Foreign relations of the Netherlands

The foreign policy of the Netherlands is based on four basic commitments: to the Atlantic cooperation, to European integration, to international development and to international law. While historically the Kingdom of the Netherlands was a neutral state, since 1945 it has become a member of NATO, the United Nations, the European Union and many other international organizations. The Dutch economy is very open and relies on international trade. During and after the 17th century—its Golden Age—the Dutch built up a commercial and colonial empire. It was a leading shipping and naval power and was often at war with England, its main rival. Its main colonial holding was Indonesia, which fought for and achieved independence after 1945. The historical ties inherited from its colonial past still influence the foreign relations of the Netherlands. Foreign trade policy is handled by the European Union. The Dutch have been active in international peacekeeping roles.

Nations with which Netherlands has diplomatic relations.

History

Former colonial possessions of the Dutch Empire.

In the Dutch Golden Age, which had its zenith around 1667, there was a flowering of trade, industry, the arts and the sciences. A rich worldwide Dutch empire developed and the Dutch East India Company became one of the earliest and most important of national mercantile companies based on entrepreneurship and trade.

During the 18th century, the power and wealth of the Netherlands declined. A series of wars with the more powerful British and French neighbors weakened it. Britain seized the North American colony of New Amsterdam, turning it into New York. There was growing unrest and conflict between the Orangists and the Patriots. The French Revolution spilled over after 1789, and a pro-French Batavian Republic was established in 1795–1806. Napoleon made it a satellite state, the Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810), and later simply a French imperial province.

In 1815–1940 it was neutral and played a minor role in world diplomacy, apart from a failed effort to control the seceding Southern provinces that became Belgium before giving up in 1839.[1]

Unlike most European countries, the Netherlands succeeded in remaining neutral throughout The Great War. This approach failed during the Second World War however and the kingdom quickly fell to an unprovoked German invasion in 1940 and would remain under Nazi occupation until being liberated by the allies in 1945. After the war, as a member of the allies, the Netherlands was included in the first class of U.N. members. During the Cold War like most Western European countries, the Dutch aligned with the United States against the Soviet Union, co-founding the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), in 1949.[2][3] The Dutch were also at the forefront of promoting European cooperation and integration during this time period; co-founding the European Coal and Steel Community and becoming one of the European Union's (EU) original members.[4]

Policy

Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte with U.S. President Donald Trump in the Oval Office of the White House on 18 July 2019

The Dutch Government conducted a review of foreign policy main themes, organization, and funding in 1995. The document "The Foreign Policy of the Netherlands: A Review" outlined the new direction of Dutch foreign policy. The Netherlands prioritizes enhancing European integration, maintaining relations with neighboring states, ensuring European security and stability (mainly through the mechanism of NATO and emphasizing the important role the United States plays in the security of Europe), and participating in conflict management and peacekeeping missions. The foreign policy review also resulted in the reorganization of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Through the creation of regional departments, the Ministry coordinates tasks previously divided among the international cooperation, foreign affairs, and economic affairs sections.

Atlantic cooperation

Protest in The Hague against the deployment of Pershing II missiles, 1983

Dutch security policy is based primarily on membership in NATO. Because of Dutch participation in NATO, nuclear weapons are stationed in the Netherlands, see Volkel Air Base.

The Dutch also pursue defense cooperation within Europe, both multilaterally – in the context of the Western European Union and the European Security and Defence Policy of the EU – and bilaterally, as in the German-Netherlands Corps. In recent years, the Dutch have become significant contributors to UN peacekeeping efforts around the world as well as to the Stabilization Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina (SFOR) in Bosnia.

European integration

The Dutch have been strong advocates of European integration, and most aspects of their foreign, economic, and trade policies are coordinated through the European Union (EU). The Dutch postwar customs union with Belgium and Luxembourg (the Benelux group) paved the way for the formation of the European Community (precursor to the EU), of which the Netherlands was a founding member. Likewise, the Benelux abolition of internal border controls was a model for the wider Schengen Accord, which today has 29 European signatories (including the Netherlands) pledged to common visa policies and free movement of people across common borders.

The Dutch stood at the cradle of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty and have been the architects of the Treaty of Amsterdam concluded in 1998. The Dutch have thus played an important role in European political and monetary integration; indeed, until the year 2003, Dutchman Wim Duisenberg headed the European Central Bank. In addition, Dutch financial minister Gerrit Zalm was the main critic of the violation of the Stability and Growth Pact by France and Germany in 2004 and 2005.[5]

Involvement in Developing Countries

The Netherlands was the 9th-largest donor country in 2021, giving about $5 billion, about 0.5% of its gross national income (GNI) in official development assistance (ODA).[6] The country contributes through multilateral channels, especially the United Nations Development Programme, the international financial institutions, and EU programs. A large portion of Dutch aid funds also is channeled through private ("co-financing") organizations that have almost total autonomy in choice of projects.

The Netherlands is a member of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, which recently initiated economic reforms in central Europe. The Dutch strongly support the Middle East peace process and in 1998 earmarked $29 million in contributions to international donor-coordinated activities for the occupied territories and also for projects in which they worked directly with Palestinian authorities. These projects included improving environmental conditions and support for multilateral programs in cooperation with local non-governmental organizations. In 1998, the Dutch provided significant amounts of aid to the former Yugoslavia and Africa. The Dutch consistently provide significant amounts of humanitarian relief aid to the victims of the worst natural disasters, such as the Hurricane Mitch in Central America in 1998, 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami in South and Southeast Asia, the Hurricane Katrina in the United States in 2005, 2010 Haiti earthquake, and more recent catastrophes in Pakistan and Burma including the Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines in 2013, and 2015 Nepal earthquake.[7]

On 25 April 2022, Vice Minister Schuiling visited Vietnam for promotion of economic cooperation between Netherlands and Vietnam including the sectors like agriculture, water, logistics, energy and high tech.[8]

Export assistance grants

"Developing countries aspiring to purchase foreign goods and services to invest in, inter alia, port facilities, roads, public transport, health care, or drinking water facilities may be eligible for a special Dutch grant facility. The grant facility, known as ORET (a Dutch acronym for Ontwikkelingsrelevante Exporttransacties, or Development-Related Export) serves to award grants to governments of developing countries for making payments to foreign suppliers."[9]

International law

UN vote on adoption of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons on 7 July 2017

Yes

No

Did not vote

A centuries-old tradition of legal scholarship has made the Netherlands the home of the International Court of Justice; the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal; the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia; the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda; and the International Criminal Court (ICC). In addition it hosts the European police organization, Europol; and the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.

International organizations

As a relatively small country, the Netherlands generally pursues its foreign policy interests within the framework of multilateral organizations. The Netherlands is an active and responsible participant in the United Nations system as well as other multilateral organizations such as the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), World Trade Organization (WTO),[10] and International Monetary Fund.[11]

The Netherlands is one of the founding members of what today is the European Union. It was one of the first countries to start European integration, through the Benelux in 1944 and the European Coal and Steel Community in 1952. Being a small country with a history of neutrality it was the host country for the important Maastricht Treaty and Amsterdam Treaty and is the seat of the International Court of Justice.[12]

International issues

Nord Stream 1 opening ceremony on 8 November 2011 with Angela Merkel, Dmitry Medvedev, Mark Rutte and François Fillon.

The country is one of the major producers of illicit amphetamines and other synthetic drugs. It also functions as an important gateway for cocaine, heroin, and hashish entering Europe. A large portion of the world's XTC consumption is supplied by illegal laboratories from the Netherlands.

The Dutch also work with the U.S. and other countries on international programs against drug trafficking and organized crime. The Dutch-U.S. cooperation focuses on joint anti-drug operations in the Caribbean, including an agreement establishing Forward Operating Locations on the Dutch Kingdom islands of Curaçao and Aruba. The Netherlands is a signatory to international counter-narcotics agreements, a member of the United Nations International Drug Control Program, the UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs, and is a contributor to international counter-narcotics.

From June 26 until December 22, 2006, two children, Ammar (12–13) and Sara (10–11), lived in the Dutch embassy in Damascus because of a child custody dispute between the Dutch mother, supported by Dutch law and the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, and the Syrian father, supported by Syrian law (Syria is no participant of this convention). The children had been living in Syria since 2004, after an alleged international child abduction by the father from the Netherlands to Syria, during a family contact in which he supposedly would visit Paris with them. The children fled to the embassy because they would like to live with their mother in the Netherlands. Minister of Foreign Affairs Ben Bot traveled to Damascus, negotiated and on December 22 the children finally could return to the Netherlands.

The father claims that the Dutch government has promised not to prosecute him for the abduction. However, a Dutch prosecutor claims that he is free to prosecute the father and may well do that and that the Dutch have only retracted the international request to arrest him outside the Netherlands.[13]

Mark Rutte's government provided materials to the Levant Front rebel group in Syria.[14] In September 2018, the Dutch public prosecution department declared the Levant Front to be a "criminal organisation of terrorist intent", describing it as a "salafist and jihadistic" group that "strives for the setting up of the caliphate".[15]

In July 2019, the UN ambassadors from 22 nations, including the Netherlands, signed a joint letter to the UNHRC condemning China's mistreatment of the Uyghurs as well as its mistreatment of other minority groups, urging the Chinese government to close the Xinjiang re-education camps.[16][17]

Former colonies

The Caribbean islands of Aruba, Curaçao, Sint Maarten, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba are dependencies of the Netherlands. The latter three are part of the Netherlands proper and are collectively known as the Caribbean Netherlands. Suriname and Indonesia became independent of the Netherlands in the period of decolonization: Suriname in 1975 and Indonesia in 1945 (it was not until August 16, 2005, that the Dutch government recognized 1945 and not 1949 as the latter's year of independence).

Bilateral relations

Africa

Country	Formal relations began	Notes
Algeria		See Foreign relations of Algeria Algeria has an embassy in The Hague. Netherlands has an embassy in Algiers.
Angola	30 August 1976	See Foreign relations of Angola Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 August 1976[18] Angola has an embassy in The Hague and a consulate-general in Rotterdam. Netherlands has an embassy in Luanda.
Benin	26 December 1961	See Foreign relations of Benin Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 December 1961[19] Benin is accredited to the Netherlands from its embassy in Brussels. Netherlands has an embassy in Cotonou.
Botswana	10 August 1967	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 August 1967[20]
Burkina Faso	14 December 1961	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 December 1961[21] Burkina Faso is represented in the Netherlands by its embassy in Brussels, Belgium and an honorary consulate in Rotterdam.[22] The Netherlands are represented in Burkina Faso by their embassy in Bamako, Mali.[23]
Burundi	4 July 1962	See Burundi–Netherlands relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 July 1962[24] Burundi has an embassy in The Hague. The Netherlands has an embassy in Bujumbura.
Cameroon	2 December 1961	See Cameroon–Netherlands relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 December 1961[25] Cameroon has an embassy in The Hague. Netherlands is represented in Cameroon through embassy in Cotonou, Benin.
Cape Verde	20 November 1976	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 November 1976[26]
Central African Republic	10 December 1965	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 December 1965[27]
Chad	7 May 1962	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 May 1962[28]
Comoros		Comoros are represented in the Netherlands by their embassy in Brussels, Belgium.[29] Netherlands are represented in the Comoros by their embassy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.[30]
Democratic Republic of Congo	25 July 1960	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 July 1960[31]
Republic of Congo	3 August 1961	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 August 1961[32]
Egypt	16 November 1922	See Egypt–Netherlands relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 November 1922 when Mr. J. P. graaf van Limburg Stirum has been accredited as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the Netherlands to Egypt.[33] Egypt has an embassy in The Hague. Netherlands has an embassy in Cairo.
Ethiopia	6 November 1950	See Ethiopia–Netherlands relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 November 1950[34] Ethiopia is accredited to the Netherlands from its embassy in Brussels. Netherlands has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
Gabon	24 August 1961	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 August 1961[35]
Gambia	1 August 1966	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 August 1966 when first Ambassador of the Netherlands to the Gambia Mr. F. A. Hoefer has presented his credentials.[36]
Ghana		See Ghana–Netherlands relations Ghana has an embassy in The Hague. Netherlands has an embassy in Accra.
Ivory Coast	9 January 1962	See Ivory Coast–Netherlands relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 January 1962[37] Ivory Coast has an embassy in The Hague. Netherlands has an embassy in Abidjan.
Kenya	3 February 1964	See Kenya–Netherlands relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 February 1964[38] Kenya has an embassy in The Hague. the Netherlands has an embassy in Nairobi.
Lesotho	22 February 1968	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 February 1968[39]
Liberia	3 May 1949	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 May 1949[40]
Madagascar	16 March 1961	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 March 1961[41]
Malawi	16 December 1965	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 December 1965[42]
Mali	11 July 1964	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 July 1964 when has been accredited Ambassador of the Netherlands to Mali with residence in Dakar.[43]
Mauritania	9 March 1962	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 March 1962[44] Mauritania is represented in the Netherlands by its embassy in Brussels, Belgium and an honorary consulate in Midwoud.[45] The Netherlands are represented in Mauritania by their embassy in Dakar, Senegal.[46]
Morocco		See Morocco–Netherlands relations Morocco has an embassy in The Hague and four consulates-general in Amsterdam, Rotterdam, 's-Hertogenbosch, and in Utrecht. Netherlands has an embassy in Rabat and a consulate-general in Casablanca.
Mozambique	25 June 1975	See Foreign relations of Mozambique Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1975[47] Mozambique is accredited to the Netherlands from its embassy in Paris. Netherlands has an embassy in Maputo.
Namibia	23 April 1990	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 April 1990[48]
Niger	20 December 1961	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 December 1961[49]
Nigeria		See Netherlands–Nigeria relations Netherlands has an embassy in Abuja. Nigeria has an embassy in The Hague.
Rwanda		See Netherlands–Rwanda relations Netherlands has an embassy in Kigali. Rwanda has an embassy in The Hague.
Senegal		See Foreign relations of Senegal Netherlands has an embassy in Dakar. Senegal has an embassy in The Hague.
Seychelles	19 April 1977	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 April 1977[50]
Sierra Leone	22 February 1962	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 February 1962[51]
Somalia	22 March 1962	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 March 1962[52]
South Africa		See Netherlands–South Africa relations Netherlands has an embassy in Pretoria and a consulate-general in Cape Town.[53] South Africa has an embassy in The Hague.[54] See also: Dutch immigration to South Africa
Sudan	15 February 1956	See Netherlands–Sudan relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 February 1956 when has been accredited Charge d'Affaires a.i. of Legation of the Netherlands to Sudan Mr. W. A. Frowein.[55] Netherlands has an embassy in Khartoum. Sudan has an embassy in The Hague.
Tanzania	31 March 1962	See Netherlands–Tanzania relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 March 1962[56] Netherlands has an embassy in Dar es Salaam. Tanzania has an embassy in The Hague.
Togo	5 October 1961	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 October 1961[57]
Tunisia		See Netherlands–Tunisia relations Netherlands has an embassy in Tunis. Tunisia has an embassy in The Hague.
Uganda		See Foreign relations of Uganda Netherlands has an embassy in Kampala. Uganda is accredited to the Netherlands from its embassy in Paris.
Zambia	2 November 1965	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 November 1965 when opened Embassy of the Netherlands in Zambia's capital Lusaka with Charge d'Affaires Mr. M. A. Beelaerts van Blokland[58]
Zimbabwe		See Foreign relations of Zimbabwe Netherlands has an embassy in Harare. Zimbabwe is accredited to the Netherlands from its embassy in Paris.

Americas

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Argentina		See Argentina–Netherlands relations Argentina has an embassy in The Hague.[59] Netherlands has an embassy in Buenos Aires.[60] Dutch Queen Máxima of the Netherlands is originally from Argentina. See also: Dutch Argentine
Barbados	12 December 1969	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 December 1969[61]
Belize	1987-04-13	Both countries established diplomatic relations on April 13, 1987.[62]
Bolivia		See Bolivia–Netherlands relations Bolivia has an embassy in The Hague. Netherlands is accredited to Bolivia from its embassy in Lima, Peru.
Brazil		See Brazil–Netherlands relations Brazil has an embassy in The Hague and a consulate-general in Rotterdam.[63] Netherlands has an embassy in Brasilia and two consulates-general in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.[64] See also: Dutch Brazilian
Canada	3 January 1939	See Canada–Netherlands relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 January 1939[65] Canada has an embassy in The Hague and the Netherlands has one in Ottawa, and three Consulates-General in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Canada and the Netherlands have worked closely together on many foreign issues and enjoy an especially close relationship. To fostering business and commercial relations between the Netherlands and Canada the Dutch business community set up the Netherlands-Canadian Chamber of Commerce.[66] They are both members of the United Nations (and its Specialized Agencies) the World Trade Organization, Interpol, they are both founding members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), and the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe. Canada and the Netherlands also work together on such issues as the prohibition and elimination of anti-personnel mines, the control of the proliferation of small arms and light weapons, eradicating the worst forms of child labour, the provision of rapid reaction peacekeeping forces to the United Nations (SHIRBRIG) and regional security issues such as Bosnia (SFOR) and Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE). Canada has an embassy in The Hague.[67] Netherlands has an embassy in Ottawa and four consulates-general in Calgary, Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.[68] See also: Canadians of Dutch descent
Chile		See Chile–Netherlands relations Chile has an embassy in The Hague and a consulate-general in Amsterdam. Netherlands has an embassy in Santiago.
Colombia	1829	See Colombia–Netherlands relations Relations between Colombia and the Netherlands were established in 1829. Colombia has an embassy in The Hague and two consulates-general in Amsterdam and Oranjestad, and a consulate in Willemstad.[69] Netherlands has an embassy in Bogotá and a consulate-general in Barranquilla.[70]
Costa Rica		Costa Rica has an embassy in The Hague. Netherlands has an embassy in San José.
Cuba		See Cuba–Netherlands relations Cuba has an embassy in The Hague and two consulates-general in Amsterdam and Rotterdam. Netherlands has an embassy in Havana.
Dominica		Dominica is represented in the Netherlands by its embassy in London, United Kingdom.[71] The Netherlands are represented in Dominica by their embassy in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago.[72]
Dominican Republic	18 March 1892	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 March 1892[73] Dominican Republic has an embassy in The Hague and consulates-general in Amsterdam, Philipsburg, and Willemstad. Netherlands has an embassy in Santo Domingo.
El Salvador		El Salvador has an embassy in The Hague. Netherlands is accredited to El Salvador from its embassy in San José, Costa Rica.
Guyana	1970-15-05	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 May 1970.[74] Guyana was made up of three former Dutch colonies: (Berbice, Demerara and Essequibo (colony)) which were brought together by the British and renamed collectively British Guiana.
Honduras	16 May 1946	See Honduras–Netherlands relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 May 1946 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the Netherlands to Hohduras with residence in Guatemala Mr. G. M. Bijvanck.[75] Honduras is accredited to Netherlands from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium. Netherlands is accredited to Honduras from its embassy in San José, Costa Rica. and an honorary consulates in Tegucigalpa.
Mexico	1827	See Mexico–Netherlands relations On September 27, 1993, the Netherlands Ministry of Finance announced The Netherlands – Mexico Tax Treaty and Protocol. The regulations detail the formalities residents of the Netherlands must observe "in order to be exempt from, or obtain a refund of, the Mexican withholding taxes on dividends, interest and royalties."[76] In 2008 Mexico and the Netherlands modified their existing tax treaty, initially signed in 1993 to strength cooperation to curb tax evasion.[77][78] Mexico has an embassy in The Hague.[79] Netherlands has an embassy in Mexico City.[80]
Panama		Netherlands has an embassy in Panama City. Panama has an embassy in The Hague and a consulate-general in Rotterdam.
Peru		See Netherlands–Peru relations Netherlands has an embassy in Lima. Peru has an embassy in The Hague.
Suriname	1975-25-11	See Netherlands–Suriname relations Netherlands has an embassy in Paramaribo.[81] Suriname has an embassy in The Hague and two consulates-general in Amsterdam and in Willemstad, Curaçao.[82] See also: Dutch Surinamese
United States	19 April 1782	See Netherlands–United States relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 April 1782[83] The bilateral relations between the two nations are based on historical and cultural ties as well as a common dedication to individual freedom and human rights. The Netherlands shares with the United States a liberal economic outlook and is committed to free trade. The Netherlands is the third-largest direct foreign investor in the United States,[84] and Dutch holding companies employ more than 650,000 Americans.[85] The United States is the third-largest direct foreign investor in the Netherlands. The United States and the Netherlands often have similar positions on issues and work together both bilaterally and multilaterally in such institutions as the United Nations and NATO. The Dutch have worked with the United States at the World Trade Organization, in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, as well as within the European Union to advance the shared U.S. goal of a more open and market-led global economy. The United States and the Netherlands joined NATO as charter members in 1949. The Dutch were allies with the United States in the Korean War and the first Gulf War and have been active in global peacekeeping efforts in the former Yugoslavia, Afghanistan and Iraq. Netherlands also support and participate in NATO and EU training efforts in Iraq. They are active participants in the International Security Assistance Force and Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan. Netherlands has an embassy in Washington, D.C., and consulates general in Atlanta, Chicago, Miami, New York City, and San Francisco.[86] United States has an embassy in The Hague and two consulates-general in Amsterdam and Willemstad, Curaçao.[87] See also: Dutch American
Uruguay		See Netherlands–Uruguay relations Netherlands is accredited to Uruguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires.[88] Uruguay has an embassy in The Hague.[89]
Venezuela		See Netherlands–Venezuela relations Netherlands has an embassy in Caracas. Venezuela has an embassy in The Hague and consulates-general in Kralendijk, Oranjestad, and Willemstad.

Asia

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Afghanistan		Afghanistan has an embassy in The Hague. The Netherlands closed its embassy in Kabul in 2021.[90][91]
Armenia	1992-01-30	See Armenia–Netherlands relations Armenia has an embassy in The Hague and two honorary consulates in Amsterdam, and Hilversum.[92] The Netherlands has an embassy in Yerevan.[93] There are around 20,000 people of Armenian descent living in Amsterdam and another 10,000 in Alkmaar. The Netherlands is also one of the countries that has recognized the Armenian genocide.[94] Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Armenia (in Dutch only) Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
Azerbaijan	1992-04-01	See Azerbaijan–Netherlands relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in The Hague. The Netherlands has an embassy in Baku. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
Bangladesh	1971-01-04	See Bangladesh–Netherlands relations Bangladesh has an embassy in The Hague. Netherlands has an embassy in Dhaka.
Bhutan	10 June 1985	See Foreign relations of Bhutan Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 June 1985[95] Bhutan is represented to the Netherlands through embassy in Brussels. Netherlands is represented to Bhutan through embassy in Delhi.
Brunei		See Foreign relations of Brunei Brunei is represented in the Netherlands through embassy in London, UK. Netherlands is represented in Brunei through embassy in Bangkok, Thailand.
Cambodia		See Cambodia–Netherlands relations Cambodia is represented in the Netherlands by its embassy in Paris. Netherlands is represented in Cambodia by its embassy in Hanoi.
China		See China–Netherlands relations China has an embassy in The Hague and a consulate-general in Willemstad, Curaçao. Netherlands has an embassy in Beijing and five consulates-general in Chengdu, Chongqing, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, and Shanghai.
Georgia		See Georgia–Netherlands relations Georgia has an embassy in The Hague. The Netherlands has an embassy in Tbilisi. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
India	17 April 1947	See India–Netherlands relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 April 1947[96] India has an embassy in The Hague. Netherlands has an embassy in Delhi and consulates-general Bangalore and Mumbai.
Indonesia		See Indonesia–Netherlands relations Indonesia has an embassy in The Hague.[97] Netherlands has an embassy in Jakarta.[98]
Iran	5 January 1883	See Iran–Netherlands relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 January 1883 when Mirza Jawad Khan, Persian Minister in Belgium, was also accredited to the Netherlands.[99][100] Iran has an embassy in The Hague. Netherlands has an embassy in Tehran.
Iraq		See Iraq–Netherlands relations Iraq has an embassy in The Hague. Netherlands has an embassy in Baghdad and a consulate-general in Erbil.
Israel	1949	See Israel–Netherlands relations In 1947, the Netherlands voted in favor of the United Nations Resolution 181. Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1949.[101] Israel has an embassy in The Hague.[102] Netherlands has an embassy at the Ramat Gan in Tel Aviv, and two honorary consulates in Eilat and Haifa.[103]
Japan	1609	See Japan–Netherlands relations Relations between Japan and the Netherlands date back to 1609, when the first formal trade relations were established.[104][105] The relations between Japan and the Netherlands after 1945 have been a triangular relationship. The invasion and occupation of the Netherlands East Indies during World War II, brought about the destruction of the colonial state in Indonesia, as the Japanese removed as much of the Dutch government as they could, weakening the post war grip the Netherlands had over the territory. Under pressure from the United States, the Netherlands recognised Indonesian sovereignty in 1949 (see United States of Indonesia). Japan has an embassy in The Hague. Netherlands has an embassy in Tokyo and a consulate-general in Osaka.
Jordan		See Jordan–Netherlands relations Jordan has an embassy in The Hague. Netherlands has an embassy in Amman.
Kazakhstan	1992	See Kazakhstan–Netherlands relations The Netherlands is Kazakhstan's largest foreign investor and the second largest European Union partner in terms of foreign trade turnover with Kazakhstan.[106] Kazakhstan has an embassy in The Hague. Netherlands has an embassy in Astana.
Kuwait		See Kuwait–Netherlands relations Kuwait has an embassy in The Hague. Netherlands has an embassy in Kuwait City.
Laos		See Foreign relations of Laos Laos is represented in the Netherlands through embassy in Paris. Netherlands is represented in Laos through embassy in Hanoi.
Lebanon		Lebanon has an embassy in The Hague. Netherlands has an embassy in Beirut.
Malaysia	1957-31-08	See Malaysia–Netherlands relations The graves of Dutch dignitaries in Melaka's ruined St. Paul's Church. The Dutch involvement in the Malay Peninsula used to be much more extensive than it is now. The Dutch established relations with the Sultanate of Johor in the early 17th century, and in 1641 they captured the Portuguese colony of Malacca (on the south-eastern coast of today's Peninsular Malaysia). With a long interruption during the Napoleonic Wars, the Dutch Malacca era lasted until 1824. In the 20th century, the Netherlands established diplomatic relations with Malaysia soon after the Asian state became independent. The erudite Dutch Sinologist and author Robert van Gulik (who was raised in the former Dutch East Indies himself) served as the ambassador of the Netherlands in Kuala Lumpur in the early 1960s. During his diplomatic service there he became closely acquainted with Malaysia's gibbons (he kept a few in his ambassadorial residence) and became sufficiently interested in this ape species to start the study of its role in ancient Chinese culture, the results of which he later published in his last book (Gibbon in China).[107] Netherlands has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia has an embassy in The Hague.
Maldives	3 September 1979	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 September 1979[108]
Mongolia	6 March 1972	See Foreign relations of Mongolia Both countries were establishment of diplomatic relations began on 6 March 1972[109]
Myanmar	22 December 1947	See Myanmar–Netherlands relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 December 1947[110] Myanmar is accredited to the Netherlands from its embassy in London, UK. Netherlands has an embassy in Yangon.
Nepal	2 April 1960	See Foreign relations of Nepal Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 April 1960[111] Nepal is represented to the Netherlands by its embassy in Brussels. Netherlands is represented to Nepal by its embassy in Delhi.
North Korea	2001-01-15[112]	The establishment of diplomatic relations between the North Korea and the Netherlands was on January 15, 2001.[112]
Oman		See Foreign relations of Oman Netherlands has an embassy in Muscat. Oman has an embassy in The Hague.
Pakistan	1947-15-8	See Netherlands–Pakistan relations Netherlands has an embassy in Islamabad and a consulate-general in Karachi. Pakistan has an embassy in The Hague.
Philippines		See Netherlands–Philippines relations Netherlands has an embassy in Manila. Philippines has an embassy in The Hague.
Qatar		See Netherlands–Qatar relations Netherlands has an embassy in Doha. Qatar has an embassy in The Hague.
Saudi Arabia		See Netherlands–Saudi Arabia relations Netherlands has an embassy in Riyadh. Saudi Arabia has an embassy in The Hague.
Singapore	1965-09-08	See Netherlands–Singapore relations Netherlands has an embassy in Singapore. Singapore has an embassy in The Hague.
South Korea	1961-01-04[113]	See Netherlands–South Korea relations The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Korea and the Kingdom of the Netherlands began on April 1, 1961. Relations between the Netherlands and South Korea are excellent. The Netherlands are known in the country, thanks to increasing trade and the investments made by Dutch businesses. Political relations South Koreans still appreciate the contribution made by Dutch troops, serving under the UN flag, during the Korean War of 1950–1953. The Netherlands was an ally to South Korea throughout the war, against communist North Korea (backed by the Soviet Union). The Netherlands still monitors developments between South Korea and North Korea with interest, and remain an ally. In 2011 the Netherlands and South Korea marked 50 years of diplomatic relations. The Netherlands frequently serves as an example to South Korea, for example in the areas of development cooperation and water management. In 2011, for instance, a South Korean delegation visited parts of the Room for the River project – designed to make the Dutch river delta safer by 2015 – to gain inspiration for a South Korean water management plan.[114] The Netherlands has a Working Holiday Program Agreement with South Korea. Citizens of both countries can live and work in the other for up to two years. Netherlands has an embassy in Seoul.[115][116] South Korea has an embassy in the Hague.[117][118] The number of the South Korean citizens living in the Netherlands in 2012 was about 2,602.
Sri Lanka	1948	See Netherlands–Sri Lanka relations Netherlands has an embassy in Colombo. Sri Lanka has an embassy in The Hague.
Syria	24 January 1952	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 January 1952 when has been accredited Minister of the Netherlands to Syria (resident in Beirut) Mr. Cnoop Koopmans.[119]
Taiwan		See Netherlands–Taiwan relations
Thailand		See Netherlands–Thailand relations Netherlands has an embassy in Bangkok. Thailand has an embassy in The Hague.
Turkey	1612	See Netherlands–Turkey relations The Netherlands has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate-general in Istanbul.[120] Turkey has an embassy in The Hague and three consulates-general in Amsterdam, Deventer, and Rotterdam.[121] Both countries are full members of NATO and the Council of Europe. the Netherlands opposes Turkey's EU membership. Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Turkey (in Dutch only) Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with the Netherlands (in Turkish and in English)
United Arab Emirates		See Netherlands–United Arab Emirates relations Netherlands has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate-general in Dubai. United Arab Emirates has an embassy in The Hague.
Vietnam		See Netherlands–Vietnam relations Netherlands has an embassy in Hanoi and a consulate-general in Ho Chi Minh City. Vietnam has an embassy in The Hague.
Yemen	5 October 1971	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 October 1971[122] Netherlands has an embassy in Sana'a. Yemen has an embassy in The Hague.

Europe

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Albania	17 November 1970	See Albania–Netherlands relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 November 1970[123] Albania has an embassy in The Hague. Netherlands has an embassy in Tirana. Albania is an EU candidate and The Netherlands is an EU member.
Austria		See Austria–Netherlands relations Austria has an embassy in The Hague and two honorary consulates in Amsterdam and Rotterdam.[124] The Netherlands has an embassy in Vienna and six honorary consulates in Bludenz, Innsbruck, Graz, Klagenfurt, Salzburg, and Linz.[125] Both countries are full members of the European Union. List of bilateral treaties between both countries: Austria Ministry of Foreign Affairs (in German only) Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Austria (in Dutch only)
Belarus	1994	See Belarus–Netherlands relations Belarus has an embassy in The Hague. The Netherlands is represented in Belarus through its embassy in Warsaw, Poland, and through an honorary consulate in Minsk. Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Belarus (in Dutch only)
Belgium		See Belgium–Netherlands relations Relations were established after the independence of Belgium. Both nations are allies and have cultural similarities. Belgium has an embassy in The Hague.[126] Netherlands has an embassy in Brussels and a consulate-general in Antwerp.[127] Both nations are members of the European Union and NATO.
Bosnia & Herzegovina		See Bosnia and Herzegovina–Netherlands relations Bosnia and Herzegovina has an embassy in The Hague. Netherlands has an embassy in Sarajevo.
Bulgaria		See Bulgaria–Netherlands relations Bulgaria has an embassy in The Hague.[128] The Netherlands has an embassy in Sofia.[129] Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO. Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Bulgaria (in Dutch only)
Croatia		See Croatia–Netherlands relations Croatia has an embassy in The Hague. Netherlands has an embassy in Zagreb. Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Cyprus		See Cyprus–Netherlands relations Cyprus has an embassy in The Hague. Netherlands has an embassy in Nicosia. Both countries are full members of the European Union and of the Council of Europe.
Czech Republic	13 November 1919	See Czech Republic–Netherlands relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 November 1919[130] Czech Republic has an embassy in The Hague. Netherlands has an embassy in Prague. Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Denmark	1645[131]	See Denmark – Netherlands relations Both countries have had diplomatic relations since the 16th century. Denmark has an embassy in The Hague.[132] The Netherlands has an embassy in Copenhagen and eight honorary consulates in Aalborg, Aarhus, Esbjerg, Fredericia, Nuuk, Odense, Rønne, and Tórshavn.[133] Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO. Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Denmark (in Dutch only)
Estonia		See Estonia–Netherlands relations Estonia has an embassy in The Hague. Netherlands has an embassy in Tallinn. Both nations are members of the European Union and NATO.
Finland	14 August 1918	See Finland–Netherlands relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 August 1918[134] Finland has an embassy in The Hague. Netherlands has an embassy in Helsinki. Both nations are members of the European Union, NATO and of the Council of Europe.
France		See France–Netherlands relations Both countries fought in the Franco-Dutch War. The two countries share a border in the Caribbean island of Saint Martin, to which the northern part of the island is a French overseas collectivity known as the Collectivity of Saint Martin, while the southern part of the island is a Dutch constituent country known as Sint Maarten. France maintains an embassy in The Hague and with seven consulates in Amsterdam, Groningen, Maastricht, Middelburg, Rotterdam, 's-Hertogenbosch, and Utrecht.[135] The Netherlands maintains an embassy in Paris and with 12 consulates in Ajaccio, Bordeaux, Brest, Calais, Le Havre, Lille, Lyon, Marseille, Montpellier, Nice, Strasbourg, and Toulouse.[136] Both nations are members of the European Union, NATO and of the Council of Europe.
Germany	1871	See Germany–Netherlands relations Germany has an embassy in The Hague and a consulate-general in Amsterdam. Netherlands has an embassy in Berlin and four consulates-general in Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Frankfurt, and Munich. Both nations are members of the European Union and NATO.
Greece		See Greece–Netherlands relations Greece has an embassy in The Hague. Netherlands has an embassy in Athens. Both nations are members of the European Union, NATO and of the Council of Europe.
Holy See		Holy See has an embassy in The Hague. Netherlands has an embassy to the Holy See is located outside Vatican territory in Rome.
Hungary		See Hungary–Netherlands relations The Netherlands has an embassy in Budapest and an honorary consulate in Pécs.[137] Hungary has an embassy in The Hague and six honorary consulates in Amsterdam, Arnhem, Aerdenhout, Winsum, 's-Hertogenbosch and Curaçao.[138] Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO. Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Hungary (in Dutch only)
Iceland		See Iceland–Netherlands relations Iceland is represented in the Netherlands by its embassy in Oslo, Norway.[139] The Netherlands is represented in Iceland by its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.[140] Both countries are full members of NATO.
Ireland		See Ireland–Netherlands relations Ireland has an embassy in The Hague and a consulate-general in Amsterdam.[141] Netherlands has an embassy in Dublin.[142] Both countries are full members of the European Union.
Italy	15 September 1859	See Foreign relations of Italy Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 September 1859 when has been appointed first Charge d'Affaires of Italy to the Netherlands Andrea Taliacarne.[143] Italy has an embassy in The Hague. Netherlands has an embassy in Rome and a consulate-general in Milan. Both nations are members of the European Union and NATO.
Latvia		Latvia has an embassy in The Hague. Netherlands has an embassy in Riga. Both nations are members of the European Union, NATO and of the Council of Europe.
Lithuania		Lithuania has an embassy in The Hague. Netherlands has an embassy in Vilnius. Both nations are members of the European Union, NATO and of the Council of Europe.
Luxembourg		See Luxembourg–Netherlands relations Luxembourg has an embassy in The Hague. Netherlands has an embassy in Luxembourg City. Both nations are members of the European Union, NATO and of the Council of Europe.
Malta	6 October 1965	See Foreign relations of Malta Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 October 1965 when has been accredited Amabssador of the Netherlands to Malta Mr. Jonkheer Hendrik F. L. K. van Vredenburch.[144] Malta has an embassy in The Hague. Netherlands has an embassy in Valletta. Both countries are full members of the European Union.
Moldova	1992-07-10	See Moldova–Netherlands relations Moldova has an embassy in The Hague and an honorary consulate in Amsterdam. The Netherlands is represented in Moldova through its embassy in Bucharest (Romania) and through an honorary consulate in Chisinau.
Montenegro	8 September 2006	See Montenegro–Netherlands relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 September 2006[145] Montenegro is accredited to the Netherlands from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium. The Netherlands is accredited to Montenegro from its embassy in Belgrade, Serbia. Both countries are full members of NATO. Montenegro is an EU candidate and The Netherlands is an EU member.
North Macedonia		North Macedonia has an embassy in The Hague. Netherlands has an embassy in Skopje. Both countries are full members of NATO.
Norway		See Foreign relations of Norway Netherlands has an embassy in Oslo. Norway has an embassy in The Hague and two consulates-general in Amsterdam and Rotterdam. Both countries are full members of NATO.
Poland		See Netherlands–Poland relations Netherlands has an embassy in Warsaw. Poland has an embassy in The Hague. Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Portugal		See Netherlands–Portugal relations Netherlands has an embassy in Lisbon. Portugal has an embassy in The Hague. Both nations are members of the European Union, NATO and of the Council of Europe.
Romania	1880-02-13	See Netherlands–Romania relations The Netherlands has an embassy in Bucharest and three honorary consulates. Romania has an embassy in The Hague and four honorary consulates. Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Russia		See Netherlands–Russia relations Both countries were establishment of diplomatic relations in 1991 after the fall of the Soviet Union. Peter the Great studied in Holland. During the Cold War, all the Dutch consecutive governments perceived the Warsaw pact including the Soviet Union and Russia as a threat to its safety. Netherlands has an embassy in Moscow, a consulate-general in Saint Petersburg, and an honorary consulate in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. Russia has an embassy in The Hague.
Serbia	1899-04-26	See Netherlands–Serbia relations Netherlands has an embassy in Belgrade.[146] Serbia has an embassy in The Hague.[147] There are between 10,000 and 15,000 people of Serbian descent living in the Netherlands. Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Serbia (in Dutch only) Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with the Netherlands Archived August 14, 2009, at the Wayback Machine The Netherlands is a European Union member and Serbia is a candidate.
Slovakia	1993-01-01	See Netherlands–Slovakia relations The Netherlands has an embassy in Bratislava.[148] Slovakia has an embassy in The Hague. Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO. Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Slovakia (in Dutch only)
Slovenia	1991-06-25	See Netherlands–Slovenia relations The Netherlands has an embassy in Ljubljana.[149] Slovenia has an embassy in The Hague.[150] Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO. Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Slovenia (in Dutch only)
Spain		See Netherlands–Spain relations Netherlands has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in The Hague. Both nations are members of the European Union, NATO and of the Council of Europe.
Sweden		See Netherlands–Sweden relations Netherlands has an embassy in Stockholm. Sweden has an embassy in The Hague. Both countries are full members of the European Union and of the Council of Europe. Netherlands supports Sweden's NATO membership.
Switzerland		See Foreign relations of Switzerland Netherlands has an embassy in Bern. Switzerland has an embassy in The Hague.
Turkey	1612	See Turkey in Asia Above See Netherlands–Turkey relations
Ukraine	1 April 1992	See Netherlands–Ukraine relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 April 1992[151] The Netherlands has an embassy in Kyiv and a consulate in Lviv.[152] Ukraine has an embassy in The Hague.[153] Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Ukraine (in Dutch only)
United Kingdom		See Netherlands–United Kingdom relations The Netherlands has an embassy in London.[154] United Kingdom has an embassy in The Hague and a consulate in Amsterdam.[155] The U.K. has also a consulate in Willemstad, Curaçao.[156] Both countries are full members of NATO.

Oceania

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Australia		See Australia–Netherlands relations Australia has an embassy in The Hague. Netherlands has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate-general in Sydney.
Kiribati	6 June 1980	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 June 1980[157]
New Zealand		See Netherlands–New Zealand relations Netherlands has an embassy in Wellington. New Zealand has an embassy in The Hague.
Samoa	13 April 1976	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 April 1976[158]
Solomon Islands	1 February 1982	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 February 1982[159] Netherlands is accredited to the Solomon Islands from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.[160] Solomon Islands is accredited to the Netherlands from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.[161][162]
Vanuatu		Vanuatu has an honorary consulate in The Hague.[163]

Notes

A. Vandenbosch, Dutch Foreign Policy since 1815 (1959).
Cees Wiebes and Bert Zeeman, "The Pentagon Negotiations March 1948: The Launching of the North Atlantic Treaty." International Affairs 59.3 (1983): 351-363.
"A short history of NATO". NATO. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
"A peaceful Europe – the beginnings of cooperation". European Commission. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
"Colourful money man". POLITICO. June 23, 2004. Retrieved October 25, 2023.
"Donor Profile: Netherlands". donortracker.org. Retrieved June 12, 2023.
"All Past Emergencies and Disasters". Canadian Red Cross.
Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse (April 25, 2022). "Vice Minister Schuiling's visit to Vietnam: Strengthening Vietnam - Netherlands sustainable trade and investment - News item - Netherlandsandyou.nl". www.netherlandsandyou.nl. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
ORET flyer, via Google Docs. Retrieved 2011-10-23.
"WTO | Netherlands - Member information". www.wto.org. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
"Kingdom of the Netherlands—The Netherlands and the IMF". IMF. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
"International Court of Justice: Practical Information". Retrieved July 21, 2022.
See also NL: Ammar en Sara (in Dutch)
"Dutch govt under fire for Syria opposition support". MSN. September 11, 2018. Archived from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
"Dutch funded 'jihadist' group in Syria, terror trial may now falter". Dutch News. September 11, 2018. Retrieved September 16, 2018.
"Which Countries Are For or Against China's Xinjiang Policies?". The Diplomat. July 15, 2019.
"More than 20 ambassadors condemn China's treatment of Uighurs in Xinjiang". The Guardian. July 11, 2019.
Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1976. p. 4177.
Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken Volumes 69-72 (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1961. p. 97.
Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken Volumes 86-90 (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1967. p. 152.
Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken Volumes 69-72 (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1961. p. 97.
Zaken, Ministerie van Algemene (February 21, 2018). "Embassy of Burkina Faso (Brussel) - Embassies, consulates and other representations - Government.nl". www.government.nl.
Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse (November 9, 2017). "Burkina Faso - paysbasetvous.nl". www.paysbasetvous.nl.
"Le jour du Roi, nous commémorons également les relations entre les Pays Bas et le Burundi. L'établissement de liens diplomatiques avec le Burundi date du 04/07/1962". Ambassade du Royaume des Pays-Bas au Burundi (in French). Retrieved June 2, 2023.
Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken Volumes 69-72 (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1961. p. 98.
Muzart-Fonseca dos Santos, Idelette; Manuel Da Costa Esteves, José; Rolland, Denis (2007). Les îles du Cap-Vert: langues, mémoires, histoire (in French). L'Harmattan. pp. 239–240.
Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken, Volumes 78-80 (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1965. p. 123.
Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken Volumes 69-72 (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1961. p. 99.
Zaken, Ministerie van Algemene (February 21, 2018). "Embassy of the Union of the Comoros (Schaarbeek) - Embassies, consulates and other representations - Government.nl". www.government.nl.
Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse (November 3, 2016). "Comoros - netherlandsandyou.nl". www.netherlandsandyou.nl.
"Pragmatische koloniale bondgenoten" (PDF). studenttheses.uu.nl (in Dutch). p. 24. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken Volumes 69-72 (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1961. p. 98.
"Buitenlandse Politiek van Nederland 1848-1945" (in Dutch). Retrieved October 22, 2023.
Rechtsgeleerd magazin Themis (in Dutch). Tjeenk Willink. 1953. p. 388.
Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken Volumes 69-72 (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1961. p. 97.
Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken Volumes 78-80 (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1965. p. 146.
Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken Volumes 69-72 (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1961. p. 98.
Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1963. p. 114.
Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken Volumes 86-90 (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1967. p. 153.
Rechtsgeleerd magazin Themis (in Dutch). Tjeenk Willink. 1953. p. 388.
Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1960. p. 103.
Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1999. p. 161.
Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1964. p. 123.
Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken Volumes 69-72 (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1961. p. 98.
Zaken, Ministerie van Algemene (February 21, 2018). "Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania (Brussel) - Embassies, consulates and other representations - Government.nl". www.government.nl.
Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse (November 4, 2016). "Senegal - netherlandsandyou.nl". www.netherlandsandyou.nl.
Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 4866-4942. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1975. p. 8.
"PRESS RELEASE Ambassador of Namibia presents credentials to the King of the Netherlands" (PDF). EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF NAMIBIA Brussels. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken Volumes 69-72 (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1961. p. 98.
"Two Seychellois ambassadors accredited |10 March 2007". Seychelles Nation. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken Volumes 69-72 (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1961. p. 99.
Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken Volumes 69-72 (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1961. p. 99.
"Netherlands Embassy in Pretoria, South Africa". Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
"South African Embassy in the Netherlands". Retrieved February 20, 2015.
Sudan Almanac. Republic of the Sudan. 1957. p. 27.
Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken Volumes 69-72 (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1961. p. 99.
Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken Volumes 69-72 (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1961. p. 99.
Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken, Volumes 78-80 (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1965. p. 125.
"Embajada de la República Argentina en Reino de los Países Bajos". Retrieved February 20, 2015.
"Embajada del Reino de los Países Bajos en Buenos Aires, Argentina". Archived from the original on February 20, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
"Continued Collaboration Between Barbados & Netherlands". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade Barbados. January 26, 2023. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 30, 2017. Retrieved December 6, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
"Apresentação". haia.itamaraty.gov.br.
"Embaixada do Reino dos Países Baixos em Brasília, Brasil". Archived from the original on February 20, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
"A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Canadian Global Affairs Institute. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
"NCCC – Home". Netherlandscanada.nl. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
"Government of Canada – Gouvernement du Canada". Retrieved February 20, 2015.
"The Embassy and Consulates – Kingdom of the Netherlands, Canada". Archived from the original on February 7, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
"Embajada de Colombia en Países Bajos". Retrieved February 20, 2015.
"Embajada del Reino de los Países Bajos en Bogotá, Colombia". Archived from the original on October 21, 2007. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
Zaken, Ministerie van Algemene (February 21, 2018). "Embassy of the Commonwealth of Dominica (Londen) - Embassies, consulates and other representations - Government.nl". www.government.nl.
Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse (March 28, 2017). "Dominica - netherlandsandyou.nl". www.netherlandsandyou.nl.
"Bilateral Relations". Embajada de la Republica Dominicana ante el Reino de los Paises Bajos. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 7, 2016. Retrieved February 24, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Latin America, January 1950-December 1950. University Publications of America. 2003. p. 525.
"Mexico: Netherlands And Mexican Regulations To The Netherlands – Mexico Treaty Announced". Deloitte & Touche. September 23, 1997. Retrieved June 6, 2009. In a press release dated 14 March 1997, the Netherlands Ministry of Finance announced the Netherlands and Mexican regulations under the Netherlands – Mexico tax treaty and protocol, both of 27 September 1993. The Mexican regulations deal with the formalities to be observed by residents of the Netherlands in order to be exempt from, or obtain a refund of, the Mexican withholding taxes on dividends, interest and royalties.
"Mexico, Netherlands amend treaty to curb tax evasion". Xinhua. 2008. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved June 6, 2009. Mexico and the Netherlands modified a tax treaty signed in 1993 in a bid to strength cooperation to curb tax evasion, Mexican Treasury and Public Credit Ministry said on Friday.
"Mexico: New protocol to the Mexico/Netherlands tax treaty". PricewaterhouseCoopers. 2008. Retrieved June 6, 2009. The Mexican ministry of finance and the Dutch ambassador to Mexico signed a new protocol to the Mexico-Netherlands tax treaty, which includes the following relevant modifications ...
"Bienvenidos a la portada". Retrieved February 20, 2015.
"Nederlandse Ambassade in Mexico-Stad, Mexico". Archived from the original on October 3, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
"Nederlandse ambassade in Paramaribo, Suriname". Archived from the original on March 16, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
"Welcome to the Frontpage". Archived from the original on February 26, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
"A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: The Netherlands". history.state.gov. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
"Foreign investment in U.S. companies soaring". Archived from the original on July 15, 2011.
"Key Factors for Locating European Headquarters in the Netherlands – Netherlands Foreign Investment Agency". Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
"The Netherlands Embassy in Washington, D.C., United States". Archived from the original on February 21, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
"Embassy of the United States The Hague, Netherlands". Archived from the original on December 16, 2011. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
"Consulado Honorario del Reino de los Países Bajos en Montevideo (Uruguay)". Archived from the original on February 20, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
"Servicios al Ciudadano – Embajadas". Archived from the original on September 3, 2018. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
Presse, AFP-Agence France. "Dutch To Move Kabul Embassy To Qatar: Foreign Minister". www.barrons.com. Retrieved October 23, 2023.
Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse (January 17, 2022). "Dutch humanitarian activities and aid: Afghanistan - Weblogs - Government.nl". www.government.nl. Retrieved October 23, 2023.
Helix Consulting LLC. "Embassy of Armenia in the Kingdom of the Netherlands". Retrieved February 20, 2015.
"Embassy of Kingdom the Netherlands in Armenia". Archived from the original on November 30, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
"Canada.Com | Homepage | Canada.Com". ocanada. Archived from the original on February 25, 2012.
"Bhutan-Netherlands relations". Royal Bhutanese Embassy, Brussels, Belgium. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
Indian Information Volume 20. 1947. 1947. p. 406. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
"Embassy of Indonesia – The Hague". Archived from the original on March 8, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
"Netherlands Embassy in Jakarta, Indonesia". Archived from the original on March 18, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
"Dutch-Persian Relations". Encyclopedia Iranica. Retrieved October 13, 2023.
Bescheiden betreffende de buitenlandse politiek van Nederland, 1848-1919 tweede periode 1871-1898 · Issue 122 (in Dutch). M. Nijhoff. 1967. p. 425.
"Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Israel (in Dutch only)" (PDF). August 25, 2021.
"Error-2010-f3". Retrieved February 20, 2015.
"עולם הבלוגים". Archived from the original on January 24, 2010. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
Mitsubishi Corporation – Regional Report on the Kingdom of the Netherlands Archived November 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
400 jaar handel – Four centuries of Japanese–Dutch trade relations: 1609–2009
"Kazakhstan's 25th Anniversary of Diplomatic Relations". www.diplomatmagazine.nl. Archived from the original on May 17, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
Robert van Gulik, The gibbon in China. An essay in Chinese animal lore. E.J.Brill, Leiden, Netherlands. (1967)
"Bilateral Relations". Embassy of the Maldives Brussels. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
"LIST OF COUNTRIES MAINTAINING DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH MONGOLIA" (PDF). DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR LIST. p. 5. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
"Diplomatic Relations between Myanmar and the Netherlands". mifer.gov.mm. Archived from the original on May 29, 2023. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
"Nepal – Netherlands Relations". mofa.gov.np. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
"북한과 네덜란드의 관계" (in Korean). Terms.naver.com. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
"Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Europe" (in Korean). Mofa.go.kr. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
"Relations between the Netherlands and South Korea | International relations". Government.nl. July 1, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
"Nederlandse Ambassade in Seoul, Zuid-Korea". Zuidkorea.nlambassade.org. September 19, 2016. Archived from the original on November 19, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse (January 6, 2017). "South Korea - netherlandsandyou.nl". www.netherlandsandyou.nl.
"Embassy of the Republic of Korea to the Kingdom of the Netherlands" (in Korean). Nld.mofa.go.kr. Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
"주 네덜란드 대한민국 대사관". overseas.mofa.go.kr.
British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Arabia, The Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Jordan and General, 1952. LexisNexis. 2006. p. 311.
"Dutch embassy in Ankara". Archived from the original on October 21, 2009. Retrieved November 15, 2009.
Turkish embassy in The Hague Archived January 8, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
ARR Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited. 1971. p. 543.
"Relations between Albania and the Kingdom of Netherlands". Republic of Albania Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
"Austrian embassy in The Hague (in Dutch and German only)". Archived from the original on July 21, 2012.
"Nederlandse Ambassade in Wenen, Oostenrijk". Archived from the original on November 6, 2011. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
"Nederlandse ambassade in Brussel, België". Archived from the original on January 11, 2012. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
"Diplomatie". Archived from the original on March 9, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
"Bulgarian embassy The Hague". Archived from the original on June 21, 2009.
Dutch embassy Sofia Archived December 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
"Czech-Dutch Bilateral Relations". Embassy of the Czech Republic in The Hague. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
Farrar McDermott, Hugh (1855). Letters on the Sound-dues-question: I-VII. p. 37. Retrieved December 31, 2010.
Nederlandene, Danmark i. "Danmark i Nederlandene". Danmark i Nederlandene. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011.
"Dutch embassy in Copenhagen". Archived from the original on February 24, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
"Finland and Netherlands". finlandabroad.fi. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
"Embassy of France in The Hague, Netherlands". EmbassyPages.com. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
"Embassy of the Netherlands in Paris, France". EmbassyPages.com. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
Dutch embassy in Budapest Archived September 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
"Hungarian embassy in The Hague". Archived from the original on April 16, 2016. Retrieved July 27, 2009.
Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse (November 3, 2016). "Iceland - netherlandsandyou.nl". www.netherlandsandyou.nl.
"San Marínó". www.government.is.
"Department of Foreign Affairs". Archived from the original on February 20, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
"Netherlands Embassy in Dublin, Ireland". Archived from the original on February 20, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
Annuario diplomatico del Regno d'Italia ... (in Italian). Italia : Ministero degli affari esteri. 1886. p. 56. Retrieved October 26, 2023.
The Malta Year Book. St. Michael's College Publications. 1969. p. 155.
"DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS". gov.me. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
Dutch embassy in Belgrade Archived April 22, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
"Index of /~yuambanl". Retrieved February 20, 2015.
"Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Bratislava, Slovakia". Archived from the original on February 7, 2011. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
Dutch embassy in Ljubljana
"Embassy of the Republic of Slovenia Hague". Retrieved February 20, 2015.
"Political Dialogue". Embassy of Ukraine in the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
"Купить диплом про высшее образование" [Buy a diploma of higher education]. Купить диплом про высшее образование. Archived from the original on February 20, 2015.
"Oekraine". Archived from the original on February 20, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
"The Netherlands Embassy :: Visit/Contact the Embassy". Archived from the original on January 10, 2010. Retrieved February 18, 2010.
Netherl, British Embassy The Hague Lange Voorhout 10 2514 ED The Hague; enquiries, s Telephone +3170 4270 427 Use our contact form for consular; note, including on your rights after the UK’s exit from the EU: www gov uk/contact-consulate-the-haguePlease; issues, the Consular Section is accessed via Kleine Kazernestraat to the side of the embassy building For enquiries that are not about consular; Times, Opening. "British Embassy The Hague - GOV.UK". www.gov.uk.
"Worldwide organisations". Retrieved February 20, 2015.
Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1979. p. 98.
"Countries with Established Diplomatic Relations with Samoa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade samoa. Retrieved June 2, 2023.
Briefing Notes for Minister of Foreign Affairs, The Rt. Honourable Sir Peter Kenilorea. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Solomon Islands. 1988. p. 32.
Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse (November 4, 2016). "Solomons Islands - netherlandsandyou.nl". www.netherlandsandyou.nl.
Zaken, Ministerie van Algemene (February 21, 2018). "Embassy of Solomon Islands (Brussel) - Embassies, consulates and other representations - Government.nl". www.government.nl.
"The Mission - Embassy of the Solomon Islands". Archived from the original on September 25, 2019. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
Zaken, Ministerie van Algemene (February 21, 2018). "Honorary Consulate of the Republic of Vanuatu ('s-Gravenhage) - Embassies, consulates and other representations - Government.nl". www.government.nl.

Foreign relations of Europe
Sovereign states	Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City
States with limited recognition	Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria
Dependencies and other entities	Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard
Other entities	European Union Sovereign Military Order of Malta