Foreign relations of Italy

The foreign relations of the Italian Republic are the Italian government's external relations with the outside world. Located in Europe, Italy has been considered a major Western power since its unification in 1860.[1] Its main allies are the NATO countries and the EU states, two entities of which Italy is a founding member. Italy was admitted to the United Nations in 1955, and it is a member and a strong supporter of a wide number of international organisations, such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and World Trade Organization (GATT and WTO), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the Council of Europe, and the Central European Initiative.

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Nations with which Italy has diplomatic relations

Its turns in the rotating presidency of international organisations include the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the G7 and the EU Council. Italy is also a recurrent non-permanent member of the UN Security Council. Italy is an important actor in the Mediterranean region and has close relations with the Romance-speaking countries in Europe and Latin America. Although it is a secular state,[2] Rome hosts the Pope and the headquarters of the Catholic Church, which operates a large diplomatic system of its own. Italy is currently commanding various multinational forces and has significant troops deployed all over the world for peacekeeping missions, and for combating organized crime, illegal drug trade, human trafficking, piracy and terrorism.[3]

History

National unification
See also: Unification of Italy and Kingdom of Italy
Animated map of the Italian unification from 1829 to 1871

The Risorgimento was the era from 1829 to 1871 that saw the emergence of a national consciousness. The Northern Italy monarchy of the House of Savoy in the Kingdom of Sardinia, whose government was led by Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, had ambitions of establishing a united Italian state. In the context of the 1848 liberal revolutions that swept through Europe, an unsuccessful first war of independence was declared on Austria. In 1855, the Kingdom of Sardinia became an ally of Britain and France in the Crimean War, giving Cavour's diplomacy legitimacy in the eyes of the great powers.[4][5] The Kingdom of Sardinia again attacked the Austrian Empire in the Second Italian War of Independence of 1859, with the aid of France, resulting in liberating Lombardy. On the basis of the Plombières Agreement, the Kingdom of Sardinia ceded Savoy and Nice to France, an event that caused the Niçard exodus, that was the emigration of a quarter of the Niçard Italians to Italy,[6] and the Niçard Vespers.

In 1860–1861, Giuseppe Garibaldi led the drive for unification in Naples and Sicily conquering the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (the Expedition of the Thousand),[7] while the House of Savoy troops occupied the central territories of the Italian peninsula, except Rome and part of Papal States. This allowed the Sardinian government to declare a united Italian kingdom on 17 March 1861.[8] In 1866, Italy allied with Prussia during the Austro-Prussian War, waging the Third Italian War of Independence which allowed Italy to annexe Venetia. Finally, in 1870, as France abandoned its garrisons in Rome during the disastrous Franco-Prussian War to keep the large Prussian Army at bay, the Italians rushed to fill the power gap by taking over the Papal States. Italian unification was completed and shortly afterwards Italy's capital was moved to Rome. Later Italy formed the Triple Alliance (1882) with Germany and Austria.

World War I
See also: Italian entry into World War I and Italian Empire
Territories promised to Italy by the Treaty of London (1915), i.e. Trentino-Alto Adige, Julian March and Dalmatia (tan), and the Snežnik Plateau area (green). Dalmatia, after the WWI, however, was not assigned to Italy but to Yugoslavia

Italy defeated the Ottoman Empire in 1911–1912.[9] By 1915, Italy had acquired in Africa a colony on the Red Sea coast (Eritrea), a large protectorate in Somalia and administrative authority in formerly Turkish Libya. Outside of Africa, Italy possessed a small concession in Tientsin in China (following the Boxer Rebellion) and the Dodecanese Islands off the coast of Turkey.

Austria took the offensive against the terms of the alliance and Italy decided to take part in World War I as a principal allied power with France and Great Britain. Two leaders, Prime Minister Antonio Salandra and Foreign Minister Sidney Sonnino made the decisions; their primary motivation was seizure of territory from Austria, as secretly promised by Britain and France in the Treaty of London of 1915. Also, Italy occupied southern Albania and established a protectorate over Albania, which remained in place until 1920.[10]

The Allies defeated the Austrian Empire in 1918 and Italy became one of the main winners of the war. At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, Prime Minister Vittorio Emanuele Orlando focused almost exclusively on territorial gains, but he got far less than he wanted, and Italians were bitterly resentful when they were denied control of the city of Fiume. The conference, under the control of Britain, France and the United States refused to assign Dalmatia and Albania to Italy as had been promised in the Treaty of London. Britain, France and Japan divided the German overseas colonies into mandates of their own, excluding Italy. Italy also gained no territory from the breakup of the Ottoman Empire.

Italy did not receive other territories promised by the Treaty of London, so this outcome was denounced as a Mutilated victory. The rhetoric of Mutilated victory was adopted by Benito Mussolini and led to the rise of Italian fascism, becoming a key point in the propaganda of Fascist Italy. Historians regard Mutilated victory as a "political myth", used by fascists to fuel Italian imperialism and obscure the successes of liberal Italy in the aftermath of World War I.[11] Italy also gained a permanent seat in the League of Nations's executive council.

Fascism and World War II
See also: Fascist Italy (1922–1943) and Italian Civil War
Italian ethnic regions claimed in the 1930s by Italian irredentists: * Green: Nice, Ticino and Dalmatia * Red: Malta * Violet: Corsica * Savoy and Corfu were later claimed

The Fascist government that came to power with Benito Mussolini in 1922 sought to increase the size of the Italian empire and to satisfy the claims of Italian irredentists. Italian Fascism is based upon Italian nationalism and imperialism, and in particular seeks to complete what it considers as the incomplete project of the unification of Italy by incorporating Italia Irredenta (unredeemed Italy) into the state of Italy.[12][13] To the east of Italy, the Fascists claimed that Dalmatia was a land of Italian culture whose Italians, including those of Italianized South Slavic descent, had been driven out of Dalmatia and into exile in Italy, and supported the return of Italians of Dalmatian heritage.[14] Mussolini identified Dalmatia as having strong Italian cultural roots for centuries, similarly to Istria, via the Roman Empire and the Republic of Venice.[15] To the south of Italy, the Fascists claimed Malta, which belonged to the United Kingdom, and Corfu, which instead belonged to Greece; to the north claimed Italian Switzerland, while to the west claimed Corsica, Nice, and Savoy, which belonged to France.[16][17] The Fascist regime produced literature on Corsica that presented evidence of the island's italianità.[18] The Fascist regime produced literature on Nice that justified that Nice was an Italian land based on historic, ethnic, and linguistic grounds.[18]

Areas controlled by the Italian Empire during its existence
  Kingdom of Italy
  Colonies of Italy
  Protectorates and areas occupied during World War II

Mussolini promised to bring Italy back as a great power in Europe, building a "New Roman Empire"[19] and holding power over the Mediterranean Sea. In propaganda, Fascists used the ancient Roman motto "Mare Nostrum" (Latin for "Our Sea") to describe the Mediterranean. For this reason the Fascist regime engaged in interventionist foreign policy. In 1923, the Greek island of Corfu was briefly occupied by Italy, after the assassination of General Tellini in Greek territory. In 1925, Italy forced Albania to become a de facto protectorate. In 1935, Mussolini invaded Ethiopia and founded Italian East Africa, resulting in an international alienation and leading to Italy's withdrawal from the League of Nations; Italy allied with Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan and strongly supported Francisco Franco in the Spanish civil war. In 1939, Italy formally annexed Albania. Italy entered World War II on 10 June 1940. The Italians initially advanced in British Somaliland, Egypt, the Balkans (establishing the Governorate of Dalmatia and Montenegro, the Province of Ljubljana, and the puppet states Independent State of Croatia and Hellenic State), and eastern fronts. They were, however, subsequently defeated on the Eastern Front as well as in the East African campaign and the North African campaign, losing as a result their territories in Africa and in the Balkans.

An Allied invasion of Sicily began in July 1943, leading to the collapse of the Fascist regime and the fall of Mussolini on 25 July. In the north, the Germans set up the Italian Social Republic (RSI), a Nazi puppet state with Mussolini installed as leader after he was rescued by German paratroopers. Some Italian troops in the south were organised into the Italian Co-belligerent Army, which fought alongside the Allies for the rest of the war, while other Italian troops, loyal to Mussolini and his RSI, continued to fight alongside the Germans in the National Republican Army. Also, the post-armistice period saw the rise of a large anti-fascist resistance movement, the Resistenza.[20] As result, the country descended into civil war;[21][22] the Italian resistance fought a guerrilla war against the Nazi German occupiers and Italian Fascist forces,[20] while clashes between the Fascist RSI Army and the Royalist Italian Co-Belligerent Army were rare.[23] In late April 1945, with total defeat looming, Mussolini attempted to escape north,[24] but was captured and summarily executed near Lake Como by Italian partisans. His body was then taken to Milan, where it was hung upside down at a service station for public viewing and to provide confirmation of his demise.[25] Hostilities ended on 29 April 1945, when the German forces in Italy surrendered.

Republican era
See also: History of the Italian Republic
Alcide De Gasperi, first republican Prime Minister of Italy and one of the Founding Fathers of the European Union

Italy became a republic after the 1946 Italian institutional referendum[26] held on 2 June 1946, a day celebrated since as Festa della Repubblica. This was the first time that Italian women voted at the national level, and the second time overall considering the local elections that were held a few months earlier in some cities.[27][28] Under the Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947, Istria, Kvarner, most of the Julian March as well as the Dalmatian city of Zara was annexed by Yugoslavia causing the Istrian-Dalmatian exodus, which led to the emigration of between 230,000 and 350,000 of local ethnic Italians (Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians), the others being ethnic Slovenians, ethnic Croatians, and ethnic Istro-Romanians, choosing to maintain Italian citizenship.[29] Later, the Free Territory of Trieste was divided between the two states. Italy also lost all of its colonial possessions, formally ending the Italian Empire. In 1950, Italian Somaliland was made a United Nations Trust Territory under Italian administration until 1 July 1960. The Italian border that applies today has existed since 1975, when Trieste was formally re-annexed to Italy.

in 1949 Italy became a member of NATO. The Marshall Plan helped to revive the Italian economy which, until the late 1960s, enjoyed a period of sustained economic growth commonly called the "Economic Miracle". In the 1950's, Italy became one of the six founding countries of the European Communities, following the 1952 establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community, and subsequent 1958 creations of the European Economic Community and European Atomic Energy Community. In 1993, the former two of these were incorporated into the European Union.

Relations by region and country

Africa
Country
Beginning of formal relations
 Notes
 AlgeriaSee Algeria–Italy relations
 Angola 4 June 1976 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 June 1976[30]
 Benin 30 November 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 November 1961 when first ambassador of Italy to Dahomey Mr. Renzo Luigi Romanelli presented his credentials to President Hubert Maga[31]
 Burkina Faso16 June 1962Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 June 1962 when Mr. Renzo Luigi Romanelli , the first Italian Ambassador to Upper Volta , has presented his letters of credence to President Maurice Yameogo.[32]
 Cameroon 28 February 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 February 1962[35]
 Cape Verde 18 November 1976 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 November 1976[36]
 Central African Republic June 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations in June 1964 when the Central African Republic's Ministerial Council accepted the appointment of Francesco Paolo Campanella as Italian Ambassador.[37]
 Chad 13 February 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 February 1964 wnen the first Italian ambassador to Chad , Mr. Francesco Paolo Campanella , presented his credentials to the President.[38]
 Comoros1 November 1976Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 November 1976[39]
 Democratic Republic of the Congo 21 July 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 July 1960 when accredited first Ambassador of Italy to Congo (Leopoldville) Mr. Pietro Franca[43]
 Republic of Congo 20 April 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 April 1965[45]
 Cote d'Ivoire 18 June 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 June 1961[46]
 Egypt30 April 1922See Egypt–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 April 1922 when has been appointed first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Egypt Mr Lazzaro Negrotto Cambiaso.[47]

Relations between both countries were established during the period of the Roman Empire. However, in World War II, relations were strained as Italy invaded Egypt. However, after the war, relations were re-established and are close. Egypt has representations in Rome and Milan, while Italy has representations in Cairo and Alexandria, also the two nations are members of the Union for the Mediterranean.

Relations deteriorated after the abduction and killing of Italian student Giulio Regeni. Egypt has been accused by Italian authorities and public opinion of lacking of transparence.

 EritreaSee Eritrea–Italy relations
 EthiopiaSee Ethiopia–Italy relations
 Gabon 6 February 1963 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 February 1963.[48]
 Kenya1963See Italy–Kenya relations
  • Relations were formally established after Kenya gained its independence from British rule.
  • Italy has an embassy in Nairobi and 2 counsulates in Malindi and Mombasa.
  • Kenya has an embassy in Rome.
 LibyaSee Italy–Libya relations
 Malawi 20 September 1966 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 September 1966 when has been accredited first Charge d'Affaires a.i. of Italy to Malawi Dr. Almando Albrini.[49]
 Mali 27 April 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 April 1962 when first Ambassador of Mali to Italy (resident in Paris) Mr. Bokar N'Diaye presented his credentials to President Giovanni Gronchi.[50]
 Mauritania25 February 1963Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 February 1963 when first Ambassador of Mauritania to Italy (resident in Paris) Mr. Bakar Ould Ahmedou presented his credentials to President Antonio Segni.[51]
 Morocco 1 October 1956 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1956[54]
 Niger 23 September 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 September 1961 when first Ambassador of Italy to Niger M. Renzo Luigi Romanelli , presented his credentials to President of Niger Diori Hamani.[55]
 Rwanda 5 May 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 May 1965 when Ambassador of Rwanda to Italy Mr. Emanuele Kaberuka presented his credentials to President Giuseppe Saragat.[56]
 Senegal 1 March 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 March 1961.[57]
 Seychelles 29 June 1976 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 June 1976.[58]
 SomaliaSee Italy–Somalia relations
 South Africa1929 See Italy–South Africa relations
 Sudan 31 October 1956 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 October 1956 when Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Sudan to Italy Mr. Omer Abedel Hanid Adeel has presented his credentials to President Giovanni Gronchi.[62]
 Tanzania 9 December 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 December 1961 when open Embassy of Italy in Dar es Salaam with accredited Charge d'Affaires of Italy to Tanganyika Mr. Luciano Falco[63]
 Tunisia1957 See Italy–Tunisia relations
 Uganda5 July 1964

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 July 1964[65]

 Zimbabwe 18 April 1980 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 April 1980.[66]

Americas
Country
Beginning of formal relations
 Notes
 Argentina1837See Argentina–Italy relations
 Belize1 October 1982
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1982.[70]
  • Belize has a consulate-general in Milan.[71]
  • Italy is represented in Belize through its embassy in Mexico City and an honorary consulate.[72]
 Bolivia25 May 1864
 Brazil1861See Brazil–Italy relations
 Canada1947See Canada–Italy relations
 Chile1864See Chile–Italy relations
 Colombia1847See Colombia–Italy relations
 Costa Rica
 Cuba
 Dominica
  • Italy is accredited to Dominica from its embassy in Caracas, Venezuela.[93]
 Dominican Republic See Dominican Republic-Italy relations
 El Salvador
 Grenada
  • Italy is accredited to Grenada from its embassy in Caracas, Venezuela.[93]
  • Grenada has an honorary consulate in Florence.[33]
 Guyana1967

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 April 1967.[94]

 Haiti 24 February 1898 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 February 1898 when has been accredited Minister Resident of Italy to Haiti Chicco Enrico.[95]
 Mexico1874See Italy–Mexico relations
 Paraguay1867
 Peru23 December 1874
Main article: Italy–Peru relations
 United States11 April 1861See Italy–United States relations

The United States enjoys a peculiar and friendly relation with Italy, as the latter, defeated in WWII, has been a secret battlefield of the Cold War. Italy and the US are NATO allies and cooperate in the United Nations, in various regional organizations, and bilaterally. Italy has worked closely with the United States and with other nations on such issues as NATO and UN operations as well as with assistance to Russia and the New Independent States; the Middle East peace process; multilateral talks.

Under longstanding bilateral agreements flowing from NATO membership, Italy hosts important U.S. military forces at Vicenza and Livorno (army); Aviano (air force); and Sigonella, Gaeta, and Naples- home port for the U.S. Navy Sixth Fleet. The United States still has about 16,000 military personnel stationed in Italy. The NATO War College is situated at Cecchignola, a neighborhood of Rome.

 Uruguay1861See Italy–Uruguay relations
 Venezuela1861See Italy–Venezuela relations

Asia
Country
Beginning of formal relations
 Notes
 Afghanistan~1919See Afghanistan–Italy relations
  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Rome,[104] which was established as a legation in 1921, and was upgraded to embassy in 1960.[105] Italy has an embassy in Kabul.[106]
  • Italy was among the first nations to recognise Afghanistan's sovereignty, following the 1919 recognition by the Soviet Union.[107]
  • Following Germany's 1935 closening with Afghanistan, Italy also established close relations. Afghanistan resisted calls from Moscow and London to expel the Italian and German diplomatic corps for most of World War II.[108]
  • Italy has served as a place of exile for two former Afghan kings, Amanullah Khan (deposed 1929) and Mohammed Zahir Shah (deposed 1973).
 Armenia See Armenia–Italy relations
 AzerbaijanSee Azerbaijan–Italy relations
  • Azerbaijan has an embassy in Rome.[111]
  • Italy has an embassy in Baku.[112]
 Bangladesh~1972

Relations between two countries have been wonderful. Bangladesh is a huge import market for Italy. Italy has an embassy in Dhaka. Bangladesh has an embassy in Rome.

 China1970See People's Republic of China – Italy relations

In 2005, Italy and the People's Republic of China have celebrated the 35th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two nations. However, China's massive exports of textile and footwear into Italy are said to be a rising concern to Italy's economy and productivity.[113]

 GeorgiaSee Georgia–Italy relations
 India1950See India–Italy relations

In 2012, relations deteriorated following the Enrica Lexie Case

 Indonesia29 December 1949[119]See Indonesia–Italy relations
  • Both nations have shown strong desire to improve their relations, especially in intercultural understanding and trade.[120]
  • Indonesia recognizes Italy's strategic location and important role in the middle of Mediterranean region, while Italy has favoured relations with Indonesia, and sees Indonesia as the leader in Southeast Asia.[121]
  • The relations between two countries not only important to bridge the two regional communities; European Union and ASEAN, but also vital as intercultural and interfaith dialog.[122]
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Rome, that also accredited to Malta, Cyprus, San Marino, while Italy has an embassy in Jakarta.
 IranSee Iran–Italy relations

Iran-Italy trade stood at $US 2.7 Billion in 2001. In 2005, Italy was the third largest trading partner of Iran with 7.5% of all exports to Iran.[123] Italy was the top trading partner of Iran in the European Union in early 2006.[124] Commercial exchanges hit 6 billion euros in 2008.[125]

 IraqSee Iraq–Italy relations

Iraq has an embassy in Rome and Italy has an embassy in Baghdad and a consulate-general in Basra.

 Israel1948See Israel–Italy relations
 Japan1 March 1867 See Italy–Japan relations
 Kazakhstan1992See Italy-Kazakhstan relations
  • In 2017, the trade between Kazakhstan and Italy amounted to $9.6 billion, which is an increase of 13.5% compared to 2016.[133]
  • Italy has an embassy in Nur-Sultan.
  • Kazakhstan has an embassy in Rome.
 LebanonSee Italy–Lebanon relations
 Maldives1966
  • Italy has an embassy in Colombo which also functed as non-resident ambassador to Maldives.
  • Maldives is represented in Italy through its permanent mission to UN in Geneva since 2012.
 MalaysiaSee Italy–Malaysia relations
 North Korea4 January 2000[139]See Italy–North Korea relations
 Oman 26 January 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 January 1972[140]
 Pakistan
  • Pakistan and Italy enjoy close relationship in all fields. Both countries formally have friendly foreign relations.[141] There are over 100,000 Pakistanis living in Italy, mainly living in Milan and Brescia.[142]
  • Pakistan has an embassy in Rome and a consulate-general in Milan for representation
  • Italy maintains an embassy in Islamabad, a consulate-general in Karachi and an honorary consulate in Lahore.
 Philippines1947See Italy–Philippines relations
  • Italy and the Philippines bilateral and diplomatic relations is established in 1947. A Treaty of Friendship which was signed in Rome and ratified in December 1948. Italy has an embassy in Manila and the Philippines has an embassy in Rome.
 Qatar15 February 1973See Italy–Qatar relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 February 1973[143]

 Saudi ArabiaSee Italy–Saudi Arabia relations
  • Italy has an embassy in Riyadh and general consulate in Jeddah.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Rome.
 South Korea26 June 1884[145]See Italy–South Korea relations

The establishment of diplomatic relations between the kingdom of Italy and the kingdom of Korea began on 26 June 1884 and the Re establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the Italian republic the Republic of Korea was on November 24, 1956.[146]

  • Italy has a Working Holiday Program Agreement with South Korea.
  • During the Korean War Italy sent medical staff to help the South Korea.[147]
  • Bilateral Trade in 2014
    • Exports 3,473,000,000 US dollars
    • Imports 6,260,000,000 US dollars
  • Bilateral Investments in 2014
    • South Korea's Investment in Italy 654,000,000 US
    • Italy's Investment in South Korea US$539,000,000
  • The number of the South Koreans living in Italy in 2012 was about 4,054.
  • The Italian Prime Minister Mario Monti visited Seoul in March 2012. (To attend the Seoul Nuclear Security Summit)
  • The President of the Republic of Korea Park Geun-hye visited Rome in October 2014.
  • From 20 to 24 November 2011, 54 participating Italian companies, 8 trade associations and chambers of commerce and 7 banks, held over 300 meetings with 139 Korean companies. The events were promoted by Confindustria (the Italian employers' federation), the Italian Banking Association (ABI), the Ministry for Economic Development (MiSE) and the Ministry for Foreign Affairs (MFA). It took the form of seminars, workshops, B2B meetings and institutional events, as well as visits to representations of Korean industry. This was the first structured initiative, with a broad-ranging business representation in Korea, by the Italian economic system since the EU-Korea Free Trade Agreement (FTA) entered into force.[152]
 Sri Lanka18 April 1950

Italy and Sri Lanka maintain a strong relationship dated back from 1st century.[153]

  • Italy aided Sri Lanka with almost 50 million Euros when a tsunami struck Sri Lanka in 2004.
  • Italy has an embassy in Colombo.
  • Sri Lanka has an embassy in Rome.
  • The estimated trade value between these countries were US$604.49 million in 2009.
 Thailand1870
 Turkey 1856 See Italy–Turkey relations
 United Arab Emirates
 Vietnam23 March 1973 See Italy–Vietnam relations

Europe
Country
Beginning of formal relations
 Notes
 Albania1912See Albania–Italy relations

The Kingdom of Italy supported Albanian Declaration of Independence in 1912.
Arbëreshë people
Italian protectorate over Albania
Italian invasion of Albania
Albanian Kingdom (1939–1943)
Italian colonists in Albania

  • Albania has an embassy in Rome and a consulate general in Bari and Milan.
  • Italy has an embassy in Tirana and consulates in Gjirokastër, Shkodra, Vlora.
  • Italy and Albania share similar historical, political and cultural backgrounds.[159]
  • Albania is home to 20,000 Italian migrants and has a 5,000 Italian indigenous community.[160]
  • Italy is home to indigenous Arbereshe community, including up to 900,000 Albanian immigrants.
  • Italian is the third most spoken language of Albania, after Albanian and Greek.[161]
  • Italy is considered one of Albania's strongest allies especially within the European Union.
  • Albanian is a prominent language in Italy with Albanian immigrants speaking Albanian in large numbers on top of the over 800,000 Italians who speak the Arbereshe dialect of Albanian (see Albanians in Italy and Arbëreshë people).[161]
 Andorra

Italy is represented in Andorra through its embassy in Madrid (Spain) and an honorary consulate in Andorra La Vella.

 AustriaSee Austria–Italy relations
 Belarus
  • Belarus has an embassy in Rome and 2 honorary consulates (in Naples and Turin).[162]
  • Italy has an embassy in Minsk.[163]
 Belgium
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Bulgaria1879See Bulgaria–Italy relations
 Croatia17 January 1992See Croatia–Italy relations
  • Croatia has an embassy in Rome, 2 general consulates (in Milan and Trieste), and 5 honorary consulates (in Bari, Florence, Montemitro, Naples, and Padua).
  • Italy has an embassy in Zagreb, a general consulate in Rijeka, a consulate in Split and 2 honorary consulates (in Buje and Pula).
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union, NATO, Council of Europe and of the Union for the Mediterranean.
  • There are around 19,500 local ethnic Italians (Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians) living in Croatia, whose number decreased following the Istrian–Dalmatian exodus.
  • There are 21,360 Croats, some of which are local ethnic, living in Italy (see Croats of Italy and Molise Croats).
 Cyprus
 Czech Republic
 DenmarkSee Denmark–Italy relations
 Estonia
 FinlandSee Finland–Italy relations
 FranceSee France–Italy relations
 GermanySee Germany–Italy relations
 Greece1861See Greece–Italy relations

In modern times, both countries established diplomatic relations in 1861, immediately upon Italy's unification, and share a special relationship.

 Holy SeeSee Holy See – Italy relations

Due to the size of the Vatican City State, embassies accredited to the Holy See are based on Italian territory. Treaties signed between Italy and the Vatican City State permit such embassages. The Embassy of Italy to the Holy See is unique amongst foreign embassages in that it is the only embassy based on its home territory.

The Holy See maintains formal diplomatic relations with 176 sovereign states, the European Union, and the Order of Malta; 69 of the diplomatic missions accredited to the Holy See are situated in Rome, though those countries than have two embassies in the same city, since, by agreement between the Holy See and Italy, the same person cannot be accredited simultaneously to both. This is shown clearly by the fact that Italy recognizes the People's Republic of China, and as such, the Chinese Embassy is in Rome. However, the Vatican City State recognizes the Taiwan, and as such, Taiwan's embassy to the Holy See is also in Rome. As Italy was the first country to recognize the Holy See as a sovereign nation, their embassy was the first one established.

 Hungary
 Iceland
 Ireland
  • Ireland has an embassy in Rome and an honorary consulate in Milan.[188]
  • Italy has an embassy in Dublin.[189] and an honorary consulate in Galway.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and the Council of Europe.
  • There are 15,000 Irish people living in Italy.
  • There are 7,656 Italians living in Ireland.
 KosovoSee Italy–Kosovo relations

Italy recognized Kosovo on 21 February 2008.[190][191] Italy has an embassy in Pristina since 15 May 2008.[192] Kosovo will open an embassy in Rome.

  • There are upwards to 900,000 ethnic Albanians in Italy, many also from Kosovo.
 Latvia30 August 1991
 Liechtenstein
  • Italy is represented in Liechtenstein through its embassy in Bern (Switzerland)
 Lithuania
 Luxembourg1902
 MaltaSee Italy–Malta relations
 MoldovaSee Italy-Moldova relations
 MonacoSee Italy-Monaco relations
  • Italy has an embassy in Monaco.
  • Monaco has an embassy in Rome and an honorary consulate in Venice.
 Montenegro14 June 2006
 Netherlands See Italy–Netherlands relations
 North Macedonia1991
  • Italy has an embassy in Skopje
  • North Macedonia has an embassy in Rome.
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and of NATO.
 Norway
 Poland1919See Italy–Poland relations
 Portugal1860 See Italy–Portugal relations
 Romania23 April 1873 See Italy–Romania relations
 RussiaSee Italy–Russia relations

Russia has an embassy in Rome and consulates in Genoa, Milan and Palermo, and Italy has an embassy in Moscow, a consulate in Saint Petersburg, two consulte generals (in Ekaterinburg and Kaliningrad), and two embassy branches in (Samara and Volgograd). Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.

In 2006, Russia and Italy have signed a protocol of cooperation for fighting crime and defending civil liberties.

The relationship between Russia and Italy goes back a long way. Already in the 1960s, Italy's FIAT built a car-assembling plant in the Soviet city of Tolyatti (a city named after the Italian Communist Party's secretary Palmiro Togliatti). In the past, Russians visited Italy in great numbers. Many Russian students came to Italy each year to study in Italian universities.[211] The Silvio Berlusconi Government (2001–2006) strengthened Italy's ties with Russia, due to his personal friendship with President Vladimir Putin. Cooperation extended also to the aviation sector, between Italy's Alenia and Russia's Sukhoi. Finally, for a long time Italy had the largest communist party in the Western world, with over 2 million members. .[212] Good relations ended in 2022 after the invasion of Russia in Ukraine.

 San Marino See Italy–San Marino relations
  • Italy has an embassy in San Marino.
  • San Marino has an embassy in Rome.
 Serbia1879 See Italy–Serbia relations
 Slovakia
 Slovenia See Italy–Slovenia relations
 SpainSee Italy–Spain relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations after the unification of Italy. Relations between Italy Spain have remained strong and affable for centuries owing to various political, cultural, and historical connections between the two nations.

 SwedenSee Italy–Sweden relations
  SwitzerlandSee Italy–Switzerland relations
 Ukraine1992 See Italy–Ukraine relations
 United KingdomSee Italy–United Kingdom relations

Although enemies during World War II, the United Kingdom and Italy have generally enjoyed a warm and friendly relationship throughout history. Both states embrace membership of the NATO, OSCE and the G7[219]

Between 4 and 5 million British tourists visit Italy every year, while 1 million Italian tourists visit the UK.[220] There are about 30,000 British nationals living in Italy (see British in Italy), and 200,000 Italians living in the UK.[221]

Oceania
Country
Beginning of formal relations
 Notes
 AustraliaSee Australia–Italy relations
 New Zealand
 Samoa25 May 1987

Both countries established diplomatic relations on May 25, 1987.[228]

 Vanuatu

Italy has an honorary consulate in Port Vila.[229]

International institutions

Italy is part of the UN, EU, NATO, the OECD, the OSCE, the DAC, the WTO, the G7, the G20, the Union for the Mediterranean, the Latin Union, the Council of Europe, the Central European Initiative, the ASEM, the MEF, the ISA, the Uniting for Consensus and several Contact Groups.

See also

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Further reading

Pre 1945
  • Abbondanza, Gabriele. "The Odd Axis: Germany, Italy, and Japan as Awkward Great Powers." in Awkward Powers: Escaping Traditional Great and Middle Power Theory (2022): 43-71. online
  • Azzi, Stephen Corrado. "The Historiography of Fascist Foreign Policy," Historical Journal (1993) 36#1 pp. 187–203 in JSTOR
  • Bosworth, Richard. Italy and the wider world 1860-1960 (2013) excerpt
  • Bosworth, Richard. Italy: The Least of the Great Powers: Italian Foreign Policy Before the First World War (1979)
  • Bosworth, Richard. Mussolini (2002) excerpt and text search
  • Burgwyn, H. James. The legend of the mutilated victory: Italy, the Great War, and the Paris Peace Conference, 1915-1919 (1993).
  • Burgwyn, H. James. Italian Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period, 1918-1940 (1997) excerpt and text search
  • Cassels, Alan. Italian Foreign Policy, 1918-1945: A Guide to Research and Research Materials (1997)
  • Chabod, Federico. Italian Foreign Policy: The Statecraft of the Founders, 1870-1896 (1996) excerpt and text search
  • Gooch, John. Mussolini and his Generals: The Armed Forces and Fascist Foreign Policy, 1922-1940 (2007) excerpt and text search
  • Knox, MacGregor. Common Destiny: Dictatorship, Foreign Policy, and War in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany (2000)
  • Lowe, C. J. and F. Marzari. Italian Foreign Policy, 1870-1940 (2001) online
  • Maurizio Marinelli, Giovanni Andornino. Italy's Encounter with Modern China: Imperial dreams, strategic ambitions (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014).
  • Maurizio Marinelli, "The Genesis of the Italian Concession in Tianjin: A Combination of Wishful Thinking and Realpolitik". Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 15 (4), 2010: 536–556.
  • Sette, Alessandro. "L'Albania nella strategia diplomatica italiana (1871-1915)", Nuova Rivista Storica, Vol. CII, n. 1 (2018), 321–378.
  • Smith, Denis Mack. Modern Italy: A Political History (1997)
  • Taylor, A.J.P. The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918 (1954), covers all European diplomacy

Since 1945
  • Barberini, Pierluigi. "What strategy for Italy in the Mediterranean basin: rethinking the Italian approach to foreign, security and defense policy." (2020). online
  • Baraggia, Antonia. "The Italian regions in the European Union." in Federalism and Constitutional Law: The Italian Contribution to Comparative Regionalism (2021).
  • Cladi, Lorenzo, and Mark Webber. "Italian foreign policy in the post-cold war period: a neoclassical realist approach." European security 20.2 (2011): 205–219.
  • Cladi, Lorenzo, and Andrea Locatelli. "Explaining Italian foreign policy adjustment after Brexit: a Neoclassical realist account." Journal of European Integration 43.4 (2021): 459–473.
  • Collina, Cristian. "A bridge in times of confrontation: Italy and Russia in the context of EU and NATO enlargements." Journal of Modern Italian Studies 13.1 (2008): 25–40.
  • Coticchia, Fabrizio, and Jason W. Davidson. Italian Foreign Policy During Matteo Renzi's Government: A Domestically Focused Outsider and the World (Rowman & Littlefield, 2019).
  • Coticchia, Fabrizio, and Valerio Vignoli. "Italian Foreign Policy: Still the Days Seem the Same?." in Foreign policy change in Europe Since 1991 (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2021) pp. 179–204.
  • Coticchia, Fabrizio, and Francesco Niccolò Moro. "From enthusiasm to retreat: Italy and military missions abroad after the Cold War." Italian Political Science 15.1 (2020): 114–131.
  • Coticchia, Fabrizio. "A sovereignist revolution? Italy’s foreign policy under the “Yellow–Green” government." Comparative European Politics 19.6 (2021): 739-759. online
  • Coticchia, Fabrizio, and Jason W. Davidson. "The limits of radical parties in coalition foreign policy: Italy, hijacking, and the extremity hypothesis." Foreign Policy Analysis 14.2 (2018): 149–168.
  • Croci, Osvaldo. "The ‘Americanization’ of Italian foreign policy?" Journal of Modern Italian Studies 10.1 (2005): 10–26.
  • Cusumano, Eugenio, and Kristof Gombeer. "In deep waters: The legal, humanitarian and political implications of closing Italian ports to migrant rescuers." Mediterranean Politics 25.2 (2020): 245–253. online
  • Dentice, Giuseppe, and Federico Donelli. "Reasserting (middle) power by looking southwards: Italy’s policy towards Africa." Contemporary Italian Politics 13.3 (2021): 331–351.
  • Diodato, Emidio, and Federico Niglia. Berlusconi ‘The Diplomat’: Populism and Foreign Policy in Italy (Springer, 2018).
  • Faherty, Douglas M. Italian Foreign Policy: Trends for the Twenty-First Century (2012) excerpt
  • Giuntini, Federico Mariano. "Italian 'Yellow-Green Government' and the European Union: a complicated relationship." Journal of Governance and Politics 2 (2019): 19+
  • Giurlando, Philip. "Populist foreign policy: the case of Italy." Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 27.2 (2021): 251-267.
  • Lupo, Nicola, and Giovanni Piccirilli, eds. The Italian Parliament in the European Union (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2017)
  • Monteleone, Carla. Italy in Uncertain Times: Europeanizing Foreign Policy in the Declining Process of the American Hegemony (Rowman & Littlefield, 2019). online
  • Natalizia, Gabriele, and Mara Morini. "Sleeping with the enemy: The not-so-constant Italian stance towards Russia." Italian Political Science 15.1 (2020): 42–59. online
  • Prontera, Andrea. "Italy, Russia and the Great Reconfiguration in East–West Energy Relations." Europe-Asia Studies 73.4 (2021): 647–672.
  • Ratti, Luca. "Italy and NATO in the 21st century: Still a formidable partnership?" in NATO and Transatlantic Relations in the 21st Century (Routledge, 2020) pp. 188–206.
  • Siddi, Marco. "Italy-Russia relations: Politics, energy and other businesses." in Eurasian Challenges. Partnerships with Russia and Other Issues of the Post-Soviet Area (2012). online
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