report March 2022 (PDF). Internal Report 01 / 2022 (Report). Pretoria: Scientific Services, South African National Parks. Appendix II, Table 2: Invertebrates.
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  78. Bamber, R.N.; El Nagar, A.; Arango, C.P. (Eds) (2023). Pycnobase: World Pycnogonida Database. Tanystylum brevipes (Hoek, 1881). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=240186 on 2023-10-13
  79. Bamber, R.N.; El Nagar, A.; Arango, C.P. (Eds) (2023). Pycnobase: World Pycnogonida Database. Queubus jamesanus Barnard, 1946. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=214686 on 2023-10-13
  80. Horton, T.; Lowry, J.; De Broyer, C.; Bellan-Santini, D.; Copila?-Ciocianu, D.; Corbari, L.; Costello, M.J.; Daneliya, M.; Dauvin, J.-C.; Fišer, C.; Gasca, R.; Grabowski, M.; Guerra-García, J.M.; Hendrycks, E.; Hughes, L.; Jaume, D.; Jazdzewski, K.; Kim, Y.-H.; King, R.; Krapp-Schickel, T.; LeCroy, S.; Lörz, A.-N.; Mamos, T.; Senna, A.R.; Serejo, C.; Souza-Filho, J.F.; Tandberg, A.H.; Thomas, J.D.; Thurston, M.; Vader, W.; Väinölä, R.; Vonk, R.; White, K.; Zeidler, W. (2023). World Amphipoda Database. Amaryllis macrophthalma Haswell, 1879. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=214721 on 2023-10-17
  81. Horton, T.; Lowry, J.; De Broyer, C.; Bellan-Santini, D.; Copila?-Ciocianu, D.; Corbari, L.; Costello, M.J.; Daneliya, M.; Dauvin, J.-C.; Fišer, C.; Gasca, R.; Grabowski, M.; Guerra-García, J.M.; Hendrycks, E.; Hughes, L.; Jaume, D.; Jazdzewski, K.; Kim, Y.-H.; King, R.; Krapp-Schickel, T.; LeCroy, S.; Lörz, A.-N.; Mamos, T.; Senna, A.R.; Serejo, C.; Souza-Filho, J.F.; Tandberg, A.H.; Thomas, J.D.; Thurston, M.; Vader, W.; Väinölä, R.; Vonk, R.; White, K.; Zeidler, W. (2023). World Amphipoda Database. Ampelisca palmata K.H. Barnard, 1916. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=211227 on 2023-10-17
  82. Horton, T.; Lowry, J.; De Broyer, C.; Bellan-Santini, D.; Copila?-Ciocianu, D.; Corbari, L.; Costello, M.J.; Daneliya, M.; Dauvin, J.-C.; Fišer, C.; Gasca, R.; Grabowski, M.; Guerra-García, J.M.; Hendrycks, E.; Hughes, L.; Jaume, D.; Jazdzewski, K.; Kim, Y.-H.; King, R.; Krapp-Schickel, T.; LeCroy, S.; Lörz, A.-N.; Mamos, T.; Senna, A.R.; Serejo, C.; Souza-Filho, J.F.; Tandberg, A.H.; Thomas, J.D.; Thurston, M.; Vader, W.; Väinölä, R.; Vonk, R.; White, K.; Zeidler, W. (2023). World Amphipoda Database. Caprella equilibra Say, 1818. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=101830 on 2023-10-17
  83. Horton, T.; Lowry, J.; De Broyer, C.; Bellan-Santini, D.; Copila?-Ciocianu, D.; Corbari, L.; Costello, M.J.; Daneliya, M.; Dauvin, J.-C.; Fišer, C.; Gasca, R.; Grabowski, M.; Guerra-García, J.M.; Hendrycks, E.; Hughes, L.; Jaume, D.; Jazdzewski, K.; Kim, Y.-H.; King, R.; Krapp-Schickel, T.; LeCroy, S.; Lörz, A.-N.; Mamos, T.; Senna, A.R.; Serejo, C.; Souza-Filho, J.F.; Tandberg, A.H.; Thomas, J.D.; Thurston, M.; Vader, W.; Väinölä, R.; Vonk, R.; White, K.; Zeidler, W. (2023). World Amphipoda Database. Cyamus boopis Lütken, 1870. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=158320 on 2023-10-18
  84. Horton, T.; Lowry, J.; De Broyer, C.; Bellan-Santini, D.; Copila?-Ciocianu, D.; Corbari, L.; Costello, M.J.; Daneliya, M.; Dauvin, J.-C.; Fišer, C.; Gasca, R.; Grabowski, M.; Guerra-García, J.M.; Hendrycks, E.; Hughes, L.; Jaume, D.; Jazdzewski, K.; Kim, Y.-H.; King, R.; Krapp-Schickel, T.; LeCroy, S.; Lörz, A.-N.; Mamos, T.; Senna, A.R.; Serejo, C.; Souza-Filho, J.F.; Tandberg, A.H.; Thomas, J.D.; Thurston, M.; Vader, W.; Väinölä, R.; Vonk, R.; White, K.; Zeidler, W. (2023). World Amphipoda Database. Cyproidea ornata Haswell, 1879. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=221360 on 2023-10-13
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  86. Horton, T.; Lowry, J.; De Broyer, C.; Bellan-Santini, D.; Copila?-Ciocianu, D.; Corbari, L.; Costello, M.J.; Daneliya, M.; Dauvin, J.-C.; Fišer, C.; Gasca, R.; Grabowski, M.; Guerra-García, J.M.; Hendrycks, E.; Hughes, L.; Jaume, D.; Jazdzewski, K.; Kim, Y.-H.; King, R.; Krapp-Schickel, T.; LeCroy, S.; Lörz, A.-N.; Mamos, T.; Senna, A.R.; Serejo, C.; Souza-Filho, J.F.; Tandberg, A.H.; Thomas, J.D.; Thurston, M.; Vader, W.; Väinölä, R.; Vonk, R.; White, K.; Zeidler, W. (2023). World Amphipoda Database. Polycheria atolli A.O. Walker, 1905. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=211402 on 2023-10-13
  87. Horton, T.; Lowry, J.; De Broyer, C.; Bellan-Santini, D.; Copila?-Ciocianu, D.; Corbari, L.; Costello, M.J.; Daneliya, M.; Dauvin, J.-C.; Fišer, C.; Gasca, R.; Grabowski, M.; Guerra-García, J.M.; Hendrycks, E.; Hughes, L.; Jaume, D.; Jazdzewski, K.; Kim, Y.-H.; King, R.; Krapp-Schickel, T.; LeCroy, S.; Lörz, A.-N.; Mamos, T.; Senna, A.R.; Serejo, C.; Souza-Filho, J.F.; Tandberg, A.H.; Thomas, J.D.; Thurston, M.; Vader, W.; Väinölä, R.; Vonk, R.; White, K.; Zeidler, W. (2023). World Amphipoda Database. Hyale diastoma K.H. Barnard, 1916. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1382375 on 2023-10-15
  88. Horton, T.; Lowry, J.; De Broyer, C.; Bellan-Santini, D.; Copila?-Ciocianu, D.; Corbari, L.; Costello, M.J.; Daneliya, M.; Dauvin, J.-C.; Fišer, C.; Gasca, R.; Grabowski, M.; Guerra-García, J.M.; Hendrycks, E.; Hughes, L.; Jaume, D.; Jazdzewski, K.; Kim, Y.-H.; King, R.; Krapp-Schickel, T.; LeCroy, S.; Lörz, A.-N.; Mamos, T.; Senna, A.R.; Serejo, C.; Souza-Filho, J.F.; Tandberg, A.H.; Thomas, J.D.; Thurston, M.; Vader, W.; Väinölä, R.; Vonk, R.; White, K.; Zeidler, W. (2023). World Amphipoda Database. Hyale grandicornis (Krøyer, 1845). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=214755 on 2023-10-16
  89. Horton, T.; Lowry, J.; De Broyer, C.; Bellan-Santini, D.; Copila?-Ciocianu, D.; Corbari, L.; Costello, M.J.; Daneliya, M.; Dauvin, J.-C.; Fišer, C.; Gasca, R.; Grabowski, M.; Guerra-García, J.M.; Hendrycks, E.; Hughes, L.; Jaume, D.; Jazdzewski, K.; Kim, Y.-H.; King, R.; Krapp-Schickel, T.; LeCroy, S.; Lörz, A.-N.; Mamos, T.; Senna, A.R.; Serejo, C.; Souza-Filho, J.F.; Tandberg, A.H.; Thomas, J.D.; Thurston, M.; Vader, W.; Väinölä, R.; Vonk, R.; White, K.; Zeidler, W. (2023). World Amphipoda Database. Themisto gaudichaudii Guérin, 1825. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=325384 on 2023-10-16
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  92. Horton, T.; Lowry, J.; De Broyer, C.; Bellan-Santini, D.; Copila?-Ciocianu, D.; Corbari, L.; Costello, M.J.; Daneliya, M.; Dauvin, J.-C.; Fišer, C.; Gasca, R.; Grabowski, M.; Guerra-García, J.M.; Hendrycks, E.; Hughes, L.; Jaume, D.; Jazdzewski, K.; Kim, Y.-H.; King, R.; Krapp-Schickel, T.; LeCroy, S.; Lörz, A.-N.; Mamos, T.; Senna, A.R.; Serejo, C.; Souza-Filho, J.F.; Tandberg, A.H.; Thomas, J.D.; Thurston, M.; Vader, W.; Väinölä, R.; Vonk, R.; White, K.; Zeidler, W. (2023). World Amphipoda Database. Maera hirondellei Chevreux, 1900. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=102817 on 2023-10-16
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  94. Horton, T.; Lowry, J.; De Broyer, C.; Bellan-Santini, D.; Copila?-Ciocianu, D.; Corbari, L.; Costello, M.J.; Daneliya, M.; Dauvin, J.-C.; Fišer, C.; Gasca, R.; Grabowski, M.; Guerra-García, J.M.; Hendrycks, E.; Hughes, L.; Jaume, D.; Jazdzewski, K.; Kim, Y.-H.; King, R.; Krapp-Schickel, T.; LeCroy, S.; Lörz, A.-N.; Mamos, T.; Senna, A.R.; Serejo, C.; Souza-Filho, J.F.; Tandberg, A.H.; Thomas, J.D.; Thurston, M.; Vader, W.; Väinölä, R.; Vonk, R.; White, K.; Zeidler, W. (2023). World Amphipoda Database. Ochlesis lenticulosus K.H. Barnard, 1940. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=214796 on 2023-10-16
  95. Horton, T.; Lowry, J.; De Broyer, C.; Bellan-Santini, D.; Copila?-Ciocianu, D.; Corbari, L.; Costello, M.J.; Daneliya, M.; Dauvin, J.-C.; Fišer, C.; Gasca, R.; Grabowski, M.; Guerra-García, J.M.; Hendrycks, E.; Hughes, L.; Jaume, D.; Jazdzewski, K.; Kim, Y.-H.; King, R.; Krapp-Schickel, T.; LeCroy, S.; Lörz, A.-N.; Mamos, T.; Senna, A.R.; Serejo, C.; Souza-Filho, J.F.; Tandberg, A.H.; Thomas, J.D.; Thurston, M.; Vader, W.; Väinölä, R.; Vonk, R.; White, K.; Zeidler, W. (2023). World Amphipoda Database. Griffithsius latipes (Griffiths, 1976). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=549099 on 2023-10-15
  96. Horton, T.; Lowry, J.; De Broyer, C.; Bellan-Santini, D.; Copila?-Ciocianu, D.; Corbari, L.; Costello, M.J.; Daneliya, M.; Dauvin, J.-C.; Fišer, C.; Gasca, R.; Grabowski, M.; Guerra-García, J.M.; Hendrycks, E.; Hughes, L.; Jaume, D.; Jazdzewski, K.; Kim, Y.-H.; King, R.; Krapp-Schickel, T.; LeCroy, S.; Lörz, A.-N.; Mamos, T.; Senna, A.R.; Serejo, C.; Souza-Filho, J.F.; Tandberg, A.H.; Thomas, J.D.; Thurston, M.; Vader, W.; Väinölä, R.; Vonk, R.; White, K.; Zeidler, W. (2023). World Amphipoda Database. Phronima sedentaria (Forskål, 1775). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=103272 on 2023-10-16
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  377. Bailly, N. (2013). Etrumeus whiteheadi Wongratana, 1983. In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-22
  378. Bailly, N. (2013). Engraulis japonicus Temminck & Schlegel, 1846. In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-22
  379. Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2023). FishBase. Haemulidae Gill, 1885. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=125538 on 2023-10-24
  380. Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2023). FishBase. Sciaenidae Cuvier, 1829. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=125558 on 2023-10-24
  381. Bailly, N. (2013). Bregmaceros atlanticus Goode & Bean, 1886. In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-27
  382. Bailly, N. (2013). Bregmaceros mcclellandi Thompson, 1840. In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-27
  383. Bailly, N. (2013). Coelorinchus acanthiger Barnard, 1925. In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-27
  384. Bailly, N. (2013). Coelorinchus braueri Barnard, 1925. In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-27
  385. Bailly, N. (2013). Coryphaenoides armatus (Hector, 1875). In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-27
  386. Bailly, N. (2013). Kuronezumia leonis (Barnard, 1925). In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-27
  387. Bailly, N. (2013). Malacocephalus laevis (Lowe, 1843). In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-27
  388. Bailly, N. (2013). Trachyrincus scabrus (Rafinesque, 1810). In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-27
  389. Bailly, N. (2013). Melanonus gracilis Günther, 1878. In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-27
  390. Bailly, N. (2013). Merluccius capensis Castelnau, 1861. In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-27
  391. Bailly, N. (2013). Merluccius paradoxus Franca, 1960. In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-27
  392. Bailly, N. (2013). Antimora rostrata (Günther, 1878). In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-27
  393. Bailly, N. (2013). Guttigadus globiceps (Gilchrist, 1906). In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-27
  394. Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2023). FishBase. Gobiesocidae Bleeker, 1859. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=125477 on 2023-10-24
  395. Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2023). FishBase. Gobiiformes. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1517500 on 2023-10-24
  396. Bailly, N. (2013). Lampris guttatus (Brünnich, 1788). In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-25
  397. Bailly, N. (2013). Agrostichthys parkeri (Benham, 1904). In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-25
  398. Bailly, N. (2013). Ceratias holboelli Krøyer, 1845. In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-27
  399. Bailly, N. (2013). Cryptopsaras couesii Gill, 1883. In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-27
  400. Bailly, N. (2013). Himantolophus groenlandicus Reinhardt, 1837. In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-27
  401. Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2023). FishBase. Lophiidae Rafinesque, 1810. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=125493 on 2023-10-24
  402. Bailly, N. (2013). Lophiomus setigerus. In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-27
  403. Bailly, N. (2013). Lophius vomerinus Valenciennes, 1837. In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-27
  404. Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2023). FishBase. Mugilidae Jarocki, 1822. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=125546 on 2023-10-24
  405. Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2023). FishBase. Liza richardsonii (Smith, 1846). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=218883 on 2023-10-24
  406. Bailly, N. (2013). Lampadena speculigera Goode & Bean, 1896. In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-28
  407. Bailly, N. (2013). Lampanyctus australis. In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-28
  408. Bailly, N. (2013). Lampanyctus macdonaldi (Goode & Bean, 1896). In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-28
  409. Bailly, N. (2013). Nannobrachium atrum (Tåning, 1928). In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-28
  410. Bailly, N. (2013). Notoscopelus resplendens (Richardson, 1845). In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-28
  411. Bailly, N. (2013). Aldrovandia affinis (Günther, 1877). In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-23
  412. Bailly, N. (2013). Aldrovandia phalacra (Vaillant, 1888). In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-23
  413. Bailly, N. (2013). Halosauropsis macrochir (Günther, 1878). In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-23
  414. Bailly, N. (2013). Polyacanthonotus rissoanus (De Filippi & Verany, 1857). In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-23
  415. Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2023). FishBase. Megacataetyx niki (Cohen, 1981). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1524203 on 2023-10-23
  416. Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2023). FishBase. Grammonus opisthodon Smith, 1934. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=301708 on 2023-10-23
  417. Bailly, N. (2013). Dicrolene multifilis. In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-28
  418. Bailly, N. (2013). Porogadus miles Goode & Bean, 1885. In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-28
  419. Bailly, N. (2013). Selachophidium guentheri Gilchrist, 1903. In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-28
  420. Bailly, N. (2013). Xenodermichthys copei (Gill, 1884). In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-28
  421. Bailly, N. (2013). Melanolagus bericoides (Borodin, 1929). In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-28
  422. Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2023). FishBase. Melanolagus bericoides (Borodin, 1929). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=126721 on 2023-08-23
  423. Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2023). FishBase. Psednos micrurus Barnard, 1927. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=274626 on 2023-08-23
  424. Heemstra, Phil & Heemstra, Elaine. Coastal Fishes of Southern AfricaNISC/SAIAB Grahamstown, 2004. ISBN 1-920033-01-7
  425. Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2023). FishBase. Serranus cabrilla (Linnaeus, 1758). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=127041 on 2023-08-24
  426. Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2023). FishBase. Congiopodus spinifer (Smith, 1839). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=221441 on 2023-10-24
  427. Bailly, N. (2009). Chelidonichthys kumu (Cuvier, 1829). In: Nicolas Bailly (2009). World Database of Marine Pisces. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2010-01-18
  428. Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2023). FishBase. Solea bleekeri Boulenger, 1898. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=219830 on 2023-10-24
  429. Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2023). FishBase. Synapturichthys kleinii (Risso, 1827). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=236492 on 2023-08-22
  430. Bailly, N. (2013). Neocyema erythrosoma Castle, 1978. In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-25
  431. Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2023). FishBase. Caristius fasciatus (Borodin, 1930). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=873087 on 2023-10-24
  432. Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2023). FishBase. Gempylidae Gill, 1862. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=125536 on 2023-10-24
  433. Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2023). FishBase. Nomeidae Günther, 1860. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=125548 on 2023-10-24
  434. Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2023). FishBase. Pomatomidae Gill, 1863. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=125554 on 2023-10-24
  435. Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2023). FishBase. Scombridae Rafinesque, 1815. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=125559 on 2023-10-24
  436. Bailly, N. (2013). Cyclothone microdon (Günther, 1878). In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-29
  437. Bailly, N. (2013). Sigmops bathyphilus (Vaillant, 1884). In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-30
  438. Bailly, N. (2013). Vinciguerria attenuata (Cocco, 1838). In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-30
  439. Bailly, N. (2013). Maurolicus muelleri (Gmelin, 1789). In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-30
  440. Bailly, N. (2013). Valenciennellus tripunctulatus (Esmark, 1871). In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-30
  441. Bailly, N. (2013). Argyropelecus aculeatus Valenciennes, 1850. In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-30
  442. Bailly, N. (2013). Argyropelecus gigas Norman, 1930. In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-30
  443. Bailly, N. (2013). Argyropelecus hemigymnus Cocco, 1829. In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-30
  444. Bailly, N. (2013). Sternoptyx diaphana Hermann, 1781. In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-04-30
  445. Bailly, N. (2013). Stomias boa boa (Risso, 1810). In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-05-03
  446. Bailly, N. (2013). Stomias longibarbatus (Brauer, 1902). In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-05-03
  447. Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2023). FishBase. Centriscops humerosus (Richardson, 1846). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=217969 on 2023-08-22
  448. Kuiter, R.H. 2009. Seahorses and their Relatives ISBN 9780977537211
  449. Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2023). FishBase. Molidae Bonaparte, 1835. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=125609 on 2023-10-24
  450. Kock, Alison; Stanbridge, Debbie; Brink, Rene; Holness, Stephen; Harris, Linda; Gardner, Kathryn; van Wilgen-Bredenkamp, Nicola; Mayekiso, Sisanda; Jones, Georgina. Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area – State of Knowledge Report March 2022 (PDF). Internal Report 01 / 2022 (Report). Pretoria: Scientific Services, South African National Parks. Appendix II, Table 7: Marine reptiles.
  451. Kock, Alison; Stanbridge, Debbie; Brink, Rene; Holness, Stephen; Harris, Linda; Gardner, Kathryn; van Wilgen-Bredenkamp, Nicola; Mayekiso, Sisanda; Jones, Georgina. Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area – State of Knowledge Report March 2022 (PDF). Internal Report 01 / 2022 (Report). Pretoria: Scientific Services, South African National Parks. Appendix II, Table 5: Seabirds and shorebirds.
  452. WoRMS (2023). Thalasseus bergii (Lichtenstein, 1823). Accessed at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=413041 on 2023-10-23
  453. BirdLife International (2020). "Spheniscus demersus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22697810A157423361. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697810A157423361.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  454. Kock, Alison; Stanbridge, Debbie; Brink, Rene; Holness, Stephen; Harris, Linda; Gardner, Kathryn; van Wilgen-Bredenkamp, Nicola; Mayekiso, Sisanda; Jones, Georgina. Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area – State of Knowledge Report March 2022 (PDF). Internal Report 01 / 2022 (Report). Pretoria: Scientific Services, South African National Parks. Appendix II, Table 6: Marine mammals.
  455. DecaNet eds. (2023). DecaNet. Dromidia aegibotus Barnard, 1947. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=241263 on 2023-10-13


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