乃

See also: 及, 廴, 廼, 迺, and ㄋ

乃	U+4E43, 乃 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E43

← 乂
[U+4E42]

CJK Unified Ideographs

乄 →
[U+4E44]

Translingual

Stroke order (Mainland China)

Stroke order
Traditional Chinese and Japanese

Han character

乃 (radical 4, 丿+1, 2 strokes, cangjie input 弓竹尸 (NHS), four-corner 1722₇, composition ⿹𠄎丿)

Derived characters

仍, 奶, 屷, 扔, 㭁, 𤜠, 辸, 礽, 䄧, 𮋣, 𧈣, 䚮, 𬤻, 𬦠, 釢, 𬝡, 𬼅, 𫡐, 𫡝, 㞧, 艿, 氖, 𫶵, 疓, 秀, 𬔬, 隽, 𮥸, 䯮, 𫡄, 𭑩, 孕, 尕, 𫹭, 朶, 盁, 呄, 㭆, 𫂲, 㚉, 鼐

Descendants

の (Hiragana character derived from Man'yōgana)
ノ (Katakana character derived from Man'yōgana)

References

KangXi: page 81, character 12
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 113
Dae Jaweon: page 165, character 3
Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 31, character 5
Unihan data for U+4E43

Chinese

simp. and trad.		乃
variant forms		迺廼𠄕

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 乃

Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)

Liushutong (compiled in Ming)

Oracle bone script

Bronze inscriptions

Chu Slip and silk script

Qin slip script

Shizhoupian script

Ancient script

Small seal script

Transcribed ancient scripts

**Oracle bone script**
j11474	j11475	j11476	j11477	j11478	j11479	j11480	j11481

**Bronze inscriptions**
b07002	b07003	b07004	b07005	b07006	b07007	b07008	b07009
b07010	b07011	b07012	b07013	b07014	b07015	b07016	b07017
b07018	b07019	b07020	b07021	b07022	b07023	b07024	b07025
b07026	b07027	b07028	b07029	b07030	b07031	b07032	b07033
b07034	b07035	b07036	b07037	b07038	b07039	b07040

**Small seal script**
s03493

**Transcribed ancient scripts**
L34567	L34568	L34569	L34570	L15245	L15246	L15247	L15230
L15231	L15232	L15233	L15234	L15235	L15236	L15237	L15238
L15239	L15240	L15241	L15242	L15243	L15244	L15248	L15249
L15250	L15251	L15252	L15253	L15254	L15255

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (乃) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
	Old Chinese
乃	*nɯːʔ
鼐	nɯːʔ, nɯːs
疓	*njɯːʔ
奶	*rneːlʔ
仍	*njɯŋ
艿	*njɯŋ
辸	*njɯŋ
礽	*njɯŋ
扔	njɯŋ, njɯŋs
芿	*njɯŋs

From ancient 𠄎.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): nǎi (nai³)

(Zhuyin): ㄋㄞˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): naai⁵, oi²
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): nái / ná / nǎ

(Teochew, Peng'im): nai² / nai⁶
Wu (Wiktionary): ne (T3)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: nǎi
  - Zhuyin: ㄋㄞˇ
  - Wade–Giles: nai³
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nae
  - IPA ^(key): /naɪ̯²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: naai⁵, oi²
  - Yale: náaih, ói
  - Cantonese Pinyin: naai⁵, oi²
  - Guangdong Romanization: nai⁵, oi²
  - IPA ^(key): /näːi̯¹³/, /ɔːy̯³⁵/

Note: The zero initial /∅-/ is commonly pronounced with a ng-initial /ŋ-/ in some varieties of Cantonese, including Hong Kong Cantonese.

Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nái
  - Tâi-lô: nái
  - Phofsit Daibuun: nae
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /nãɪ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /nãɪ⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /nãɪ⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ná
  - Tâi-lô: ná
  - Phofsit Daibuun: nar
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /nã⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nǎ
  - Tâi-lô: nǎ
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /nã²²/

Note:

nái - literary;
ná/nǎ - vernacular.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: nai² / nai⁶
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: nái / năi
  - IPA ^(key): /nai⁵²/, /nai³⁵/

Note:

nai2 - “you, your”;
nai6 - "just", "then", "be".

Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: ne (T3)
  - IPA ^(key): /ne̞²³/

Dialectal data▼

Variety	Location	edit 乃
Mandarin	Beijing	/nai²¹⁴/
	Harbin	/nai²¹³/
	Tianjin	/nai¹³/
	Jinan	/nɛ⁵⁵/
	Qingdao	/nɛ⁵⁵/
	Zhengzhou	/nai⁵³/
	Xi'an	/nai⁵³/
	Xining	/nɛ⁵³/
	Yinchuan	/nɛ¹³/
	Lanzhou	/lɛ⁴⁴²/
	Ürümqi	/nai⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/nai⁴²/
	Chengdu	/nai⁵³/
	Guiyang	/nai⁴²/
	Kunming	/næ⁵³/
	Nanjing	/lae²¹²/
	Hefei	/le̞²⁴/
Jin	Taiyuan	/nai⁵³/
	Pingyao	/næ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/nɛ⁵³/
Wu	Shanghai	/na²³/
	Suzhou	/ne̞⁵¹/
	Hangzhou	/ne̞⁵³/
	Wenzhou	/na³⁵/
Hui	Shexian	/na³⁵/
Hui	Tunxi
Xiang	Changsha	/lai⁴¹/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/nai⁴²/
Gan	Nanchang	/lai²¹³/
Hakka	Meixian	/nai⁴⁴/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/nɑi²⁴/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/nai²³/
	Nanning	/nai²⁴/
	Hong Kong	/nai²³/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/nai⁵³/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/nai³²/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/nai²¹/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/nãi⁵³/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/nai²¹³/

Middle Chinese: /nʌi^X/▼

Rime
Character	乃
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	泥 (8)
Final (韻)	咍 (41)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	奴亥切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/nʌi^X/
Pan Wuyun	/nəi^X/
Shao Rongfen	/nɒi^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/nəj^X/
Li Rong	/nᴀi^X/
Wang Li	/nɒi^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/nɑ̆i^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	nǎi

Old Chinese▼
(Baxter–Sagart): /*nˤə(ŋ)ʔ/, /*nˤəʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*nɯːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	乃	乃
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	nǎi	nǎi
Middle Chinese	‹ noj^X ›	‹ noj^X ›
Old Chinese	/*nˁə(ŋ)ʔ/	/*nˁəʔ/
English	your	then
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	乃
Reading #	1/1
No.	9337
Phonetic component	乃
Rime group	之
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	乃
Old Chinese	/*nɯːʔ/

Definitions

乃

(literary) be
失敗乃成功之母 / 失败乃成功之母 ― shībài nǎi chénggōng zhī mǔ ― failure is the mother of success
(literary) then
- Chapter 23 of Volume 2 of Pu Songling's 聊齋志異 (In Classical Chinese)
  乃懼，復造善脈者診之。
(literary) just
(literary) you, your
(Mainland China, Internet slang, cute-sounding) you (singular)
(Shanghai) now

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 現在 (“now”) [map]
Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		當今, 此時, 方今, 今朝, 如今, 而今, 今, 茲
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		現在, 現今, 當今, 此時, 此刻, 如今, 而今, 茲
Mandarin	Beijing	現在, 現而今
	Taiwan	現在
	Harbin	現在, 現如今, 現下, 現前兒
	Shenyang	現在
	Hailar	現在
	Ulan Hot	現在
	Tongliao	現在
	Chifeng	現在
	Bayanhot	現在
	Jinan	現在, 如今, 現如今
	Muping	這時晚兒, 現時晚兒
	Luoyang	現在, 而今, 現如今
	Wanrong	人根, 移根
	Xi'an	致兒, 現在
	Xuzhou	眼今, 眼是, 腳底下, 現如今, 現而今 dated, 至而今 dated
	Yinchuan	現在
	Lanzhou	賈
	Ürümqi	眼下, 現在
	Wuhan	如今, 此如今
	Chengdu	這陣子, 這陣, 這下兒, 這個時候, 現在
	Guiyang	這下, 這崗, 掌, 這歇, 這個時候
	Liuzhou	一寁
	Kunming	現在
	Yangzhou	現在
	Nanjing	現在
	Hefei	而今, 如今
Cantonese	Guangzhou	而家, 家下, 家陣
	Hong Kong	而家, 家下, 家陣
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	那下
	Taishan	該時
	Dongguan	家下, 那下
	Yangjiang	果陣
	Xinyi	個陣
	Nanning	而家, 而卡
	Wuzhou	家陣, 而家
	Kuala Lumpur	而家
Gan	Nanchang	現在, 如今
	Lichuan	該行崽
	Pingxiang	該仔, 如今
Hakka	Meixian	今下, 今仔下
	Xingning	如下
	Huidong	今下
	Qujiang	如今
	Xiaosanjiang	如今
	Changting	如今
	Pingyu	今
	Wuping	今下
	Liancheng	已久
	Ninghua	今子
	Yudu	如今
	Ruijin	如今, 今下子
	Shicheng	今底
	Shangyou	如今
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	這下, 現下, 今下, 今時, 今這下
	Liudui (S. Sixian)	這下, 現下, 今嘎, 今這下
	Hsinchu (Hailu)	這下, 現下, 今這下
	Dongshi (Dabu)	這下, 現下, 今這下, 這滿
	Hsinchu (Raoping)	這下, 現下, 今這下, 今下, 今時
	Yunlin (Zhao'an)	這下, 現時, 今這下, 這滿
	Hong Kong	今下
	Sabah	今下, 今下子, 今下仔
	Senai	今下
Huizhou	Jixi	爾歇
Huizhou	Shexian	爾扎兒
Jin	Taiyuan	如今, 而今
	Xinzhou	現時
	Baochang	現在
	Jining	這會兒
	Hohhot	這會兒
	Baotou	這會兒
	Dongsheng	這會兒
	Linhe	這咱會兒
	Haibowan	如今
Min Bei	Jian'ou	迦今, 今迦, 現刻
	Dikou	迦
	Zhenqian	迦
	Wuyishan	今下
	Shibei	迦, 今下
Min Dong	Fuzhou	現時, 現刻, 現在, 現今, 仱
	Fuqing	現時
	Ningde	現在, 仱
	Fuding	足古
Min Nan	Xiamen	這陣, 這滿, 這輒仔, 這輒, 這站仔, 這站, 這幫, 現主時, 現時, 今
	Quanzhou	這陣, 這站仔, 這站, 這幫, 現主時, 現時, 現當今, 今
	Zhangzhou	這陣, 這輒仔, 這輒, 這站仔, 這站, 這幫, 現主時, 現時, 現主在, 現在, 現曾, 今
	Taipei	這馬, 這站 mT, 現主時 mT
	Kaohsiung	今, 這時, 這陣, 這馬
	Tainan	今, 這時, 這陣, 這馬
	Taichung	這馬, 這陣
	Wuqi	這馬
	Hsinchu	這陣, 這馬
	Taitung	這馬
	Lukang	這陣, 這馬, 這路尾
	Sanxia	這馬
	Yilan	今, 這陣, 這馬
	Kinmen	這陣
	Magong	這陣, 今, 這馬
	Penang	今仔, 當今
	Singapore	這時, 這陣, 當今
	Philippines (Manila)	這陣
	Chaozhou	此在, 現在, 現時
	Johor Bahru	現在
	Wenchang	現旦
	Haikou	現旦
	Leizhou	現旦
Puxian Min	Putian	丁
Puxian Min	Xianyou	丁
Pinghua	Nanning	而今
Wu	Shanghai	現在, 乃
	Suzhou	現在, 姑歇, 哀歇, 該歇
	Hangzhou	記歇
	Wenzhou	恁界, 恁仰界
	Chongming	那末
	Danyang	格歇候, 格娘收, 現在
	Jinhua	格孑
Xiang	Changsha	如今, 如至今, 如嶄, 現在
	Shuangfeng	侯基
	Xiangtan	咯如在
	Loudi	而界, 如今
Note	mT - mainstream Taiwanese (no particular region identified)

Compounds

乃今
乃公
乃可
乃始
乃心王室
乃文乃武
乃是 (nǎishì)
乃武乃文
乃父
乃爾／乃尔

乃眷
乃祖
乃翁
乃者
乃至 (nǎizhì)
乃若
乃蠻／乃蛮
告訴乃論／告诉乃论
康乃馨 (kāngnǎixīn)
有容乃大

木乃伊 (mùnǎiyī)
楊乃武／杨乃武
欸乃 (ǎinǎi)
欸乃曲
毋乃 (wúnǎi)
況乃／况乃
無乃／无乃
若乃
請求乃論／请求乃论

Japanese

Kanji

乃

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

from
possessive particle
whereupon
accordingly

Readings

Go-on: ない (nai)
Kan-on: だい (dai)
On: え (e)
Kun: お (o, 乃); すなわち (sunawachi, 乃ち); なんじ (nanji, 乃)^{←なんぢ (nandi, historical)}; の (no, 乃)
Nanori: おさむ (osamu)^{←をさむ (wosamu, historical)}; のり (nori)

Alternative reading as in 欸乃, compare Mandarin ǎoǎi, Cantonese oi¹ oi²:

Go-on: あい (ai)
Kan-on: あい (ai)

Korean

Hanja

乃 (eumhun 이에 내 (ie nae))

then
really, indeed
as it turned out, after all
namely

References

Naver Hanja Dictionary: 乃

Vietnamese

Han character

乃 (nải, nãi, náy, nảy, nấy, nãy, nới, hồng)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

Nom Foundation

This article is issued from Wiktionary. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.