Tarangan language

Tarangan
Tarangan
Native to	Indonesia
Region	Aru Islands
Native speakers	14,000 (2011)[1]
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Central–Eastern Aru Tarangan; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either:; tre – East Tarangan; txn – West Tarangan
Glottolog	east2465 East; west2538 West

Tarangan is one of the Aru languages, spoken by inhabitants of the Aru Islands in eastern Indonesia. There are two varieties of Tarangan: East and West Tarangan. These varieties are divergent, perhaps no closer than they are to Manombai, also spoken in the Arus. West Tarangan is a trade language of the southern islands.[2]

Phonology

The following is the description for West Tarangan:[3]

Consonants

Consonant phonemes[3]
		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n		ŋ
Plosive	voiceless	(p)	t̪		k	(ʔ)
Plosive	voiced	b	d	(dʒ)	(ɡ)
Fricative		ɸ	s
Flap			ɾ
Lateral			l
Approximant				j	w

/k/ can occur as a glottal [ʔ] intervocalically between two non-high vowels.[3]
/ɸ/ is heard as a stop [p] syllable-final position.[3]
/w j/ are heard as voiced stops [ɡ dʒ] in word-initial position and within a stressed noninitial syllable onset.[3]

Vowels

Vowel phonemes[3]
	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Close-mid	e		o
Open-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Open		a

/a i/ in unstressed positions are heard as [ə ɪ].[3]
Sounds /e o/ are phonetically [e̝ o̝].[3]

References

East Tarangan at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
West Tarangan at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Hughes, Jock (1987). "The languages of Kei, Tanimbar and Aru: Lexicostatistic classification" (PDF). In Soenjono Dardjowidjojo (ed.). Miscellaneous studies of Indonesian and other languages in Indonesia, part 9. NUSA 27. Jakarta: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya. pp. 71–111.
Nivens, Richard (1992). "A Lexical Phonology of West Tarangan". Phonological Studies in Four Languages of Maluku. Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.

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[e18-1] East Tarangan at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
West Tarangan at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[2] Hughes, Jock (1987). "The languages of Kei, Tanimbar and Aru: Lexicostatistic classification" (PDF). In Soenjono Dardjowidjojo (ed.). Miscellaneous studies of Indonesian and other languages in Indonesia, part 9. NUSA 27. Jakarta: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya. pp. 71–111.

[Nivens_1992-3] Nivens, Richard (1992). "A Lexical Phonology of West Tarangan". Phonological Studies in Four Languages of Maluku. Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.