Upadacitinib

Upadacitinib
Names
Trade namesRinvoq
Other namesABT-494
IUPAC name
  • (3S,4R)-3-Ethyl-4-(3H-imidazo[1,2-a]pyrrolo[2,3-e]pyrazin-8-yl)-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxamide
Clinical data
Drug classJanus kinase (JAK) inhibitor[1]
Main usesRheumatoid arthritis (RA)[1]
Side effectsInfections, blood clots[1]
WHO AWaReUnlinkedWikibase error: ⧼unlinkedwikibase-error-statements-entity-not-set⧽
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: D
  • US: N (Not classified yet)[2]
  • Not recommended[2]
Routes of
use		By mouth
Typical dose15 mg/day[1]
External links
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa619051
Legal
License data
Legal status
  • AU: S4 (Prescription only)
  • UK: POM (Prescription only) [3]
  • US: ℞-only [4]
  • EU: Rx-only [5]
  • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetics
Protein binding52%
MetabolismHepatic (CYP3A major, CYP2D6 minor)[6]
MetabolitesM4, an acyl glucuronide
Elimination half-life9–14[7] (6–15[6]) hours
ExcretionMainly unchanged in feces (38%) and urine (24%)[7]
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC17H19F3N6O
Molar mass380.375 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
SMILES
  • CCC1CN(CC1C2=CN=C3N2C4=C(NC=C4)N=C3)C(=O)NCC(F)(F)F
InChI
  • InChI=1S/C17H19F3N6O/c1-2-10-7-25(16(27)24-9-17(18,19)20)8-11(10)13-5-22-14-6-23-15-12(26(13)14)3-4-21-15/h3-6,10-11,21H,2,7-9H2,1H3,(H,24,27)/t10-,11+/m1/s1 checkY
  • Key:WYQFJHHDOKWSHR-MNOVXSKESA-N checkY

Upadacitinib, sold under the brand name Rinvoq, is a medication used to treat moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA) where methotrexate was not sufficiently effective.[1] While it may be used together with conventional RA medication, use with immunosuppressive agent is not recommended.[1] It is taken by mouth.[1]

Common side effects include upper respiratory tract infections (such as the common cold), nausea, cough, and fever.[8][1] Other side effects may include serious infections, blood clots, and cancer.[1] Use during pregnancy may harm the baby.[1] Use in those with active tuberculosis is not recommended.[9] Upadacitinib works by blocking the action of enzymes called Janus kinases, which results in decreased inflammation.[1][8]

Upadacitinib was approved for medical use in Europe and the United States in 2019.[8][1] Per year, in Canada it costs about 18,000 CAD as of 2019, in the United States it costs about 67,000 USD, while in the United Kingdom this amount costs the NHS about £10,500 as of 2021.[10][11][9]

Medical uses

Upadacitinib is indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe active rheumatoid arthritis in adults who have responded inadequately to, or who are intolerant to one or more disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs).[5] Upadacitinib may be used as monotherapy or in combination with methotrexate.[5][4]

Dosage

It is generally used at a dose of 15 mg once per day.[1] Treatment may need to be stopped if certain side effects occur.[8]

Contraindications

The drug is contraindicated in people with active tuberculosis and other severe infections, severe liver impairment (Child–Pugh score C), and during pregnancy.[7][12]

The use of upadacitinib in combination with other Janus kinase inhibitors, biologic DMARDs, or with potent immunosuppressants such as azathioprine and ciclosporin is not recommended.[4]

Side effects

Common side effects are upper respiratory tract infections such as common cold and sinus infections (13.5% of patients in studies), nausea (3.5%), cough (2.2%), fever, and increased liver enzymes. Serious side effects include infections, including life-threatening ones, such as pneumonia, cellulitis, tuberculosis, as well as shingles and other herpes infections.[7][12]

Interactions

Substances that strongly inhibit the liver enzyme CYP3A4, such as ketoconazole, itraconazole or clarithromycin, increase upadacitinib concentrations in the body. In a study, ketoconazole increased its AUC by 75%. Conversely, substances that strongly induce CYP3A4 lower upadacitinib concentrations. For example, rifampicin reduced the AUC by 60% in a study.[7][12]

Upadacitinib seems to be a weak inducer of CYP3A4, as it lowers concentrations of other substrates of this enzyme (such as the midazolam AUC by 26%). It has no effect on substrates of CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 or CYP2D6.[7][12]

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action

The Janus kinases (JAKs) are a family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases whose function is to transduce cytokine-mediated signals via the JAK-STAT pathway. There are four JAK subtypes, each of which has overlapping receptor responsibilities. Inhibitors of this enzyme family (jakinibs) have shown efficacy in treating certain inflammatory and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease. However, the first generation of these drugs, tofacitinib and ruxolitinib, lacked subtype selectivity, affecting JAK1/JAK3 and JAK1/JAK2 respectively. This has led to dose-limiting side effects in this otherwise promising class of drugs.[13][14] Upadacitinib is a second generation Janus kinase inhibitor that is selective for the JAK1 subtype of this enzyme over the JAK2 (74-fold), JAK3 (58-fold) and tyrosine kinase 2 subtypes.[15]

Pharmacokinetics

After oral intake, upadacitinib reaches highest concentrations in the blood plasma after two to four hours. A fatty meal has no clinically relevant effect on its resorption. Steady-state conditions are reached after four days; accumulation is minimal. There is no significant first pass effect. When in the bloodstream, 52% of the substance are bound to plasma proteins. It is mainly metabolized by CYP3A4, and possibly to a minor extent by CYP2D6. The most important pathway consists of oxidation to a carboxylic acid and subsequent glucuronidation, yielding a metabolite called M4. However, 79% of the drug are circulating in form of upadacitinib itself, and only 13% as M4. Other metabolites are only present in small fractions. None are pharmacologically active.[7][12]

The drug is excreted mainly as the original substance, of which 38% are found in the feces and 24% in the urine. The mean terminal half-life is 9 to 14 hours.[7][12]

History

Upadacitinib was approved for medical use in the United States in August 2019.[16][17]

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved upadacitinib based on evidence from five clinical trials (Trial 1/NCT02706873, Trial 2/NCT02706951, Trial 3/NCT02675426, Trial 4/NCT02629159, Trial 5/NCT02706847) of 3,141 participants with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA).[17] The trials were conducted in Australia, New Zealand, Israel, South Africa, Asia, North/Central/South America, and Europe.[17]

Five trials established the benefits and side effects of upadacitinib.[17] Trials enrolled participants with moderate to severe active RA in whom disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDS) did not work well or could not be tolerated.[17] All participants had at least six tender and six swollen joints, and increased levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP).[17] hsCRP is a substance produced by the body to protect itself from illness.[17] Trials lasted up to 5 years.[17]

Trial 1 enrolled participants who had never been treated with MTX.[17] Participants were randomly assigned to receive one of two doses of upadacitinib or MTX daily for 24 weeks.[17] Neither the subject nor the healthcare providers knew which medication was being given until after this 24-week treatment period.[17]

Trial 2 enrolled participants in whom MTX did not work well.[17] Participants were randomly assigned to receive one of two doses of upadacitinib daily by mouth or continue their usual dose of MTX for 14 weeks.[17] At week 14, participants who were assigned to MTX received upadacitinib by mouth daily.[17] Neither the subject nor the healthcare providers knew which medication was being given.[17]

Trial 3 enrolled participants in whom DMARDS did not work well.[17] Participants were randomly assigned to receive one of two doses of upadacitinib or placebo daily by mouth in addition to DMARDS for 12 weeks.[17] At week 12, participants who received placebo were re-assigned to upadacitinib daily.[17] Neither the subject nor the healthcare providers knew which medication was being given.[17]

Trial 4 enrolled participants in whom MTX did not work well.[17] Participants were randomly assigned to receive upadacitinib or placebo daily by mouth in addition to MTX for 14 weeks.[17] Participants receiving placebo who did not have adequate improvement of signs and/or symptoms could be switched to upadacitinib after week 14.[17] At week 26, all participants receiving placebo were switched to upadacitinib once daily by mouth.[17] Neither the subject nor the healthcare providers knew which medication was being given.[17]

Trial 5 enrolled participants in whom DMARDS did not work well or could not be tolerated.[17] Participants were randomly assigned to receive one of two doses of upadacitinib or placebo treatment daily added to DMARDs for 12 weeks.[17] At week 12, participants who received placebo were re-assigned to upadacitinib daily.[17]

The benefit of upadacitinib was measured by comparing the proportion of participants treated with upadacitinib who achieved an American College of Rheumatology 20 (ACR20) response at week 12 or week 14 to the proportion of participants treated with MTX or placebo who achieved an ACR20 response.[17] ACR20 is a 20% improvement in signs and symptoms of RA.[17]

Upadacitinib was approved for medical use in the European Union in December 2019.[5]

Research

Abbvie has planned a total of six phase III trials that will evaluate over 4,000 patients with moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis.[18] Two Phase III trials are planned studying participants with psoriatic arthritis and one in participants with ulcerative colitis.

SELECT-COMPARE

In SELECT-COMPARE 1629 patients with moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis and inadequate response to methotrexate were randomized (2:2:1) to once-daily upadacitinib 15mg, placebo, or adalimumab 40mg, on stable background methotrexate. Primary endpoints were ACR20 and DAS28CRP<2.6 versus placebo at week 12; inhibition of radiographic progression was evaluated at week 26. The study was designed and powered to test for non-inferiority and superiority of upadacitinib versus adalimumab clinically and functionally. At week 12, both primary endpoints were met for upadacitinib versus placebo (p≤0.001). ACR20 was achieved by 71% versus 36%, and DAS28CRP<2.6 by 29% versus 6%. Upadacitinib was superior to adalimumab for ACR50, DAS28CRP≤3.2, ΔPain and ΔHAQDI. At week 26, more patients on upadacitinib vs placebo or adalimumab achieved low disease activity or remission (p≤0.001). Radiographic progression was less and observed in fewer patients receiving upadacitinib versus placebo (p≤0.001). Up to week 26, adverse events (AEs) including serious infections were comparable for upadacitinib and adalimumab. The proportions of patients with serious AEs and AEs leading to discontinuation were highest for adalimumab; the proportion with herpes zoster and CPK elevations was highest for upadacitinib. Three malignancies, five MACE, and four deaths were reported, none on upadacitinib. Six venous thromboembolic events were reported [placebo, one; upadacitinib, two; adalimumab, three]. Upadacitinib was superior to placebo and adalimumab for improving signs, symptoms and physical function in RA patients on background methotrexate, and significantly inhibited radiographic progression versus placebo, while the overall safety profile was generally similar to adalimumab, except for higher rates of herpes zoster and CPK elevations on upadacitinib.[19]

SELECT-CHOICE

SELECT-CHOICE was a phase III trial comparing upadacitinib and abatacept in 612 people whose rheumatoid arthritis did not respond to biologic DMARDs. It compared their ability to reduce Disease Activity Score-28 with CRP (DAS-28 CRP), a measure of rheumatoid arthritis disease severity that includes number of tender and swollen joints, C-reactive protein level (a marker of inflammation), and overall health reported on a standardized scale. The trial found that after 12 weeks of treatment, people treated with upadacitinib had lower DAS-28 CRP scores and a higher rate of remission. There was also a higher rate of serious and opportunistic infections, elevated liver enzymes, and thromboembolism in the upadacitinib group.[20][21]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Upadacitinib Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 22 August 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  2. 1 2 "Upadacitinib (Rinvoq) Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 23 September 2019. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  3. ↑ "Rinvoq 15 mg prolonged-release tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". (emc). 1 March 2020. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
  4. 1 2 3 "Rinvoq- upadacitinib tablet, extended release". DailyMed. 1 March 2020. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Rinvoq EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 16 October 2019. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  6. 1 2 Mohamed MF, Camp HS, Jiang P, Padley RJ, Asatryan A, Othman AA (December 2016). "Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Tolerability of ABT-494, a Novel Selective JAK 1 Inhibitor, in Healthy Volunteers and Participants with Rheumatoid Arthritis". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 55 (12): 1547–1558. doi:10.1007/s40262-016-0419-y. PMID 27272171. S2CID 39036534.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Rinvoq: EPAR – Public assessment report" (PDF). European Medicines Agency. 2020-03-05. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-07-21. Retrieved 2021-06-05.
  8. 1 2 3 4 "Rinvoq". Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  9. 1 2 BNF (80 ed.). BMJ Group and the Pharmaceutical Press. September 2020 – March 2021. p. 1169. ISBN 978-0-85711-369-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  10. ↑ Pharmacoeconomic Review Report: Upadacitinib (Rinvoq): (AbbVie): Indication: For the treatment of adults with moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis who have had an inadequate response or intolerance to methotrexate. Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. 2020. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  11. ↑ "Rinvoq Prices, Coupons & Patient Assistance Programs". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Austria-Codex (in Deutsch). Vienna: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag. 2020. Rinvoq 15 mg Retardtabletten.
  13. ↑ Fleischmann R (May 2012). "Novel small-molecular therapeutics for rheumatoid arthritis". Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 24 (3): 335–41. doi:10.1097/BOR.0b013e32835190ef. PMID 22357358. S2CID 826984.
  14. ↑ Riese RJ, Krishnaswami S, Kremer J (August 2010). "Inhibition of JAK kinases in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: scientific rationale and clinical outcomes". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology. 24 (4): 513–26. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2010.02.003. PMID 20732649.
  15. ↑ "Characterization of ABT-494, a Second Generation Jak1 Selective Inhibitor". ACR Meeting Abstracts. Archived from the original on 2017-12-08. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
  16. ↑ "Drug Approval Package: Rinvoq". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 12 September 2019. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 "Drug Trials Snapshots: Rinvoq". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 16 August 2019. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  18. ↑ "Phase 3 upadacitinib trials". Archived from the original on 2021-08-27. Retrieved 2021-06-05.
  19. ↑ Fleischmann R, Pangan AL, Song IH, Mysler E, Bessette L, Peterfy C, et al. (November 2019). "Upadacitinib Versus Placebo or Adalimumab in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis and an Inadequate Response to Methotrexate: Results of a Phase III, Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial". Arthritis Rheumatol. 71 (11): 1788–1800. doi:10.1002/art.41032. PMID 31287230. S2CID 195843803.
  20. ↑ Rubbert-Roth, Andrea; Enejosa, Jeffrey; Pangan, Aileen L.; Haraoui, Boulos; Rischmueller, Maureen; Khan, Nasser; Zhang, Ying; Martin, Naomi; Xavier, Ricardo M. (2020-10-15). "Trial of Upadacitinib or Abatacept in Rheumatoid Arthritis". New England Journal of Medicine. 383 (16): 1511–1521. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2008250. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 33053283. Archived from the original on 2020-10-30. Retrieved 2021-06-05.
  21. ↑ "A Phase 3 Study to Compare Upadacitinib to Abatacept in Subjects With Rheumatoid Arthritis on Stable Dose of Conventional Synthetic Disease- Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (csDMARDs) Who Have an Inadequate Response or Intolerance to Biologic DMARDs". Clinicaltrials.gov. Archived from the original on 2021-04-17. Retrieved 2021-06-05.
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