Voiceless labiodental fricative

The voiceless labiodental fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in a number of spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨f⟩.

Voiceless labiodental fricative
f
IPA Number128
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)f
Unicode (hex)U+0066
X-SAMPAf
Braille⠋ (braille pattern dots-124)
Voiceless labiodental approximant
ʋ̥
IPA Number150 402A
Encoding
X-SAMPAP_0

Some scholars also posit the voiceless labiodental approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as ⟨ʋ̥⟩.

Features

Features of the voiceless labiodental fricative:

Occurrence
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Abkhazфы/fy[fə]'lightning'See Abkhaz phonology
Adygheтфы/tfy[tfə]ⓘ'five'Corresponds to [xʷ] in Kabardian and Proto-Circassian
Albanianfaqe[facɛ]'cheek'
ArabicModern Standard[1]ظرف/th'arf[ðˤɑrf]'envelope'See Arabic phonology
ArmenianEastern[2]ֆուտբոլ/futbol[fut̪bol]ⓘ'football'
Assyrianܦܬܐ pata[fɔθɔ]'face'Used mostly by Western speakers; corresponds to /p/ in most other dialects.
Assameseবৰফ/borof[bɔɹɔf]'snow/ice'
Azeritüfəng[t̪y̆fæɲɟ]'ɡun'
Basquefin[fin]'thin'
Bengaliফুল/ful[ful]'flower'Allophone of /pʰ/. See Bengali phonology
Catalan[3]fort[ˈfɔɾt]'strong'See Catalan phonology
Chechenфакс / faks[faks]'fax'Used only in loanwords. There is no /f/ in Chechen; /f/ was replaced by /p/ in loanwords that contained it before increased influence from the Russian language popularized the usage of /f/.
ChineseCantonese飛 / fēi[fei̯˥]ⓘ'to fly'See Cantonese phonology
Mandarin飛 (traditional) / 飞(simplified) / fēi[feɪ̯˥]ⓘSee Mandarin phonology
Copticϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ/ftoow[ftow]'four'
Czechfoukat[ˈfoʊ̯kat]'to blow'See Czech phonology
Dutch[4]fiets[fits]'bike'See Dutch phonology
EnglishAll dialectsfill[fɪɫ]ⓘ'fill'See English phonology
Cockney[5]think[fɪŋk]'think'Socially marked,[6] with speakers exhibiting some free variation with [θ] (with which it corresponds to in other dialects).[7] See th-fronting.
Many British urban dialects[8]
Some younger East Anglian English
Some younger New Zealanders[9][10]
Broad South African[11]myth [mɨf] 'myth' Possible realization of /θ/, more common word-finally. See White SAE phonology.
Indian South African[12] fair [ʋ̥eː] 'fair' Described as an approximant. Corresponds to /f/ in other accents.
Esperantofajro[ˈfajɾo]'fire'See Esperanto phonology
Ewe[13]eflen[éflé̃]'he spit off'
French[14]fabuleuse[fäbyˈløːz̪]'fabulous'See French phonology
Galicianfaísca[faˈiska]'spark'See Galician phonology
Germanfade[ˈfaːdə]'bland'See Standard German phonology
Goemaif'at' [fat]'to blow'
Greekφύση / fysī[ˈfisi]'nature'See Modern Greek phonology
Gujaratiફળ / faļ[fəɭ]'fruit'See Gujarati phonology
Hebrewסופר/sofer[so̞fe̞ʁ]'writer'See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustaniसाफ़ / صاف/saaf[sɑːf]'clean'See Hindustani phonology
Hungarianfigyel[ˈfiɟɛl]'he/she pays attention'See Hungarian phonology
Indonesianfajar[fadʒar]'dawn'See Indonesian phonology
Italianfantasma[fän̪ˈt̪äzmä]'ghost'See Italian phonology
Kabardianфыз/fyz[fəz]'woman'Corresponds to [ʂʷ] in Adyghe and Proto-Circassian
Kabyleafus[afus]
Kazakhfaqır / фақыр[faqr]'poor'
Khmerកាហ្វេ / kahvé[kaːfeː]'coffee'See Khmer phonology
Macedonianфонетика/fonetika[fɔnetika]'phonetics'See Macedonian phonology
Māoriwhakapapa[fakapapa]'genealogy'Less commonly [ɸ]. See Māori phonology.
Malayferi[feri]'ferry'Only occurs in loanwords
Malayalam ഫലം/falam [fɐlɐm] 'fruit, result' Only occurs in loanwords in the standard version. ഫ is used to represent both /pʰ/ and /f/ but nowadays most people pronounce /pʰ/ as [f]. Occurs in native words in the Jeseri dialect.
Maltesefenek[fenek]'rabbit'
Norwegianfilter[filtɛɾ]'filter'See Norwegian phonology
Persianفکر/fekr[fekr]'thought'
Polish[15]futro[ˈfut̪rɔ]ⓘ'fur'See Polish phonology
Portuguese[16]fala[ˈfalɐ]'speech'See Portuguese phonology
Punjabiਫ਼ੌਜੀ/faujī[fɔːd͡ʒi]'soldier'
Romanian[17]foc[fo̞k]'fire'See Romanian phonology
Russian[18]орфография/orfografiya[ɐrfɐˈɡrafʲɪjə]'orthography'Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[19]фаза / faza[fǎːz̪ä]'phase'See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovakfúkať[ˈfu̞ːkäc]'to blow'See Slovak phonology
Slovene Standard flavta [ˈfláːu̯t̪à] 'flute' See Slovene phonology
Some dialects vsi [ˈfs̪î] 'all (people)' Allophone of /v/ before voiceless obstruents in dialects with /ʋ/ → /v/ development. See Slovene phonology
Somalifeex[fɛħ]'wart'See Somali phonology
Spanish[20]fantasma[fã̠n̪ˈt̪a̠zma̠]'ghost'See Spanish phonology
Swahilikufa[kufɑ]'to die'
Swedishfisk[ˈfɪsk]'fish'See Swedish phonology
Thaiฝน/fon[fon˩˩˦]'rain'
Toda nes̲of [nes̲of] 'moon'
Turkishsaf[säf]'pure'See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian[21]Фастів/fastiv[ˈfɑsʲtʲiw]'Fastiv'See Ukrainian phonology
Vietnamese[22]pháo[faːw˧ˀ˥]'firecracker'See Vietnamese phonology
Welshffon[fɔn]'stick'See Welsh phonology
West Frisianfol[foɫ]'full'See West Frisian phonology
Yiꃚ / fu[fu˧]'roast'
ZapotecTilquiapan[23]cafe[kafɘ]'coffee'Used primarily in loanwords from Spanish

See also

Notes
  1. Thelwall (1990), p. 37.
  2. Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 18.
  3. Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
  4. Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
  5. Wells (1982), p. 328.
  6. Altendorf (1999), p. 7.
  7. Clark & Trousdale (2010), p. 309.
  8. Britain (2005), p. 1005.
  9. Wood (2003), p. 50.
  10. Gordon & Maclagan (2008), p. 74.
  11. Bowerman (2004), p. 939.
  12. Mesthrie (2004), p. 960.
  13. Ladefoged (2005), p. 156.
  14. Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  15. Jassem (2003), p. 103.
  16. Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  17. DEX Online :
  18. Padgett (2003), p. 42.
  19. Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
  20. Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
  21. Danylenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  22. Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
  23. Merrill (2008), p. 109.

References
  • Altendorf, Ulrike; Watt, Dominic (2004), "The dialects in the South of England: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 181–196, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
  • Bowerman, Sean (2004), "White South African English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 931–942, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
  • Britain, David (2005), "Innovation diffusion: "Estuary English" and local dialect differentiation: The survival of Fenland Englishes", Linguistics, 43 (5): 995–1022, doi:10.1515/ling.2005.43.5.995, S2CID 144652354
  • Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
  • Clark, Lynn; Trousdale, Graeme (2010), "A cognitive approach to quantitative sociolinguistic variation: Evidence from th-fronting in Central Scotland", in Geeraerts, Dirk; Kristiansen, Gitte; Peirsman, Yves (eds.), Advances in Cognitive Linguistics, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-022645-4
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
  • Danylenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
  • Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, S2CID 249404451
  • Gordon, Elizabeth; Maclagan, Margaret (2008), "Regional and social differences in New Zealand: Phonology", in Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd (eds.), Varieties of English, vol. 3: The Pacific and Australasia, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 64–76, ISBN 978-3110208412
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, S2CID 243772965
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
  • Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
  • Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
  • Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
  • Mesthrie, Rajend (2004), "Indian South African English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 953–963, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
  • Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 21 (1): 39–87, doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505, S2CID 13470826
  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
  • Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
  • Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (2): 37–41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266, S2CID 243640727
  • Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English, vol. 2: The British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-24224-X
  • Wood, Elizabeth (2003), "TH-fronting: The substitution of f/v for θ/ð in New Zealand English", New Zealand English Journal, 17: 50–56, S2CID 61870739
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