Voiced pharyngeal fricative

Voiced pharyngeal approximant
Voiced pharyngeal approximant
ʕ̞
ɑ̯

Voiced pharyngeal fricative
Voiced pharyngeal fricative
ʕ
IPA Number	145
Audio sample
	source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ʕ
Unicode (hex)	U+0295
X-SAMPA	?\
Braille
Image

The voiced pharyngeal approximant or fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʕ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is ?\. Epiglottals and epiglotto-pharyngeals are often mistakenly taken to be pharyngeal.

Although traditionally placed in the fricative row of the IPA chart, [ʕ] is usually an approximant. The IPA symbol itself is ambiguous, but no language is known to make a phonemic distinction between fricatives and approximants at this place of articulation. The approximant is sometimes specified as [ʕ̞] or as [ɑ̯], because it is the semivocalic equivalent of [ɑ].

Features

Features of the voiced pharyngeal approximant fricative:

Its manner of articulation varies between approximant and fricative, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but generally not enough to produce much turbulence in the airstream. Languages do not distinguish voiced fricatives from approximants produced in the throat.
Its place of articulation is pharyngeal, which means it is articulated with the tongue root against the back of the throat (the pharynx).
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Cased forms of the IPA letter in the Pilaga alphabet. They are not supported by Unicode.

Pharyngeal consonants are not widespread. Sometimes, a pharyngeal approximant develops from a uvular approximant. Many languages that have been described as having pharyngeal fricatives or approximants turn out on closer inspection to have epiglottal consonants instead. For example, the candidate /ʕ/ sound in Arabic and standard Hebrew (not modern Hebrew – Israelis generally pronounce this as a glottal stop) has been variously described as a voiced epiglottal fricative, an epiglottal approximant,[1] or a pharyngealized glottal stop.[2]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abaza		гӀапынхъамыз/g'apynkh"amyz	[ʕaːpənqaːməz]	'March'
Arabic		اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ/al-ʿarabiyya	[alʕaraˈbijːa]	'Arabic'	See Arabic phonology
Assyrian	Eastern	ܬܪܥܐ täroa	[tʌrʕɑ]	'door'	The majority of the speakers will pronounce the word as [tʌrɑ].
Assyrian	Western	ܬܪܥܐ täroa	[tʌrʕɔ]	'door'
Avar		гӀоркь/g'ork'	[ʕortɬʼː]	'handle'
Chechen		Ӏан / jan	[ʕan]^ⓘ	'winter'
Coeur d'Alene[3]		stʕin	[stʕin]	'antelope'
Danish	Standard[4]	ravn	[ʕ̞ɑ̈wˀn]	'raven'	An approximant;[4] also described as uvular [ʁ].[5] See Danish phonology
Dutch	Limburg[6]	rad	[ʕ̞ɑt]	'wheel'	An approximant; a possible realization of /r/.[6] Realization of /r/ varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology
German	Some speakers[7]	Mutter	[ˈmutɔʕ̞]	'mother'	An approximant; occurs in East Central Germany, Southwestern Germany, parts of Switzerland and in Tyrol.[7] See Standard German phonology
German	Swabian dialect[8]	ändard	[ˈend̥aʕ̞d̥]	'changes'	An approximant.[8] It's an allophone of /ʁ/ in nucleus and coda positions;[8] pronounced as a uvular approximant in onsets.[8]
Hebrew	Iraqi	עברית/i'vrit	[ʕibˈriːθ]	'Hebrew language'	See Modern Hebrew phonology
	Sephardi		[ʕivˈɾit]
	Yemenite		[ʕivˈriːθ]^ⓘ
Ingush		Iаддал	[ʕaddal]	'Archer'
Kabyle[9]		ɛemmi	[ʕəmːi]	'my (paternal) uncle'
Kurdish	Kurmanji	ewr	[ʕɜwr]	'cloud'	The sound is usually not written in the Latin alphabet, but ' can be used.
Luwati		قلعة	[qilʕa]	'castle'	Used in Arabic loanwords
Malay	Kedah	باکر / bakar	[ba.kaʕ]	'burn'	Allophone of /r/ as word-final coda. Could be voiced velar fricative [ɣ] for some speakers.[10]
Occitan	Southern Auvergnat	pala	[ˈpaʕa]	'shovel'	See Occitan phonology
Somali		cunto	[ʕuntɔ]	'food'	See Somali phonology
Sioux	Stoney	marazhud	[maʕazud]	'rain'
Ukrainian		голос	[ˈʕɔlos]	'voice'	Also described as glottal [ɦ]. See Ukrainian phonology

Citations

Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:167–168)
Thelwall (1990)
Doak, I. G. (1997). Coeur d'Alene grammatical relations (Doctorate dissertation). Austin, TX: University of Texas at Austin.
Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:323)
Basbøll (2005:62)
Collins & Mees (2003:201)
Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:51)
Markus Hiller. "Pharyngeals and "lax" vowel quality" (PDF). Mannheim: Institut für Deutsche Sprache. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-28. Retrieved 2015-02-24.
Bonafont (2006:9)
Mohamed, Noriah (June 2009). "The Malay Chetty Creole Language of Malacca: A Historical and Linguistic Perspective". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 82(1 (296)) (1 (296)): 60. JSTOR 41493734 – via JSTOR.

General references

Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
Bonafont, Door Rosa (2006), Guia de conversa universitaria amazic-catala/Tamazight-Takatalant amalal usiwel asdawan, University of Barcelona, ISBN 9788447531141
Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
Danylenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4
Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4.
Thelwall, Robin (1990). "Arabic". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 20 (2): 37–41. doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266. S2CID 243640727.

External links

List of languages with [ʕ] on PHOIBLE

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[1] Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:167–168)

[2] Thelwall (1990)

[doak97-3] Doak, I. G. (1997). Coeur d'Alene grammatical relations (Doctorate dissertation). Austin, TX: University of Texas at Austin.

[SOWL323-4] Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:323)

[5] Basbøll (2005:62)

[CoMe-6] Collins & Mees (2003:201)

[dud51-7] Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:51)

[Hiller-8] Markus Hiller. "Pharyngeals and "lax" vowel quality" (PDF). Mannheim: Institut für Deutsche Sprache. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-28. Retrieved 2015-02-24.

[9] Bonafont (2006:9)

[10] Mohamed, Noriah (June 2009). "The Malay Chetty Creole Language of Malacca: A Historical and Linguistic Perspective". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 82(1 (296)) (1 (296)): 60. JSTOR 41493734 – via JSTOR.