Voiced postalveolar affricate

The voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate, voiced post-alveolar affricate or voiced domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨d͡ʒ⟩ (formerly the ligature ⟨ʤ⟩), or in some broad transcriptions ⟨ɟ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA representation is dZ. Alternatives commonly used in linguistic works, particularly in older or American literature, are ⟨ǰ⟩, ⟨ǧ⟩, ⟨ǯ⟩, and ⟨dž⟩. It is familiar to English speakers as the pronunciation of ⟨j⟩ in jump and for Albanian speakers by the diagraph xh.

Voiced postalveolar affricate
dʒ
d̠ʒ
IPA Number104 135
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)d​͡​ʒ
Unicode (hex)U+0064 U+0361 U+0292
X-SAMPAdZ or d_rZ

Features

Features of the voiced postalveolar affricate:

Occurrence
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Abkhazаџыр/adžyr[ad͡ʒər]'steel'See Abkhaz phonology
Adygheджанэ/canä[d͡ʒaːna]ⓘ'dress'
Albanianxham[d͡ʒam]'glass'
Amharicእንጀራ/înjera[ɨnd͡ʒəra]'injera'
ArabicModern Standard[1]جَـرَس/jaras[d͡ʒaras]'bell'In other standards and dialects, corresponds to [ɡ] or [ʒ]. See Arabic phonology
Hejazi جَـزْمَة/jazma [d͡ʒazma] 'shoes' Pronounced [ʒ] by some speakers. See Hejazi Arabic phonology
ArmenianEastern[2]ջուր/džur[d͡ʒuɾ]'water'
Westernճանճ/džandža[d͡ʒɑnd͡ʒ]'musca (fly)'
Assyrianܓ̰ܝܪܐ ǧyoro[d͡ʒjɑɾɑ]'to pee'Used in native terminology. Used predominantly in Urmia and some Jilu dialects. [ɟ] is used in other varieties.
Azerbaijaniağac[ɑɣɑd͡ʒ]'tree'
Bengaliজল/jol[d͡ʒɔl]'water'Contrasts with the aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
Bulgarianджудже/džudže[d͡ʒʊˈd͡ʒɛ]'dwarf'See Bulgarian phonology
Catalanjutge[ˈʒud͡ʒə]'judge'See Catalan phonology
Chechenджерво / cyervo[d͡ʒjerwo]'previously married woman'
ChineseQuzhou dialect重 / zon[d͡ʒõ]'heavy'
Copticϫⲉ[d͡ʒe]'that'
Czechléčba[lɛːd͡ʒba]'treatment'See Czech phonology
Dhivehi ޖަރާސީމު / jaraaseemu [d͡ʒaraːsiːmu] 'germs' See Dhivehi phonology
Englishjeans[ˈd͡ʒiːnz]'jeans'See English phonology
Esperantomanĝaĵo[manˈd͡ʒaʒo̞]'food'See Esperanto phonology
Frenchadjonction[ad͡ʒɔ̃ksjɔ̃]'addition'Rare. See French phonology
Georgian[3]ჯიბე/džibe[d͡ʒibɛ]'pocket'
GermanStandard[4]Dschungel[ˈd͡ʒʊŋəl]'jungle'Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized.[4] Some speakers may merge it with /t͡ʃ/. See Standard German phonology
Goemai[d͡ʒaːn]'twins'
Hebrewג׳וק/džuk[d͡ʒuk]'cockroach'Only used in loanwords. See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani Hindiजाना/jānā[d͡ʒäːnäː]'to go'Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology
Urdu جـانا/jana
Hungarianlándzsa[laːnd͡ʒɒ]'spear'Rare, mostly in loanwords. See Hungarian phonology
Indonesian jarak[ˈd͡ʒaraʔ]'distance'
Italian[5]gemma[ˈd͡ʒɛmma]'gem'[dʒ] occurs when letter 'G' is before front vowels [e], [ [i] and [ɛ], while when 'G' is in front of vowels [o], [a], [u] and [ɔ] the phoneme changes to a voiced velar plosive.
Kabylelǧiran[id͡ʒiræn]'the neighbors'
Kashubian[6]
Kazakhжиһаз/jihaz[d͡ʒihaz]'furniture'See Kazakh phonology
KurdishNortherncîger[d͡ʒiːˈɡɛɾ]'lung'See Kurdish phonology
Central جــەرگ [d͡ʒɛɾg] 'liver'
Southern [d͡ʒæɾg]
Kyrgyzжаман/caman[d͡ʒaman]'bad'See Kyrgyz phonology
Ladinodjudyó/גﬞודיו[d͡ʒudˈjo]'Jew'
Latviandadži[dad͡ʒi]'thistles'See Latvian phonology
LimburgishHasselt dialect[7]djèn[d͡ʒɛːn²]'Eugene'See Hasselt dialect phonology
Lithuaniandžiaugsmingas[d͡ʒɛʊɡʲsʲˈmʲɪnɡɐs]'gladsome'See Lithuanian phonology
Macedonianџемпер/džemper[ˈd͡ʒɛmpɛr]'sweater'See Macedonian phonology
Malayjahat[d͡ʒahat]'evil'
Malteseġabra[d͡ʒab.ra]'collection'
Manchuᠵᡠᠸᡝ/juwe[d͡ʒuwe]'two'
Marathiजय/joy[d͡ʒəj]'victory'Contrasts with the aspirated form. Allophone [dʑ] and [d̪z]. See Marathi phonology
OccitanLanguedocienjove[ˈd͡ʒuβe]'young'See Occitan phonology
Provençal[ˈd͡ʒuve]
Odiaଜମି/jami[d͡ʒɔmi]'land'Contrasts with aspirated form.See Odia phonology
Ojibweᐄᒋᑭᐌᐦ / iicikiwee[iːd͡ʒikiwẽːʔ]'brother'See Ojibwe phonology
Pashtoجــګ[d͡ʒeɡ]'high'
Persianکـجـا[kod͡ʒɒ]'where'See Persian phonology
PolishStandardliczba[ˈlid͡ʐ.ba]'number'
Gmina Istebnadziwny[ˈd͡ʒivn̪ɘ]'strange'/ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡ʑ/ merge into [d͡ʒ] in these dialects. In standard Polish, /d͡ʒ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiced retroflex affricate.
Lubawa dialect[8]
Malbork dialect[8]
Ostróda dialect[8]
Warmia dialect[8]
PortugueseMost Brazilian dialects[9]grande[ˈɡɾɐ̃d͡ʒ(i)]'big'Allophone of /d/ before /i, ĩ/ (including when the vowel is elided) and other instances of [i] (e.g. epenthesis), marginal sound otherwise.
Most dialectsjambalaya[d͡ʒɐ̃bɐˈlajɐ]'jambalaya'In free variation with /ʒ/ in a few recent loanwords. See Portuguese phonology
Romanianger[ˈd͡ʒɛ̝r]'frost'See Romanian phonology
SardinianCampidanesegéneru[ˈd͡ʒɛneru]'son-in-law'
Scottish GaelicDia[d͡ʒia]'God'See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-CroatianSome speakersџем / džem[d͡ʒê̞m]'jam'May be laminal retroflex instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Bosnianђаво / đavo[d͡ʒâ̠ʋo̞ː]'devil'Most Croatian and some Bosnian speakers merge /d͡ʒ/ and /d͡ʑ/, either to [d͡ʒ] or laminal [ɖ͡ʐ].
Croatian
SilesianGmina Istebna[10]These dialects merge /ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡ʑ/ into [d͡ʒ].
Jablunkov[10]
Slovene džez [ˈd͡ʒêːs] 'jazz' As a phoneme present only in loanwords.
enačba [eˈnáːd͡ʒbà] 'equation' Allophone of /t͡ʃ/ before voiced obstruents. See Slovene phonology
Somalijoog[d͡ʒoːɡ]'stop'See Somali phonology
Tagalogdiyan[d͡ʒän]'there'Used to pronounce the multigraphs ⟨dy⟩ and ⟨diy⟩ in native words and ⟨j⟩ in loanwords outside Spanish. For more information, see Tagalog phonology.
Turkishacı[äˈd͡ʒɯ]'pain'See Turkish phonology
Turkmenjar[d͡ʒär]'ravine'
Tyapjem[d͡ʒem]'hippopotamus'
Ubykh[amd͡ʒan]'?'See Ubykh phonology
Ukrainian[11]джерело/džerelo[d͡ʒɛrɛˈlɔ]'source'See Ukrainian phonology
Uyghurجـوزا/coza[d͡ʒozɑ]'desk'See Uyghur phonology
West Frisiansiedzje[ˈʃɪd͡ʒə]'to sow'See West Frisian phonology
Yiddishדזשוכע[d͡ʒʊxə]'insect'See Yiddish phonology
ZapotecTilquiapan[12]dxan[d͡ʒaŋ]'god'

Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate
Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate
d̠ɹ̠˔
dɹ̝˗
Audio sample
source · help

Features
  • Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
  • Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
EnglishAustralian[13]dream[d̠͡ɹ̠˔ʷɪi̯m]'dream'Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence /dr/.[13][14][15] In General American and Received Pronunciation, the less common alternative is alveolar [d͡ɹ̝].[14] See Australian English phonology and English phonology
General American[14][15]
Received Pronunciation[14][15]

See also

Notes
  1. Watson (2002:16)
  2. Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
  3. Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
  4. Mangold (2005:51–52)
  5. Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
  6. Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
  7. Peters (2006:119)
  8. Dubisz, Karaś & Kolis (1995:62)
  9. Barbosa & Albano (2004:228)
  10. Dąbrowska (2004:?)
  11. Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  12. Merrill (2008:108)
  13. Cox & Fletcher (2017), p. 144.
  14. Cruttenden (2014), pp. 177, 186–188, 192.
  15. Wells (2008).

References
  • Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
  • Cox, Felicity; Fletcher, Janet (2017) [First published 2012], Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-316-63926-9
  • Cruttenden, Alan (2014), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
  • Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
  • Dąbrowska, Anna (2004), Język polski, Wrocław: wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie, ISBN 83-7384-063-X
  • Dubisz, Stanisław; Karaś, Halina; Kolis, Nijola (1995), Dialekty i gwary polskie, Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna, ISBN 83-2140989-X
  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
  • Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7
  • Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
  • Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
  • Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
  • Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
  • Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 9781405881180
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