Timeline of geopolitical changes (before 1500)

This is a timeline of geopolitical changes around the world prior to 1500. It includes dates of declarations of independence, changes in country name, changes of capital city or name, and changes in territorial ownership such as the annexation, occupation, cession, concession, or secession of land. Territorial conquests as a result of war are included on the timeline at the conclusion of major military campaigns, but changes in the course of specific battles and day-to-day operations are generally not included.

Timeline of geopolitical changes

Before the Common Era (BCE)

Fourth Millennium BCE

YearEvent
c. 3200 BCEThe regional power centers of Thinis, Naqada, and Nekhen dominate Upper Egypt.
Beginning of the Indus Valley Civilisation in South Asia.
The city-states of Eridu, Bad-tibira, Larsa, Sippar, and Shuruppak rise to prominence in Sumer.
c. 3080 BCENarmer (or Menes) unites Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt under the First Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis becomes the capital of all Egypt.
c. 3000 BCEEtana establishes the Sumerian First Dynasty of Kish. Kish is the capital.

Third Millennium BCE

YearEvent
c. 2879 BCEDương Vương establishes the Hồng Bàng dynasty in Vietnam.
c. 2860 BCEHotepsekhemwy establishes the Second Dynasty of Egypt.
c. 2750 BCEMesh-ki-ang-gasher establishes the First Dynasty of Uruk. Uruk becomes the capital.
c. 2727 BCEDjoser establishes the Third Dynasty of Egypt.
26th century BCEThe Second dynasty of Kish takes control of Sumer from the Elamite Awan dynasty. The capital is Kish.
The Elamite Awan dynasty conquers the Sumerian First Dynasty of Ur
Mesannepada establishes the First Dynasty of Ur. Ur becomes the de facto capital of Sumer.
c. 2686 BCEThe Old Kingdom of Egypt is established. This era sees the building of the Egyptian pyramids.
c. 2655 BCESneferu establishes the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt.
c. 2500 BCEThe Dynasty of Hamazi supersedes the Second dynasty of Kish. The capital is moved from Kish to Hamazi.
24th century BCE The Fourth dynasty of Kish supersedes the Dynasty of Akshak. The capital is moved from Akshak to Kish.
The Dynasty of Akshak supersedes the Third dynasty of Kish. The capital is moved from Kish to Akshak.
The Third dynasty of Kish supersedes the Dynasty of Mari. The capital is moved from Mari to Kish.
The Dynasty of Mari regains control of Sumer. Mari is its capital.
The Dynasty of Adab splits after the death of Lugal-Anne-Mundu. Lagash, Akshak, and Umma appear to have regained independence.
The Dynasty of Adab supersedes the Second dynasty of Uruk. The capital is moved from Uruk to Adab.
The Second dynasty of Uruk supersedes the Dynasty of Hamazi in Sumer. The capital is moved from Hamazi to Uruk.
c. 2494 BCEUserkaf establishes the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt.
c. 2350 BCEThe Elamite Awan dynasty is established.[1]
c. 2336 BCETeti establishes the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt.
c. 2333 BCEDangun Wanggeom establishes Gojoseon on the Korean Peninsula.
c. 2380 BCEUr-Nanshe establishes the Sumerian First Dynasty of Lagash superseding the Fourth dynasty of Kish. Lagash is the capital.
c. 2270 BCESargon of Akkad establishes the Sumerian First Dynasty of Akkad after defeating Lugal-zage-si at the Battle of Uruk. Akkad is the capital.
c. 2193 BCEThe Akkadian Empire collapses after an invasion by the Gutian people.
c. 2181 BCEThe Old Kingdom of Egypt collapses, beginning the First Intermediate Period of Egypt.
c. 2175 BCENetjerkare establishes the Seventh Dynasty of Egypt.
c. 2165 BCENeferkare Pepiseneb establishes the Eighth Dynasty of Egypt.
c. 2160 BCEMeryibre Khety establishes the Ninth Dynasty of Egypt. Henen-nesut becomes the capital of Lower Egypt.
c. 2130 BCEMentuhotep I establishes the Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt. Thebes becomes the capital of Upper Egypt.
Meryhathor establishes the Tenth Dynasty of Egypt. Henen-nesut remains the capital of Lower Egypt.
c. 2112 BCEUtu-hengal defeats the Gutians and establishes the Third Dynasty of Ur.
c. 2070 BCEYu the Great establishes the Xia dynasty in China. Yangcheng and Zhenxun are the capitals.
c. 2055 BCEThe Middle Kingdom of Egypt is established.
c. 2047 BCEUr-Nammu establishes the Sumerian Third Dynasty of Ur. Ur is the capital.

Second Millennium BCE

YearEvent
c. 1983 BCEAmenemhat I establishes the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt and builds Amenemhat-itj-tawy to be the new capital.
c. 1940 BCEThe Third Dynasty of Ur falls after an Elamite invasion
c. 1900 BCEZulilu establishes the Old Assyrian Empire. Assur is the capital.
c. 1894 BCESumu-abum establishes the First Babylonian dynasty. Babylon is the capital.
c. 1810 BCESumu-Epuh first attested king of the empire of Yamhad. Aleppo is the capital.
c. 1778 BCEWegaf Khutawyre establishes the Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt.
c. 1763 BCEHammurabi establishes the Babylonian Empire.
c. 1710 BCENehesy establishes the Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Xois is the capital.
c. 1650 BCEThe Middle Kingdom of Egypt collapses, beginning the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt
c. 1624 BCESalitis establishes the Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Avaris is the capital.
c. 1620 BCEDjehuti establishes the Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Thebes is the capital.
c. 1619 BCERahotep Sekhenrewahkhaw establishes the Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt.
c. 1600 BCETang establishes the Shang dynasty in China. Yin is the capital.
c. 1550 BCEThe New Kingdom of Egypt is established
c. 1534 BCEAgum II establishes the rule of the Kassites in Mesopotamia. Babylon becomes the capital.
Pharaoh Ahmose I establishes the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt.
c. 1400 BCEKurigalzu I a Kassite king in Mesopotamia moves the capital to Dur-Kurigalzu.
c. 1345 BCEPharaoh Akhenaten of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt moves capital to Amarna (Akhetaton).
c. 1340 BCEAshur-uballit I establishes the Middle Assyrian Empire. Assur is the capital.
c. 1332 BCE Collapse of the Indus Valley civilisation.
Pharaoh Tutankhamun of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt moves the capital to Memphis.
c. 1295 BCEPharaoh Muwatalli II of the Hittite empire moves capital to Tarhuntassa.
c. 1293 BCEPharaoh Ramesses I establishes the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt.
c. 1272 BCEMursili III of the Hittite empire moves capital back to Hattusa.
c. 1243 BCE Ashur-nadin-apli of the Middle Assyrian Empire moves capital back to Assur.
Tukulti-Ninurta I of the Middle Assyrian Empire moves capital to Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta.
c. 1230 BCEPharaoh Ramesses II builds a new capital for the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt at the site of Avaris and names it Pi-Ramesses Aa-nakhtu.
c. 1188 BCEPharaoh Setnakhte establishes the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt.
c. 1184 BCEGreeks destroy the city-state of Troy.
c. 1100 BCE Jin is established in China.
c. 1077 BCEThe New Kingdom of Egypt collapses, beginning the Third Intermediate Period of Egypt
c. 1070 BCEPharaoh Nesbanebdjed I establishes the Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt. Tanis becomes the capital.
c. 1047 BCEShaul ben Qysh establishes the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah. Gibeah is the capital.
c. 1046 BCE Shangfu establishes Qi in China. Yingqiu is the capital.
Wu establishes Western Zhou dynasty in China. Fenghao is the capital.
c. 1043 BCE Bo Qin establishes Lu in China. Qufu is the capital.
c. 1004 BCEKing David conquers the city of Jebus and makes the renamed City of David (now Jerusalem) the capital of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah.

First Millennium BCE

YearDateEvent
c. 945 BCEPharaoh Shoshenq I establishes the Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt.
c. 930 BCEThe Kingdom of Israel under Jeroboam I separates from the Kingdom of Judah under Rehoboam. Samaria becomes the capital of Israel, while Jerusalem remains the capital of Judah.
911 BCEAdad-nirari II establishes the New Assyrian Empire.
c. 910 BCEFeizi establishes Qin in China.
Earliest city-states in Ancient Greece.
879 BCEAshurnasirpal II moves the capital of the New Assyrian Empire to Kalhu.
c. 875 BCEPharaoh Pedubast I establishes the Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt. Thebes is the capital of Upper Egypt.
808 BCEKaranus establishes the Argead Dynasty of Macedon and builds Aigai to be the capital.
770 BCEPing establishes the Eastern Zhou dynasty in China. Wangcheng is the capital.
753 BCE21 AprilRomulus establishes the Kingdom of Rome. The new city of Rome becomes the capital.
745 BCETiglath-Pileser III founds the Neo-Assyrian Empire, annexing the city of Babylon
c. 740 BCENubian King Piye establishes the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt and rules Egypt from Napata in Nubia.
734–733 BCEThe city of Syracuse, Sicily is founded by settlers from Corinth and Tenea.
732 BCEThe Assyrians conquer Damascus, ending the kingdom of Aram-Damascus.
c. 728 BCEPharaoh Tefnakhte establishes the Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt. Sais becomes the capital.
720 BCETraditional date for the destruction of the Kingdom of Israel at the hands of the Assyrians.
717 BCEThe Neo-Hittite state of Carchemish falls to the Assyrians.
713 BCEThe Neo-Hittite states of Tabal and Hilakku fall to the Assyrians.
706 BCEThe capital of Assyria moves from Nimrud to Dur-Sharrukin.
705 BCEThe capital of Assyria moves from Dur-Sharrukin to Nineveh.
c. 700 BCEPhoenicians establish a colony in Malta with Maleth as capital.
695 BCEGordium, capital of Phrygia, is destroyed by the Cimmerians, resulting in Phrygia being ruled by the Lydians.
694 BCEDeioces is elected the first King of the Medes. Ecbatana (now Hamadan) is the capital.
671 BCEEsarhaddon captures Memphis and drives the Kushites out of Lower Egypt, and establishes local rulers in the delta region.
c. 664 BCEPharaoh Necho I establishes the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt. Sais is the capital.
660 BCE11 FebruaryEmperor Jimmu establishes the Empire of Japan.
657 BCEByzantium is settled by colonists from Megara.
653 BCEAfter the Battle of Ulai, Elam is vassalized by the Assyrians.
650 BCEAncient Carthage is established.
640 BCEThe Assyrians conquer Elam.
626 BCENovemberThe Neo-Babylonian Empire is established.[2]
620 BCEUruk and Nippur are conquered by the Neo-Babylonian Empire.
615 BCEOctober or NovemberThe Medes conquer Arrapha from the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
612 BCENineveh falls to a coalition of the Medes and Babylonians
609 BCEHarran, the new capital of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, is destroyed by the Medes and Babylonians
605 BCEWith the Battle of Carchemish, the Neo-Assyrian Empire is destroyed and replaced by a balance of power between Babylon, Media, Lydia and Egypt.
586 BCETraditional date for the destruction of the Kingdom of Judah at the hands of the Babylonians.
550 BCECyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire and makes Pasargadae the new capital.
546 BCECyrus the Great conquers the Lydian Empire
543 BCEPrince Vijaya establishes the Sinhala Kingdom at Tambapanni and makes Tambapaṇṇī the new capital, in Sri Lanka.
539 BCECyrus the Great conquers the Neo-Babylonian Empire.
535 BCECyrus the Great conquers the Gandhara Kingdom.
Cyrus the Great conquers Phoenicia.
525 BCEMayCambyses II of Persia conquers Egypt and establishes the Persian Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt as Pharaoh Cambyses II.
515 BCEDarius the Great moves the capital of the Achaemenid Empire to Persepolis.
509 BCEThe Roman Republic supersedes the Kingdom of Rome.
492 BCEThe Kingdom of Macedonia is conquered by the Achaemenid Empire.
479 BCEThe Delian League is established.
The Kingdom of Macedonia becomes independent of the Achaemenid Empire.
409 BCESelinus and Himera in Sicily are destroyed by Carthage.
406 BCEAkragas in Sicily is abandoned by the Greeks and sacked by Carthage.
405 BCEGela and Camarina in Sicily are abandoned by the Greeks and sacked by Carthage.
404 BCEAmyrtaeus expels the Persians from Egypt and establishes the Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt as Pharaoh Amyrtaeus. Sais is the capital.
Athens surrenders to Sparta and her allies, resulting in the dismemberment of the Delian League and a temporary Spartan hegemony.
403 BCEZhao arises from the division of Jin.
Han arises from the division of Jin.
Wei arises from the division of Jin.
399 BCEAutumnPharaoh Nefaarud I establishes the Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt. Mendes becomes the capital.
387 BCEThe Peace of Antalcidas imposes Persian rule on the Greek cities of Asia and Cyprus.
380 BCENovemberPharaoh Nectanebo I establishes the Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt. Sebennytos becomes the capital.
377 BCEThe Anuradhapura Kingdom is established.
376 BCEFall of Jin in China.
375 BCEZheng annexed by Han.
343 BCEArtaxerxes III of Persia reconquers Egypt and establishes the Persian Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt as Pharaoh Artaxerxes III.
338 BCEPhilip II of Macedon unites Greece.
332 BCEAlexander the Great of Macedon conquers Persian-occupied Egypt and establishes the Argead Dynasty of Egypt as Pharaoh Alexander III. Alexander builds a new capital at Alexandria.
331 BCEThe Kingdom of Armenia is established. Dvin is the capital.
330 BCEAlexander the Great conquers the Achaemenid Empire and makes Babylon the capital.
329 BCEAlexander conquers Samarkand.
323 BCEAlexander the Great of Macedon dies and his empire splits.
322 BCEChandragupta establishes the Maurya Empire of ancient India. Pataliputra (now Patna) is the capital.
316 BCEThe states of Shu and Ba are conquered by King Huiwen of Qin.
312 BCEMacedonian general Seleucus establishes the Seleucid Empire. Babylon is the capital.
309 BCESeleucus I Nicator forms the Seleucid Empire after conquering Babylonia, Media, and Elam from Antigonus I Monophthalmus in the Babylonian War, leaving him with one-third of his empire.
306 BCEFollowing the death of Alexander IV of Macedon, Antigonus I Monophthalmus declares himself an independent king, soon to by followed by his fellow Diadochi Ptolemy I Soter, Seleucus I Nicator, Lysimachus, and Cassander.
305 BCEMacedonian general Ptolemy establishes the Ptolemaic Dynasty of Egypt as King Ptolemy I Soter.
302 BCEParnavaz I founds the Kingdom of Iberia in the Caucasus.
301 BCEThe death of Antigonus I Monophthalmus at the Battle of Ipsus results in his kingdom being divided between the remaining Diadochi, namely Ptolemy I Soter, Seleucus I Nicator, Lysimachus, and Cassander.
c. 300 BCEThe Chola dynasty is established.
294 BCEDemetrius I of Macedon kills Alexander V of Macedon, and in claiming the throne loses Thebes to a revolt.
291 BCEDemetrius Poliorcetes captures Thebes after a successful siege.
281 BCELysimachus dies at the Battle of Corupedium, his empire falling to the Seleucids.
266 BCEAshoka unifies most of South Asia.
238 BCEArsaces I of Parthia establishes the Arsacid Dynasty of Parthia. Hecatompylus becomes the capital.
Sardinia and Corsica become Roman provinces.
Sicily becomes the first Roman province.
230 BCEHan is conquered by Qin.
225 BCEWei is conquered by Qin.
222 BCEZhao is conquered by Qin.
Yan is conquered by Qin.
221 BCEQin Shi Huang unifies ancient China and establishes the Qin dynasty in China. Xianyang is the capital.
Qi is conquered by Qin.
211 BCEThe Romans capture Syracuse.
209 BCEThe Romans conquer Cartagena from the Carthaginians, bringing Carthaginian Spain under Roman control.
206 BCEFall of the Qin dynasty in China.
204 BCEZhao Tuo establishes Nanyue in what is now Southern China. Panyu is the capital.
202 BCE28 FebruaryGaozu establishes the Western Han dynasty in China. Chang'an is the capital.
The Kingdom of Numidia is established. Cirta is the capital.
c. 200 BCEThe Nabataean Empire is established. Petra is the capital.
194 BCEWanggeom-seong becomes the capital of Wiman Joseon on the Korean Peninsula.
The Seleucids take control of Coele Syria and Judea from Ptolemaic Egypt.
The Romans force Philip of Macedon to abandon Greece in the Peace of Flamininus, while allowing him to maintain Macedon itself.
185 BCEThe Shunga Empire is formed after the Mauryan Empire is destroyed.
180 BCEDemetrius I of Bactria invades India, forming the Indo-Greek Kingdom.
168 BCEThe Romans dissolve the Kingdom of Macedon after the Battle of Pydna.
148 BCEMithridates I of Parthia conquers Ecbatana.
146 BCEThe Romans conquer Iberia.
Ancient Carthage is disestablished.
The Romans conquer Corinth and dissolve the Achaean League.
The Roman provinces of Macedon and Achaea are formed.
135 BCEThe western half of Minyue is conquered by the Han dynasty.
133 BCEUpon the death of Attalus III, he wills his kingdom of Pergamon to the Roman Republic.
The Romans conquer Celtiberia following the Siege of Numantia.
111 BCEBy this date, the Han dynasty under Wu had conquered much of what is today Southern China and Northern Vietnam from Nanyue. Start of the First Chinese domination of Vietnam.
75 BCEThe Kanva dynasty is established.
63 BCEThe Romans conquer Jerusalem.
The Romans annex western Pontus and create a client state out of the Eastern portion under Pharnaces II.
5850 BCEThe Romans conquer Gaul.
57 BCEHyeokgeose establishes Silla on the southeast Korean Peninsula. Gyeongju is the capital.
43 BCEThe Romans begin their conquest of Great Britain.
37 BCEDongmyeong establishes Goguryeo on the northern Korean Peninsula. Jolbon is the capital.
Romans annex the Kingdom of Numidia.
35 BCEThe Romans conquer the city of Sirmium (present-day Sremska Mitrovica).
30 BCE1 AugustRoman consul Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus conquers the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt. Octavianus organizes Egypt as a province under his personal control.
27 BCE16 JanuaryThe Roman Senate grants Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus the title Augustus. This effectively ends the Roman Republic and establishes the Roman Empire.
18 BCEOnjo establishes Baekje on the central Korean Peninsula. Wiryeseong is the capital.

Common Era (CE)

1st century

YearDateEvent
3The Goguryeo of Korea moves its capital from Jolbon to Gungnae.
5The Romans conquer much of the Middle East.
9Wang Mang establishes the Xin dynasty in China.
12The Romans conquer the Artaxiad dynasty.
19The Indo-Parthian Kingdom splits off from the Parthian Empire. Taxila is the capital.
25Guangwu establishes the Eastern Han dynasty in China.
30Kujula Kadphises establishes the Kushan Empire.
40The Trưng Sisters rebel against Chinese rule in Vietnam, ending the First Chinese domination of Vietnam.[3]
42The Gaya confederacy is established in the south of the Korean peninsula.
43Beginning of the Second Chinese domination of Vietnam.[3]
44The Romans conquer Mauretania.
71–84The Romans conquer Wales and southern Scotland.
83The Romans establish the provinces of Germania Inferior and Germania Superior.
93Xianbei emerges as a tribal federation of nomadic tribes.

2nd century

YearDateEvent
106The Roman province of Roman Dacia is established.
The Romans conquer the Nabataean Empire and establish the province of Arabia Petraea.
114–116A war with the Parthian Empire leads to parts of Mesopotamia being annexed to the Roman Empire.
136After the Bar Kokhba revolt, the Romans dissolve the province of Judea and incorporate it into Syria Palaestina.
c. 180Buyeo is established in Northeast Asia.
192The first kingdom of the Champa is established.

3rd century

YearDateEvent
220Wen establishes Cao Wei in China. Xuchang and Luoyang are the capitals.
221Zhaolie establishes Shu Han in China. Chengdu is the capital.
222Da establishes Eastern Wu in China. Wuchang and Jianye are the capitals.
224The Indo-Parthian Kingdom is dissolved.
The Sasanian Empire is established in Persia and follows the Parthian Empire.
234Xianbei is dissolved.
240The Gupta Empire is established in India.
260Syrian Queen Zenobia breaks from the Roman Empire and establishes the Palmyrene Empire. Palmyra is the capital.
Postumus (Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus) breaks from the Roman Empire and establishes the Gallic Empire. Colonia Agrippina (now Cologne, Germany) is the capital.
266Wu establishes the Western Jin dynasty in China. Luoyang and Chang'an are the capitals.
269The Palmyrene Empire conquers the Roman Province of Egypt.
Roman Emperor Claudius II recovers Hispania from the Gallic Empire.
271Roman Dacia is abandoned.
273Roman Emperor Aurelian (Lucius Domitius Aurelianus) conquers the Gallic Empire, which is subsumed back into the Roman Empire.
274Roman Emperor Aurelian conquers the Palmyrene Empire, which is subsumed back into the Roman Empire.
2861 AprilRoman Emperor Diocletian (Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus) appoints Maximian (Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus Herculius) as his co-emperor, splitting the Roman Empire into a dyarchy with capitals at Mediolanum (now Milan, Italy) and Augusta Treverorum (now Trier, Germany).
293Roman co-emperors Diocletian and Maximian split the Roman Empire into a tetrarchy with capitals at Mediolanum (now Milan, Italy), Augusta Treverorum (now Trier, Germany), Nicomedia (now İzmit, Turkey), and Sirmium (now Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia).

4th century

YearDateEvent
3013 SeptemberSaint Marinus establishes the Most Serene Republic of San Marino, declaring independence from the Roman Empire. The City of San Marino is the capital.
304Guangwen establishes Han Zhao in China.
Wu establishes Cheng Han in China. Chengdu is the capital.
317Yuan establishes the Eastern Jin dynasty in China. Jiankang is the capital.
319Ming establishes Later Zhao in China.
320Ming establishes Former Liang in China.
32418 SeptemberConstantine the Great reunites the Roman Empire. Nicomedia (now İzmit, Turkey) becomes the capital.
33011 MayRoman Emperor Constantine the Great builds a new capital for the Roman Empire at Byzantium which he renames Constantinopolis (now Istanbul, Turkey).[4]
337Wenming establishes Former Yan in China.
351Jingming establishes Former Qin in China.
358Franks are allowed to settle in Toxandria (present-day Belgium).
370The Bosporan Kingdom is disestablished.
Huns appear north of the Black Sea.
375Fall of the Kushan Empire in India.[5]
384Chengwu establishes Later Yan in China.
Wuzhao establishes Later Qin in China. Chang'an is the capital.
Liewen establishes Western Yan in China.
385Xuanlie establishes Western Qin in China.
386Yiwu establishes Later Liang in China. Guzang is the capital.
Daowu establishes the Northern Wei dynasty in China.
39517 JanuaryAt his death, Roman emperor Theodosius I permanently splits the Roman Empire between his two sons: Arcadius rules the Eastern Roman Empire from Constantinopolis (now Istanbul, Turkey), and Honorius rules the Western Roman Empire from Mediolanum (now Milan, Italy).
397Wu establishes Southern Liang in China.
Duan Ye establishes Northern Liang in China.
398Xianwu establishes Southern Yan in China.

5th century

YearDateEvent
400Wuzhao establishes Western Liang in China.
402The capital of the Western Roman Empire is moved to Ravenna.
405A mixed group of barbarians including Vandals, Alans, and Suebi enter the Western Roman Empire in the Crossing of the Rhine.
407Qujie establishes Xia in China.
Ziyu establishes Northern Yan in China.
411The Burgundians establish a kingdom on the western bank of the Rhine.
418The Visigoths establish a kingdom in southern Gaul.
420Wu establishes the Liu Song dynasty in China. Jiankang is the capital.
426The Alans leave Hispania.
427The Goguryeo of Korea moves its capital from Gungnae City to Pyongyang.
428The Kingdom of Armenia is annexed by the Sasanian Empire.
429The Vandals enter Africa.
430The Vandals conquer Corsica from the Western Roman Empire.
435The Vandals establish the Vandal Kingdom in North Africa.
439The Vandals take Carthage.
c. 440Attila the Hun establishes the Hunnic Empire north of the Danube.
451–453The Huns attack the Western Roman Empire.
c. 455The Kingdom of Kent is founded. Canterbury is the capital.
457–461Western Roman Emperor Majorian makes a concerted effort to try to restore the Empire, and reconquers most of Hispania and southern Gaul.
469The Hunnic Empire is disestablished after Dengizich dies.
475The Baekje of Korea moves its capital from Wirye to Ungjin by pressure from Goguryeo.
4764 SeptemberThe Germanic leader Odoacer forces Roman Emperor Romulus Augustus to abdicate, bringing the Western Roman Empire to an end.
479Gao establishes the Southern Qi dynasty in China. Jiankang is the capital.
c. 477The Kingdom of Sussex is established. Chichester is the capital.
480A Roman rump state, Roman Dalmatia, is disestablished after Julius Nepos is murdered.
481The Frankish Empire is established by Clovis I and includes large areas of the former Western Roman Empire. Tournai is the capital.[6]
486The Kingdom of Soissons, a Roman rump state ruled by Syagrius, is conquered by the Franks.
490Odoacer is defeated at the river Adda by the Goths and flees.
493The Ostrogoths establish the Ostrogothic Kingdom in Italy.
494Buyeo is conquered by Goguryeo.

6th century

YearDateEvent
c. 500The Ghana Empire is established.
502Wu establishes the Liang dynasty in China.
508Frankish King Clovis the Frank makes Paris the capital of the Frankish Kingdom.
519The Kingdom of Wessex is established. Winchester is the capital.
522The Byzantine Empire conquers Corsica from the Vandals.
527Mercia is established in Anglo-Saxon England. Tamworth is the capital.
534Wen establishes the Western Wei dynasty in China.
Xiaojing establishes the Eastern Wei dynasty in China.
538The Baekje of Korea moves its capital from Ungjin to Sabi.
The Vandal Kingdom is conquered by the Byzantine Empire.
543Fall of the Gupta Empire in India.
544Lý Nam Đế establishes the Early Lý dynasty in Vietnam, ending the Second Chinese domination of Vietnam.
550Wenxuan establishes the Northern Qi dynasty in China.
552The First Turkic Khaganate is established.
553The Ostrogothic Kingdom is conquered by the Byzantine Empire.
555Xuan establishes the Western Liang dynasty in China.
Garibald I becomes the first documented duke of the Duchy of Bavaria.
557Xiaomin establishes the Northern Zhou dynasty in China.
Wu establishes the Chen dynasty in China.
568 The Kingdom of the Lombards is established. Pavia is the capital.
570The Duchy of Spoleto is established. Spoleto is the capital.
571The Duchy of Benevento is established.
580The Sasanian Empire annexes the Kingdom of Iberia.
581Wen establishes the Sui dynasty in China. Chang'an is the capital.
585The Visigothic Kingdom conquers the Kingdom of the Suebi.

7th century

YearDateEvent
c. 600The Duchy of Croatia is established.
The Frisian Kingdom is established. Dorestad is the capital.
602The Early Lý dynasty of Vietnam is conquered by the Sui dynasty of China, beginning the Third Chinese domination of Vietnam.
The Duchy of Aquitaine is established.
The Duchy of Gascony is established.
605The Sui dynasty in China moves its capital from Chang'an to Luoyang.
610The Eastern Roman Empire transforms into the Greek-oriented Byzantine Empire.
61818 JuneGaozu establishes the Tang dynasty in China. Chang'an and Luoyang are the capitals.
Songtsen Gampo establishes the Tibetan Empire. Lhasa is the capital.
628Hwicce becomes a client or sub-kingdom of Mercia.
63011 JanuaryThe Islamic prophet Muhammad (Muhammad ibn ‘Abdullāh) conquers Mecca and unites Arabia. Medina is the capital.
632Abu Bakr establishes the Rashidun Caliphate, the first great Muslim empire. Medina is the capital.
634The Anglian kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira unite to form Northumbria.
640The Rashidun Caliphate conquers Egypt from the Byzantine Empire.
643The Rashidun Caliphate conquers Tripolitania from the Byzantine Empire.
651The Sasanian Empire collapses after the conquest of Persia by the Rashidun Caliphate.
650The Srivijaya Empire is established.
654Arminiya is established. Dvin is the capital.
656The Rashidun Caliphate moves its capital from Medina to Kufa.
661Muawiyah I establishes the Umayyad Caliphate, which follows the Rashidun Caliphate. Damascus is the capital.
The Duchy of Naples is established as a province of the Byzantine Empire and soon becomes a de facto independent state. Naples is the capital.
676Silla unifies the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Gyeongju is the capital.
680The Kingdom of Ceredigion changes its name to the Kingdom of Seisyllwg.
681Khan Asparukh crosses the Danube Delta and settles in the Ongal area (Southern Bessarabia or northern Dobruja). Asparukh, with his Slav allies, defeats Byzantine Emperor Constantine IV and establishes the First Bulgarian Empire. Pliska is the capital.
682The Second Turkic Khaganate becomes independent of the Tang dynasty.
690King Go establishes Balhae in Manchuria and the northern Korean Peninsula.
Wu Zhao establishes Wu Zhou in China. Shendu is the capital.
Muslims conquer North Africa.[7]
697The Republic of Venice is established. Eraclea is the capital.

8th century

YearDateEvent
705The Tang dynasty in China is restored under Zhongzong.
710The Nara period begins in Japan.
711A Berber force under the Berber general Tariq ibn Ziyad, loyal to the Emir of Damascus, enters the Iberian peninsula from North Africa, thus starting the foundation of Al-Andalus.
717Córdoba becomes the capital of Muslim Al-Andalus.
718The Kingdom of Asturias is established.
The second Arab siege of Constantinople ends with the destruction of a large part of the Umayyad Caliphate's fleet. This prevents the complete conquest of the Byzantine Empire by the Muslims.
722The Kingdom of Asturias defeats the Muslim Al-Andalus in the Battle of Covadonga. This marks the beginning of the Reconquista, which lasted for over 700 years.
725The Lombards conquer Corsica from the Byzantine Empire.
73210 OctoberBy winning the Battle of Tours, the Franks defeat the Umayyad invasion of Gaul and halt further Muslim expansion into Christian Europe.
734The Franks annex the Frisian lands between the Vlie and the Lauwers.
742The Republic of Venice moves its capital from Eraclea to Malamocco.
744The Uyghur Khaganate follows the Second Turkic Khaganate.
The Franks conquer Alemannia.
750The Abbasid Caliphate follows the Umayyad Caliphate. Kufa is the capital.[8]
Gopala I establishes the Pala Dynasty in India.
751The Exarchate of Ravenna, the center of Byzantine power in Italy, is disestablished after the Lombards invade.
The Abbasid Caliphate defeats the Tang dynasty in the Battle of Talas, thus conquering Transoxania and spreading Islam in Central Asia.[9]
The Imamate of Oman is established.
754The Papal States are established. Rome is the capital.
756Abd al-Rahman I establishes the Emirate of Córdoba as an Umayyad exile empire on the Iberian Peninsula. Córdoba is the capital.
759The Franks conquer Septimania.
761The Rustamid dynasty is established in North Africa.
762Baghdad becomes the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate for the first time.
768–769The Franks conquer Aquitania.
769The Franks conquer Gascony.
774The Franks conquer the Kingdom of the Lombards (Italy).
The Lombard Duchy of Benevento in the south of Italy effectively becomes independent and becomes the Principality of Benevento.
785The Franks defeat Widukind, thereby conquering the remaining Frisian lands east of the Lauwers and vassalizing Saxony.
787The Duchy of Benevento submits to Frankish overlordship but retains effective autonomy.
788The Franks conquer Bavaria.[10]
The Franks annex Chieti from the Principality of Benevento to the Duchy of Spoleto.
794Kyoto becomes the capital of Japan.
795The Franks create the Marca Hispanica as a buffer against Muslim Al-Andalus.
796The capital of the Abbasid Caliphate is moved to Raqqa.

9th century

YearDateEvent
800Charlemagne establishes the Carolingian Empire. While Rome is the official capital of the empire, Aix-la-Chapelle is the de facto capital.
Saxony is integrated into the Frankish Kingdom as the Duchy of Saxony.
801The County of Barcelona is established. Barcelona is the capital.
802Jayavarman II establishes the Khmer Empire.
807The County of Aragon is established.
810The Republic of Venice moves its capital from Malamocco to Venice.
814Cornwall loses its independence to Wessex, possibly becoming a sub-kingdom.
820The title Count of Aragon is usurped and Aragon ceases to be a vassal of the Franks.
821The Tahirid dynasty is established in Persia. Merv is the capital.
824The Kingdom of Pamplona (later Navarre) is established.
825The Kingdom of Essex is ceded to Wessex.
The Kingdom of Sussex becomes subject to Wessex.
828 Carantania is absorbed into Bavaria
831SeptemberPalermo, Sicily is captured by the Aghlabid Emirate of Ifriqiya, is renamed al-Madinah, and becomes the capital of Muslim Sicily.
833Great Moravia is established.
836The capital of the Abbasid Caliphate is moved to Samarra.
840The Uyghur Khaganate is destroyed by the Kyrgyz.
842The Tibetan Empire disintegrates into various small states.
843Charles the Bald, grandson of Emperor Charlemagne, makes Paris the capital of the Kingdom of the West Franks, established as the result of the Treaty of Verdun.
The Kingdom of Scotland (Kingdom of Alba) is unified.
The Carolingian Empire (Francia) is partitioned into three by the Treaty of Verdun, forming West, Middle, and East Francia.
846The March of Tuscany is established. Lucca is the capital.
850The Chimú Empire is established in South America.
851The Principality of Salerno is partitioned from the Principality of Benevento.
The Kingdom of Brittany is established.
853The Vikings establish the Kingdom of Dublin.
855Middle Francia is partitioned into the Kingdom of Italy, Lotharingia, and the Kingdom of Provence by the Treaty of Prüm.
858Æthelberht is crowned king of Sussex and Kent.
860Æthelberht succeeds his brother Æthelbald as king of Wessex, thus uniting it with Sussex and Kent.
861The Saffarid dynasty is established in Persia. Zaranj is the capital.
862The County of Flanders is established. Bruges is the capital.
865Danish Vikings conquer parts of England and found Daneslaw.
867The Danes conquer Northumbria.
868The Turkic Tulunids under Ahmad ibn Tulun split off from the Abbasids and rule over Egypt.
The County of Portugal is established. Braga is the capital.
869The Danes conquer East Anglia.
c. 870The Principality of Bohemia is established. Prague is the capital.
870As a result of the Treaty of Meerssen, Lotharingia is divided between East and West Francia, and Provence is divided between East Francia, West Francia, and the Kingdom of Italy.
872The Kingdom of Norway is unified.
873The Byzantine Empire re-conquers Otranto from the Saracens.
The Tahirid Dynasty is conquered in Persia by the Saffarid Dynasty.
876The Byzantine Empire re-conquers Bari.
878The Emirate of Sicily takes Syracuse, Sicily from the Byzantine Empire.
879The Kievan Rus' is established by Vikings. Novgorod is the capital.
880sByzantine control in southern Italy is extended over most of Apulia and Calabria.
880The Kings of West Francia cede their portion of Lotharingia to East Francia by the Treaty of Ribemont.
884Arminiya is dissolved.
891The Byzantine Empire conquers Benevento and establishes the theme of Longobardia.
Harald Fairhair unifies the Petty kingdoms of Norway and establishes the Kingdom of Norway. Stavanger becomes the capital.
893The First Bulgarian Empire moves its capital from Pliska to Preslav.
895Grand Prince Árpád establishes the Principality of Hungary.
Pannonia is reunited
896The Sultanate of Showa is established.
898The Electorate of Trier is established.

10th century

YearDateEvent
902The Byzantine city of Taormina, Sicily falls to the Emirate of Ifriqiya.
903Gaozu establishes Former Shu in China. Chengdu is the capital.
905The Khúc clan establishes de facto rule over Vietnam.
906The Duchy of Franconia is established.
907Taizu establishes Min in China. Changle is the capital.
The Fatimids take Raqqada from the Aghlabid Emirate of Ifriqiya, establishing the Fatimid Caliphate.
Taizu establishes the Later Liang dynasty in China. Luoyang and Kaifeng are the capitals.
Liezu establishes Yang Wu in China.
Wumu establishes Ma Chu in China.
Taizu establishes Wuyue in China.
Collapse of the Tang dynasty in China.
909Fall of the Rustamid dynasty in North Africa.
The Abbasid Caliphate reconquers Egypt from the Tulunids.
91010 DecemberThe Kingdom of Asturias moves its capital to León and becomes the Kingdom of León.
911The Duchy of Normandy is founded by the Vikings. Rouen is the capital.
916Taizu establishes the Liao dynasty in China.
916–917Mercia and Wessex reconquer the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw from the Danes.
917Gaozu establishes Southern Han in China. Xingwang is the capital.
918King Taejo establishes Goryeo Dynasty on the Korean Peninsula. Gaegyeong is the official capital.
The Duchy of Burgundy is established.
The Kingdom of East Anglia is conquered by Wessex.
The Kingdom of Mercia is absorbed into Wessex.
920The Kingdom of Seisyllwg unites with the Kingdom of Dyfed to form the Kingdom of Deheubarth.
The County of Horne is established in the Holy Roman Empire.
922The County of Aragon falls under the control of the Kingdom of Pamplona.
923Zhuangzong establishes the Later Tang dynasty in China. Luoyang is the capital.
924Wuxin establishes Jingnan in China. Jingzhou is the capital.
925Tomislav establishes the Kingdom of Croatia out of the Duchy of Croatia.
92712 JulyKing Athelstan of Wessex conquers the Kingdom of Northumbria, thus uniting all of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms under one ruler and establishing what would come to be known as the Kingdom of England. Winchester is the capital.
929The Caliphate of Córdoba follows the Emirate of Córdoba.
c. 930Fall of the Aksumite Empire and beginning of the Zagwe dynasty in Ethiopia.
933The Kingdom of Burgundy is established.
934The Ikhshidid dynasty is established in Egypt. They rule as vassals of the Abbasid Caliphate. Fustat is the capital.
Gaozu establishes Later Shu in China. Chengdu is the capital.
The Buyid dynasty is established in Persia. Shiraz is the capital.
936Gaozu establishes the Later Jin dynasty in China.
The Goryeo Dynasty unifies the Later Three Kingdoms of Korea.
937Liezu establishes Southern Tang in China. Jinling is the capital.
Taizu establishes Dali in what is now Southwest China.
938Vietnam declares independence from the Southern Han of China, ending the Third Chinese domination of Vietnam.
939Ngô Quyền establishes the Ngô dynasty in Vietnam. Cổ Loa is the capital.
The Duchy of Brittany follows the Kingdom of Brittany.
941Jórvík reoccupies the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw for the Danes.
942England re-takes the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw.
947Gaozu establishes the Later Han dynasty in China. Bianzhou is the capital.
948The first Emirs of Sicily, the Kalbids, are appointed, establishing the Emirate of Sicily.
951Taizu establishes the Later Zhou dynasty in China. Kaifeng is the capital.
Shizu establishes Northern Han in China. Taiyuan is the capital.
953The Electorate of Cologne is established. Cologne is the capital.
954The Viking Kingdom of Jórvík (the Viking-ruled portion of the former Kingdom of Northumbria) is conquered by England, thus ending the Danelaw.
958The Republic of Genoa is established. Genoa is the capital.
959Lower Lorraine is established.
c. 960Mieszko I establishes the Duchy of Poland.
9603 JanuaryTaizu establishes the Northern Song dynasty in China. Kaifeng is the capital.
961King Otto I of Germany invades the Kingdom of Italy (of which his wife Adelaide of Italy was already queen) and is crowned King.
The Kingdom of Nri is established in West Africa.
9622 FebruaryKing Otto I of Germany and Italy has himself crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope, thereby forming the Holy Roman Empire. Rome is the official capital.
c. 965The Byzantine Empire establishes the theme of Lucania.
The Byzantine Empire establishes the Catepanate of Italy.
The Kalbids take the last remaining Byzantine territory in Sicily.
965The Ngô dynasty of Vietnam collapses.
968Đinh Bộ Lĩnh establishes the Đinh dynasty in Vietnam. Hoa Lư is the capital.
969The Fatimids conquer Egypt from the Ikhshidids and establish the city of Cairo.
971The First Bulgarian Empire moves its capital from Preslav to Ohrid.
974The Heian period begins in Japan. Kyoto is the capital.
975Erik Segersäll becomes the first king of Sweden.
976The Duchy of Carinthia is established.
977The Ghaznavid dynasty is established in Persia. Ghazni is the capital.
980Lê Hoàn establishes the Early Lê dynasty in Vietnam. Hoa Lư is the capital.
981The County of Namur is established in the Holy Roman Empire.
985The Prince-Bishopric of Liège is established in the Holy Roman Empire.
987Hughe Capet confirms Paris as the capital of the Kingdom of the West Franks (soon to become the Kingdom of France).

11th century

YearDateEvent
c. 1000The Republic of Pisa is established. Pisa is the capital.
1000King Stephen I establishes the Kingdom of Hungary. Esztergom and Székesfehérvár are royal seats.
1003Leif Ericson discovers Newfoundland, off the Atlantic coast of North America, and establishes a short-lived colony at L'Anse aux Meadows.
Fall of the Saffarid dynasty in Persia.
The County of Savoy is established in the Holy Roman Empire.
1005The Republic of Genoa is established. Genoa is the capital.
1008The Kingdom of Georgia is established from the union of all of the Christian states of Georgia. Kutaisi is the capital.
1009Thái Tổ establishes the Lý dynasty in Vietnam.
1012The County of Zeeland is established in the Holy Roman Empire. Middelburg is the capital.
1016The North Sea Empire, under King Cnut the Great, which included England, Denmark, Norway, and parts of Northern Germany, Scotland, and Sweden, is created by a personal union. Ribe is the capital.
1018Northumbrian territory north of the River Tweed is ceded to Scotland.
The First Bulgarian Empire ends with the annexation of the last territories by the Byzantine Empire.[11]
1018–1054At some point between 1018 and 1054, the Kingdom of Strathclyde is conquered by Scotland.
1024The Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht is established in the Holy Roman Empire.
1025Under Rajendra I, the Chola dynasty subjugates large parts of Southeast Asia.
Bolesław I establishes the Kingdom of Poland.
1030Kievan Rus' conquers Ugandi County in southeastern Estonia.
1032The Kingdom of Burgundy is inherited by Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor, and incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire.
1035The territory that would come to be the Kingdom of Aragon is united under Ramiro I of Aragon.
1037Sultan Tughril establishes the Seljuk Empire as one of the early Turkish empires. Nishapur is the capital.
1038Jingzong establishes the Western Xia dynasty in China. Xingqing is the capital.
1040The Almoravid dynasty is founded in what is now Morocco. Aghmat is the capital.
1042The Norman County of Apulia and Calabria is established.
End of the North Sea Empire.
1043The Kingdom of Aragon becomes de facto independent from the Kingdom of Pamplona.
The Seljuk Empire moves its capital from Nishapur to Rey.
1055Vijayabahu I moves the capital of the Sinhala Kingdom to Polonnaruwa, establishing the Kingdom of Polonnaruwa, in Sri Lanka.
1058The Duchy of Schleswig is founded.
105923 AugustThe County of Apulia and Calabria is raised to a duchy when Pope Nicholas II signs the Treaty of Melfi with the Norman princes Robert Guiscard and Richard I of Capua.
1061Estonians reconquer Ugandi County from the Kievan Rus'.
Messina, Sicily, is captured from the Muslims by the Normans.
End of the Pala dynasty in India.
1062The Buyid dynasty is dissolved.
The Almoravid dynasty moves its capital from Aghmat to Marrakesh.
1065The kingdoms of Castile and Galicia are split from the Kingdom of León.
The Duchy of Limburg is established
1066England is conquered by William, Duke of Normandy, thus bringing the Kingdom of England and the Duchy of Normandy into a personal union.
1071Palermo, the capital of the Emirate of Sicily, is taken by the Normans. The Norman County of Sicily is established.
1076Muslim Almoravids conquer Ghana.
The kingdoms of Pamplona and Aragon are reunited in a personal union under Sancho Ramírez, who styles himself "King of the Aragonians and Pamplonese". The two kingdoms are now de jure separate entities.
The Abbasid Caliphate conquers Syria.
1077The Khwarazmian dynasty is established in Persia and Central Asia. Gurganj is the capital.
1080The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia is established. Tarsus is the capital.
1085The Kingdom of Toledo is founded. Toledo is the capital.
The County Palatine of the Rhine is established. Heidelberg is the capital.
1088The Principality of Taranto is established. Taranto is the capital.
Pope Urban II initiates the First Crusade in the Holy Land.
1091Noto is conquered by the County of Sicily, completing the Norman conquest of Sicily and ending the Muslim Emirate of Sicily.
The County of Holland is founded. The Hague is the capital.
1092William Rufus, son of William the Conqueror, invades Cumberland (then part of Scotland) and incorporates it into England.
The Seljuk Empire is split up.
Pope Urban II awards Corsica and Sardinia to the Republic of Pisa.
1096The County of Guelders is established. Geldern is the capital.
1097King William II moves the capital of the Kingdom of England to London.
The County of Portugal becomes part of the Kingdom of León.
1098Crusaders conquer Edessa and found the County of Edessa.
Crusaders conquer Antioch and establish the Principality of Antioch.
1099Crusaders conquer Jerusalem and establish the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

12th century

YearDateEvent
1102Start of the Union between the Kingdom of Croatia and the Kingdom of Hungary.
Crusaders conquer Tartus and found the County of Tripoli.
The Duchy of Westphalia is established. Arnsberg is the capital.
1108The County of Nice is established. Nice is the capital.
1115Taizu establishes the Jin dynasty in China.
The Republic of Florence is established. Florence is the capital.
1121The Duchy of Pomerania is established.
1122The Kingdom of Georgia moves its capital from Kutaisi to Tbilisi.
1124Dezong establishes the Western Liao dynasty in what is now Northwest China and Central Asia. Balasagun is the capital.
1125The Republic of Siena is established. Siena is the capital.
1126Gaozong establishes the Southern Song dynasty in China. Lin'an is the capital.
The Jurchen conquer Kaifeng and end the Northern Song dynasty. Thus the Jin dynasty takes over in Northern China.[12]
113025 DecemberThe Norman Kingdom of Sicily is established; the Duchy of Apulia and Calabria is disestablished.
1136The Novgorod Republic is established. Novgorod is the capital.
1137The Duchy of Naples is annexed by the Kingdom of Sicily.
1138The Duchy of Silesia is founded. Breslau is the capital.
1139The Kingdom of Portugal gains independence from the Kingdom of León.
The County of Portugal declares independence from the Kingdom of León, as the Kingdom of Portugal.
1140The County of Tyrol is established.
1144The County of Edessa is conquered by the Seljuks.
1147The Almohad Caliphate follows the Almoravid dynasty in al-Andalus and Northwest Africa. Tinmel is the capital.
1154The Angevin Empire is created from a personal union between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France.
115617 SeptemberThe Duchy of Austria is established. Vienna is the capital.
King Erik den helige of Sweden leads the first crusade to Finland and incorporates it with Sweden.
1157The Margraviate of Brandenburg is established. Brandenburg an der Havel is the capital.
The Grand Duchy of Vladimir is established. Vladimir is the capital.
1160The Republic of Lucca is founded. Lucca is the capital.
1162The Viking Kingdom of Dublin is conquered by England.
Alfonso II/I ascends to the thrones of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona, establishing the Crown of Aragon.
The Principality of Catalonia follows the County of Barcelona.
1163The Ghaznavid dynasty moves its capital from Ghazni to Lahore.
1171Saladin establishes the Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt and Syria. Cairo is the capital.
Fall of the Fatimids in Egypt.
The Anglo-Norman Lordship of Ireland emerges and dominates most of the island of Ireland. The rest of the island remained under the control of various Gaelic-Irish kingdoms or chieftains, who were often at war with the Anglo-Normans.
1172Jämtland is conquered by the Kingdom of Norway.
1174The Ayyubid dynasty moves its capital from Cairo to Damascus.
1180The Kingdom of Benin is created with the foundation of the capital Edo.
Territories secede from the Duchy of Saxony
The Duchy of Styria is established. Graz is the capital.
1181 Pomerania becomes a fief of the Holy Roman Empire
1183The Duchy of Brabant is established. Brussels is the capital.
1185The Second Bulgarian Empire gains independence from the Byzantine Empire under Peter IV of Bulgaria.
In Japan, the Kamakura period begins with the assumption of power by the Kamakura shogunate.
1186The Bishopric of Livonia establishes its first presence in modern Latvia.
The Ghaznawid dynasty is disestablished.
1190The Principality of Arbanon is established.
1192Crusaders establish the Kingdom of Cyprus.
The Duchy of Styria joins the Kingdom of Hungary.
1194The Seljuk Empire is disestablished.
1197The Kingdom of Deheubarth is disestablished.
1198The Principality of Bohemia becomes the Kingdom of Bohemia. Prague remains the capital.
1199The Principality of Galicia–Volhynia is established.

13th century

YearDateEvent
1202The Bishopric of Livonia is renamed the Bishopric of Riga.
1204The Kingdom of France annexes the Duchy of Normandy.
The Empire of Nicaea is established as a successor state of the Byzantine Empire. Nicaea is the capital.
The Empire of Trebizond is established as a successor state of the Byzantine Empire. Trabizond is the capital.
Crusaders establish the Triarchy of Negroponte from areas of the Byzantine Empire. Chalcis is the capital.
Crusaders establish the Kingdom of Thessalonica from areas of the Byzantine Empire. Thessaloniki is the capital.
Crusaders establish the Principality of Achaia from areas of the Byzantine Empire. Andravida is the capital.
After the conquest of Constantinople, crusaders establish the Latin Empire, which follows the Byzantine Empire. Constantinople is the capital.
1205The Despotate of Epirus is established as the successor state of the Byzantine Empire. Arta is the capital.
Crusaders establish the Duchy of Athens from areas of the Byzantine Empire. Athens is the capital.
1206Qutb al-Din Aibak establishes the Delhi Sultanate. Lahore is the capital.
Genghis Khan establishes the Mongol Empire. Avarga is the capital.
1207AugustThe Bishopric of Riga cedes one-third of its lands to the Livonian Brothers of the Sword (established in 1202).
The Republic of Venice conquers the island of Crete.
Crusaders establish the Duchy of the Archipelago from areas of the Byzantine Empire. Naxos is the capital.
1210The Mongol Empire captures much of the Western Liao dynasty.
The Delhi Sultanate moves its capital from Lahore to Badaun.
1212The Principality of Anhalt is established. Weimar is the capital.
1214The County of Luxembourg is established.
The Delhi Sultanate moves its capital from Badaun to Delhi.
The Angevin Empire ends.
1215Fall of the Ghurid dynasty.
The Jaffna Kingdom is established, in Sri Lanka.
1216The Principality of Wales is founded at the Council of Aberdyfi.
The Livonian Brothers of the Sword establish first presence in Southern Estonia.
1217The Kingdom of Serbia is established.
The Papal States annex Corsica.
1218The Principality of Wales is recognized in the Treaty of Worcester.
The Ayyubid dynasty moves its capital from Damascus back to Cairo.
1219Denmark annexes the Northern Estonian counties of Revala, Harju County, Viru County, and Järva County as the Duchy of Estonia.
1220King Vijayabahu III founds the Kingdom of Dambadeniya. The capital is Dambadeniya, in Sri Lanka.
1223The Mongols defeat East Slavic warriors.
122421 JulyThe Livonian Brothers of the Sword cede Southern Estonia to the Bishopric of Estonia (established in 1211). The bishopric returns some of the lands to the Sword Brothers.
24 JulyThe Bishopric of Estonia cedes Wiek to the Bishopric of Riga.
AugustThe Bishopric of Estonia is renamed the Bishopric of Dorpat.
The Kingdom of Thessalonica is conquered by the Despotate of Epirus.
1225Thái Tông establishes the Trần dynasty in Vietnam.
The town of Riga gains independence from the Bishopric of Riga.
The Chagatai Khanate originates from parts of the Mongol Empire.
1226The State of the Teutonic Order is founded. Marienburg is the capital.
1227FebruaryThe Bishopric of Riga and the Livonian Brothers of the Sword subjugate Saaremaa, the last independent Estonian county, and the Sword Brothers conquer Danish Estonia.
1228AugustThe Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek is established from the Western Estonian territory of the Bishopric of Riga. Some of its land is ceded to the Livonian Brothers of the Sword.
1230The Emirate of Granada is established. Granada is the capital.
The Crown of Castile is formed by the union of the Kingdom of León with the Kingdom of Castile.
1231Aragon completes the Conquest of Majorca and Menorca, establishing the Kingdom of Majorca as part of the Crown of Aragon.
Fall of the Khwarazmian dynasty in Persia.
123424 JulyThe Bishopric of Courland is established from the Western Latvian territory of the Bishopric of Riga.
1235SeptemberThe Mali Empire is established.
Aragon conquers Ibiza, which becomes part of the Kingdom of Majorca.
Karakorum becomes the capital of the Mongol Empire.
The Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg is established. Brunswick and Lüneburg are the capitals.
1236The Mongols invade Northern Korea.
Mindaugas establishes the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Voruta is the capital.
123712 MayThe Livonian Brothers of the Sword are incorporated into the Teutonic Order as the autonomous Livonian Order.
12387 JuneThe Treaty of Stensby returns Danish Estonia from the Livonian Order back to Denmark, while the order retains Jerwen.
Sweden conquers central Finland.
The Mongols conquer Crimea.
The Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek cedes some area in and around Leal in Western Estonia to the autonomous Livonian Order of the Teutonic Order.
The Kingdom of Sukhothai is founded in Siam. Sukhothai is the capital.
1240Fall of Kievan Rus' after the Mongol conquest.
The Mongols conquer Tibet.
The Mongols conquer Volga Bulgaria.
1242The Mongol Golden Horde conquers Russia. Sarai is the capital.
Upon receiving the news of Ögedei Khan's death, the Mongols withdraw from Europe, though they have already subjugated significant parts of Central and Eastern Europe.[13]
1243 26 June The Sultanate of Rum and the Empire of Trebizond became vassals of the Mongol Empire
1245The Crown of Aragon completes the reconquest of what would become the Kingdom of Valencia up to the limits agreed upon in the Treaty of Almizra.
1250The Ayyubid dynasty moves its capital from Cairo to Aleppo after the loss of Egypt.
Beginning of the rule of the Mamluk Sultanate over Egypt after the victory over the Mongols. Cairo is the capital.
1251The Kingdom of Lithuania is established from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Kernavė is the capital.
1253The Bishopric of Courland cedes some of its land to the autonomous Livonian Order of the Teutonic Order.
The Principality of Galicia-Volhynia becomes the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, a vassal state of the Golden Horde.
1254The Mongols conquer the Dali Kingdom.
125520 JanuaryThe Bishopric of Riga is elevated to the Archbishopric of Riga.
1256King Béla IV moves the capital of the Kingdom of Hungary to Buda.
The Kingdom of Portugal moves its capital from Coimbra to Lisbon.
The Ilkhanate originates from parts of the Mongol Empire. Maragheh is the capital.
125811 MayThe Treaty of Corbeil formally ends French feudal overlordship of the counties in the Spanish March and Catalan counties in the March of Gothia.
The Mongols conquer Baghdad, precipitating the fall of the Abbasid Caliphate.
The Trần dynasty in Vietnam defeats and holds off Mongol invasions.
125911 AugustThe death of Möngke Khan sets off a series of civil wars that eventually result in the political fragmentation of the Mongol Empire into four autonomous khanates.
1260The Mongols conquer Aleppo. Fall of the Ayyubid dynasty.
1261The Latin Empire is dissolved, and Constantinople falls again to the Byzantine Empire.
1263After the death of Mindaugas, the Kingdom of Lithuania becomes again the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
1264The Landgravate of Hessen is established.
The Duchy of Ferrara is established. Ferrara is the capital.
12662 JulyCaithness and the territory of the Kingdom of the Isles (the Hebrides and Mann) is ceded to the Kingdom of Scotland by the Treaty of Perth.
1268The Mamluks conquer the Principality of Antioch.
1270Goryeo becomes a vassal state of the Mongol Empire.
1271Shizu establishes the Yuan dynasty in China.
12721 FebruaryThe Kingdom of Albania is established.
10 AugustYekuno Amlak overthrows the Zagwe dynasty, establishing the Solomonic dynasty of Ethiopia. Lalibela ceases to be the capital, and the Emperor of Ethiopia rules from a continually moving encampment around his domains for the following centuries.
The Yuan dynasty of China moves its capital from Shangdu to Dadu.
1273The Kingdom of Dambadeniya moves its capital from Dambadeniya to Yapahuwa, in Sri Lanka.
1276The Kingdom of Majorca is split from the Crown of Aragon, with each realm inherited by different sons of James I of Aragon.
12788 SeptemberAndorra is granted independence from the Crown of Aragon, whereupon the Paréage of Andorra is signed, establishing a condominium between the Count of Foix and the Bishop of Urgell in the territory.
127919 MarchThe Song dynasty is conquered by the Yuan dynasty in China.
The Kingdom of Majorca becomes a vassal of the Crown of Aragon.
The Chola dynasty is disestablished.
1281The second Mongol invasion of Japan fails.
1282The Diet of Augsburg assigns the Duchy of Austria to the House of Habsburg, commencing the Habsburg monarchy.
1283The Principality of Moscow emerges as a vassal state of the Golden Horde. Moscow is the capital.
1284The Republic of Genoa conquers Corsica from the Papal States.
1285The Sultanate of Ifat is established.
1286The Sultanate of Showa is annexed into the Sultanate of Ifat.
1287Parakramabahu III moves the capital of the Sinhala Kingdom back to Polonnaruwa, in Sri Lanka.
1289The Mamluks conquer the County of Tripoli.
1290FebruaryThe Archbishopric of Riga and the Livonian Brothers of the Sword conquer Semigallia, the last independent Latvian territory.
1291The Old Swiss Confederacy is established through the merger of the cantons of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden.
The Mamluks expel the last crusaders from Egypt.
The Mamluks conquer the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
1292The Landgravate of Hesse becomes a principality.
129310 MarchSweden conquers the southeastern parts of Finland.
The thalassocratic Majapahit Empire is established in Indonesia.
1295Chambéry becomes the capital of the County of Savoy.
The Duchy of Pomerania is partitioned into Pomerania-Wolgast and Pomerania-Stettin
1296The Duchy of Saxony is divided into the Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg and the Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg.
The Kingdom of Aragon conquers Corsica from the Republic of Genoa.
1297The Kingdom of Dambadeniya moves its capital from Yapahuwa to Polonnaruwa, in Sri Lanka.
1299The Ottoman Empire is established. Söğüt is the capital.
The Republic of Pisa sells parts of Sardinia to the Republic of Genoa.

14th century

YearDateEvent
1301France gains Barrois mouvant (the County of Bar, west of the Meuse River).
1302The Kingdom of Naples is created by the division of the Kingdom of Sicily. Naples is the capital.
1303Edward I of England invades Scotland again to subdue it.
The Kingdom of Dambadeniya moves its capital from Polonnaruwa to Kurunagala, in Sri Lanka.
1305France gains the County of Vivarais.
1310The Duchy of Mirandola is founded. Mirandola is the capital.
1315King Charles I moves the capital of the Kingdom of Hungary to Temesvár.
1316France gains the counties of Valentinois and Diois.
1319Crusaders establish the Duchy of Neopatras. Neopatras is the capital.
132312 AugustThe treaty of Nöteborg is signed between Sweden and Novgorod, resulting in the first true border regulation in Swedish Finland.
King Charles I moves the capital of the Kingdom of Hungary to Visegrád.
132513 MarchThe Mexicas (Aztecs) establish Tenochtitlan, marking the foundation of México. It is the oldest continuous capital city in the Americas.
1326The Crown of Aragon conquers Sardinia, creating the Kingdom of Sardinia.
1327The Delhi Sultanate moves its capital from Delhi to Daulatabad.
13284 MayBy the Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton, England recognizes the independence of Scotland following the expulsion of the English from Scotland by Robert the Bruce.
1330MarchThe autonomous Livonian Order of the Teutonic Order gains control over the nominally free town of Riga.
The Principality of Walachia gains independence from the Kingdom of Hungary.
1331The Principality of Vladimir-Susdal is absorbed into the Principality of Moscow.
1333In Japan, the Kenmu Restoration follows the Kamakura shogunate.
1334The Delhi Sultanate moves its capital from Daulatabad to Delhi.
1335The Ottoman Empire moves its capital from Söğüt to Bursa.
The Duchy of Silesia becomes part of the Kingdom of Bohemia.
The Madurai Sultanate secedes from the Delhi Sultanate. Ma'bar is the capital.
1336The Vijayanagara Empire is established in India. Vijayanagar is the capital.
End of the Kenmu Restoration in Japan.
1337The Tsardom of Vidin is founded. Vidin is the capital.
1338The Ashikaga shogunate is founded in Japan. Kyoto is the capital.
1339The County of Guelders becomes the Duchy of Guelders.
1340The Principality of Moscow becomes the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
1341King Magnus Eriksson of Sweden buys the county of Halland from Denmark.
The Kingdom of Gampola succeeds the Kingdom of Dambadeniya in Sri Lanka. Gampola is the new capital.
1343The Republic of Senarica is established as an independent microstate in the village of Senarica, Italy.[14]
13461 NovemberDenmark sells and hands the Duchy of Estonia over to the Teutonic Order.
The Principality of Moldova is established.
13477 JuneThe Teutonic Order leases the former Danish Estonia to its autonomous Livonian Order.
England conquers Calais from France.
Moghulistan is established from parts of the Chagatai Khanate.
The Bahmani Sultanate is established as a secession of the Delhi Sultanate. Gulbarga is the capital.
1348The Duchy of Mecklenburg is established.
The Pskov Republic is established. Pskov is the capital.
1349Dauphiné sold to France.
The Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia is incorporated into the Kingdom of Poland.
1350With the foundation of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, its capital is created in Ayutthaya, instead of the former Sukhothai.
1352The Bengal Sultanate is established. Pandua is the capital.
1353The County of Luxembourg is raised to the status of duchy.
1354Fa Ngum establishes Lan Xang in Laos. Luang Prabang is the capital.
1356The Electorate of Saxony is established from Saxe-Wittenberg.
The Despotate of Dobruja is established. Karvuna is the capital.
The Duchy of Jülich originates from the County of Jülich.
The Margraviate of Brandenburg becomes the Electorate of Brandenburg. Brandenburg an der Havel remains the capital.
1358Duke Rudolf IV of Austria has the Privilegium Maius forged, a set of documents which purports to elevate the Duchy of Austria to the status of "Archduchy". This status remains unrecognised.
The Republic of Ragusa is established as a tributary state of the Kingdom of Hungary. Ragusa is the capital.
1362The Principality of Kiev becomes part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
1363The Ottoman Empire moves its capital from Bursa to Adrianople.
The County of Tyrol becomes part of the Habsburg monarchy.
1366The Prince-Bishopric of Liège annexes the County of Loon.
1368Hongwu establishes the Ming dynasty in China. Yingtian and Shuntian are the capitals.
Huizong establishes the Northern Yuan dynasty in what is now Northern China and Mongolia.
Muhammad Shah establishes the Bruneian Empire.
1370Timur establishes the Timurid Empire. Samarkand is the capital.[15]
1373First mention of the Luzon Empire.
The Madurai Sultanate is annexed by the Vijayanagara Empire.
1375The Mamluks conquer the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia.
Kara Koyunlu is established as a tribal federation. Tabriz is the capital.
137726 SeptemberThe Kingdom of Bosnia is established.
Fall of the Srivijaya Empire in Southeast Asia.
1378Aq Qoyunlu is established as a tribal federation.
1380The County of Berg is raised to the status of a duchy.
The Bornu Empire is established in north-central Africa.
1384The Burgundian Netherlands are established.
1385The Union of Krewo establishes the personal union between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland.
1388The County of Savoy receives the County of Nice.
1390The Kingdom of Kongo is established.
The Triarchy of Negroponte becomes the Kingdom of Negroponte, a colony of the Republic of Venice.
The Duchy of Neopatras is conquered by the Duchy of Athens.
1392The Joseon Dynasty succeed the Goryeo Dynasty of Korea. Hanseong is the capital.
1395The Duchy of Milan is established. Milan is the capital.
1396The Second Bulgarian Empire is disestablished after it is conquered by the Ottoman Empire.
The Tsardom of Vidin is disestablished after it is conquered by the Ottoman Empire.
1397The Kalmar Union between the Kingdom of Denmark, Kingdom of Norway, and Kingdom of Sweden is established.
1398The Timurid Empire conquers Delhi.
The Principality of Bayreuth and the Principality of Ansbach are established.
1399The Principality of Piombino is established. The capital is Piombino.

15th century

YearDateEvent
1400Hồ Quý Ly establishes the Hồ dynasty in Vietnam. Tây Đô is the capital.
1401The Timurid Empire conquers Damascus.
The County of Savoy gains the County of Geneva.
1403The Ming dynasty makes Beijing the second capital after Nanjing.
1404Owain Glyndŵr is crowned Prince of Wales, holding his Parliament at the capital, Machynlleth.
The Principality of Smolensk becomes part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
1405After the death of Timur, the Timurid Empire is split into two parts. The capital is moved from Samarkand to Herat.
1406The Republic of Pisa is disestablished and annexed into the Republic of Florence.
1407The Ming dynasty of China conquers the Hồ dynasty of Vietnam, beginning the Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam.
Giản Định establishes the Later Trần dynasty in Vietnam.
The Gujarat Sultanate is established. Ahmedabad is the capital.
1408King Zsigmond of Luxemburg moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom back to Buda.
1409Owain Glyndŵr loses Harlech Castle and his ally Edmund Mortimer dies.
141015 JuneThe defeat of the State of the Teutonic Order against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland at the Battle of Tannenberg ends its eastern expansion.
1411The Ottoman Empire annexes the Despotat of Dobruja.
1412English rule spreads and Machynlleth ceases to assert any claim to be the capital of Wales.
Parakramabahu VI moves the capital of the Sinhala Kingdom to Kotte, in Sri Lanka.
14137 JuneThe autonomous Livonian Order becomes de facto independent from its parent Teutonic Order.
The Ming dynasty of China defeats the Later Trần dynasty of Vietnam.
141521 AugustThe Conquest of Ceuta marks the beginning of the Portuguese Empire.
The Adal Sultanate is established.
1416Amadeus VIII establishes the Duchy of Savoy from the County of Savoy. Chambéry remains the capital.
1417The County of Cleves is raised to the status of a duchy. Cleves is the capital.
The Principality of Wallachia becomes a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire.
The Electorate of Brandenburg moves its capital from Brandenburg an der Havel to Berlin.
1422Start of the second personal union between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France.
1426The Kingdom of Cyprus becomes a vassal state of the Mamluks.
1427End of the Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam.
1428Thái Tổ establishes the Later Lê dynasty in Vietnam. Đông Kinh is the capital.
Abu'l-Khayr Khan establishes the Uzbek Khanate. Chimgi-Tura is the capital.
The Aztec Empire in Mexico is established from the union of three city-states.
1429The Ryukyu Kingdom is established. Shuri is the capital.
c. 1430The Songhai Empire becomes independent from the Mali Empire. Gao is the capital.
1431The Khmer Empire is dissolved after the invasion of the Ayutthaya Kingdom.
1432MarchBurgundy acquires the County of Hainaut.
The Principality of Achaea is annexed by the Byzantine Empire.
1434MarchThe Archbishopric of Riga sells its Dondangen Parish to the Bishopric of Courland.
The Republic of Genoa reconquers Corsica from the Kingdom of Aragon.
14351 SeptemberThe Archbishopric of Riga, the bishoprics of Courland, Dorpat and Ösel-Wiek, the autonomous Livonian Order of the Teutonic Order, and the town of Riga form the Livonian Confederation.
1438The Khanate of Kazan splits from the Golden Horde. Kazan is the capital.
The Inca Empire is established. Cusco is the capital.
The Sukhothai Kingdom is annexed by the Ayutthaya Kingdom in Siam.
1441The Khanate of Crimea splits from the Golden Horde.
1444MarchThe Albanian Principalities are unified to form the Albanian League of Lezhë.
1447 Ambrosian Republic supersedes the Duchy of Milan
1450 Duchy of Milan supersedes Ambrosian Republic
1452The Archbishopric of Riga and the autonomous Livonian Order of the Teutonic Order agree with a condominium over the nominally free town of Riga, until then under the de facto control of the Livonian Order.
14536 JanuaryThe Duchy of Austria becomes the Archduchy of Austria. Vienna remains the capital.
29 MayThe Byzantine Empire falls to the Ottoman Empire. The capital of the Ottoman Empire is moved to Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey). The political situation leads to the closure of the Silk Road to trade, forcing European merchants to seek sea routes to Asian markets and thereby initiating the "Age of Discovery".
14 OctoberEnd of the second personal union between the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of England after the end of the Hundred Years' War.
France annexes the Duchy of Aquitaine.
1454The State of the Teutonic Order moves its capital from Marienburg to Königsberg.
1455The Kingdom of Imereti becomes independent from the Kingdom of Georgia. Kutaisi is the capital.
1456The Duchy of Bouillon is founded. Bouillon is the capital.
1458The Republic of Ragusa becomes a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire.
The Duchy of Athens is annexed by the Ottoman Empire.
1459The Teutonic Order cedes its already leased-out former Danish Estonia over to its autonomous Livonian Order.
1461The Empire of Trebizond is conquered by the Ottoman Empire as the last successor state of the Byzantine Empire.
1462Moghulistan splits into two parts.
The uninhabited Cape Verde Islands become a colony of Portugal.
1463The Ottoman Empire annexes the Kingdom of Bosnia.
1464The County of East Frisia is established.
The Songhai Empire conquers Timbuktu from the Mali Empire.
1466 The Second Peace treaty of Thorn.Poland gains Michałow land,Chełmno land with Toruń,Gdańsk,Pomerania,Warmia and Żuławy with Malbork and Elbląg.Teutonic order becomes a vassal of the Kingdom of Poland
1465The Kazakh Khanate is established. Sozak is the capital.
The Kingdom of Kakheti is established. Gremi is the capital.
1468The Khanate of Sibir splits from the Golden Horde.
The tribal empire of Kara Koyunlu is disestablished.
1469The crowns of the Iberian Christian kingdoms of Castile and Aragon were united by the marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, as the Kingdom of Spain.
1470The Triarchy of Negroponte is annexed by the Ottoman Empire.
The Chimú Empire is conquered by the Inca Empire.
1471João de Santarém discovers São Tomé and takes possession of it for the Kingdom of Portugal.
The Kingdom of Portugal conquers Tangier.
1472Ludlow becomes the administrative capital of Wales, as the site of the Council of Wales and the Marches.
The Kingdom of Scotland annexes Orkney and Shetland.
Beginning of the rule of the Wattasid dynasty over Morocco. Fez is the capital.
1473Mechelen becomes the capital of the Burgundian Netherlands.
1474The Duchy of Holstein is created from the County of Holstein-Rendsburg.
1477The Sengoku period begins in Japan. The Ashikaga shogunat ends and Japan falls apart into small principalities.
1478The Canary Islands are conquered by the Catholic Monarchs of Spain.
The Grand Duchy of Moscow annexes the Novgorod Republic.
The Kingdom of Kartli is established. Tbilisi is the capital.
1479The Albanian League of Lezhë is annexed by the Ottoman Empire.
The Republic of Venice loses parts of the Adriatic coast to the Ottoman Empire.
148028 NovemberAfter the Great Stand on the Ugra River, the Grand Duchy of Moscow ceases to be a vassal state of the Golden Horde.
According to temple records, a cyclone destroys the land bridge (Adam's Bridge) connecting the Kingdom of Kandy (in present-day Sri Lanka) and Mainland India.
1481France gains the County of Provence.
1482The Burgundian Netherlands are disestablished and become the Austrian Netherlands as part of the Habsburg monarchy.
France gains the Duchy of Burgundy.
1485King Matthias I moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom to Bécs.
The Astrakhan Khanate splits from the Golden Horde.
1488Bartolomeu Dias rounds the Cape of Good Hope.
1489The Kingdom of Cyprus falls to the Republic of Venice.
14902 JanuaryThe combined forces of Castile and Aragon capture the Emirate of Granada, completing Spain's Reconquista.
20 MayVasco da Gama discovers a sea route to India.
King Vladislaus II moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom back to Buda.
The Kingdom of Georgia is divided into different parts.
14923 MayChristopher Columbus arrives at Xamayca.[16]
12 OctoberWhile seeking a route to the East Indies, Genoese navigator Cristoforo Colombo (Christopher Columbus) lands on the island of Guanahani in the Lucayan Archipelago,[17] which he mistakes for the Japanese Archipelago. Columbus claims the archipelago for his patrons the Crowns of Castile and Aragon (Spain), and subsequently explores and claims Cuba and Hispaniola.
14934 MaySpanish Pope Alexander VI issues the papal bull Inter caetera granting to the Crowns of Castile and Aragon (Spain) all newly discovered lands west of the meridian 100 leagues west of any of the islands of the Azores (approximately 38°11' west of Greenwich.)
14947 JuneRepresentatives of the Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal sign the Treaty of Tordesillas, settling the countries' boundary of conquest in the Americas (and Africa and Asia) at a meridian 46°0' west of Greenwich.
149521 JulyThe Duchy of Württemberg is established out of the County of Württemberg. Stuttgart remains the capital.
1498Vasco da Gama reaches Mozambique and takes possession of it for Portugal.
1499–1501The Safavids conquer Persia. Tabriz is the capital.

Maps

See also

References

  1. Middleton, John (2015). World Monarchies and Dynasties. Routledge. p. 79. ISBN 9781317451587.
  2. Lipschits, Oled (2005). The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem: Judah under Babylonian Rule. Eisenbrauns. p. 14. ISBN 978-1575060958.
  3. Chua 2018, p. 43.
  4. Gill, N.S. "Roman Empire Dominate Timeline". About.com Education. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  5. "The Kushan Empire | Boundless World History". courses.lumenlearning.com. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
  6. "Founding of the Frankish Empire". study.com. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
  7. "Chronology of Byzantine Empire (330–1453 A.D.)". thelatinlibrary.com. Archived from the original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  8. "Abbasid caliphate | Achievements, Capital, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
  9. Putz, Catherine. "The Battle That Kept the Chinese Out of Central Asia". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
  10. Atlas of World History. Harper Collins. 2001. p. 106
  11. "Bulgaria | History, Language, & Points of Interest". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
  12. "World History Timeline: 12th Century (1101 to 1200)". www.fsmitha.com. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
  13. Rodgers, Paul. "Why The Mongol Horde Retreated From Europe". Forbes. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
  14. "Republic of Senarica (Italy)".
  15. "Timurid Empire".
  16. "History of Jamaica". Jamaican Embassy. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
  17. Christopher Columbus Archived 16 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 8 June 2010.

Bibliography

  • Chua, Amy (2018). Political Tribes: Group Instinct and the Fate of Nations. Penguin Press. ISBN 978-0399562853.
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