List of Indigenous peoples

These paragraphs are an excerpt from Indigenous peoples.[edit]

Indigenous peoples[lower-alpha 1] are the earliest known inhabitants of an area and their descendants, especially one that has been colonized by a now-dominant group of settlers. However, the term lacks a single, authoritative definition[1] and can be used to describe a variety of peoples and cultures.[2][3] In its modern context, the term Indigenous was first used by Europeans, who used it to differentiate the Indigenous peoples of the Americas from the European settlers of the Americas, as well as from the sub-Saharan Africans the settlers enslaved and brought to the Americas by force. The term may have first been used in this context by Sir Thomas Browne in 1646, who stated "and although in many parts thereof there be at present swarms of Negroes serving under the Spaniard, yet were they all transported from Africa, since the discovery of Columbus; and are not indigenous or proper natives of America."[4][5]

Peoples are usually described as "Indigenous" when they maintain traditions or other aspects of an early culture that is associated with the first inhabitants of a given region.[6] Not all Indigenous peoples share this characteristic, as many have adopted substantial elements of a colonizing culture, such as dress, religion or language. Indigenous peoples may be settled in a given region (sedentary), exhibit a nomadic lifestyle across a large territory, or be resettled, but they are generally historically associated with a specific territory on which they depend. Indigenous societies are found in every inhabited climate zone and continent of the world except Antarctica.[7] There are approximately five thousand Indigenous nations throughout the world.[8]

Indigenous peoples' homelands have historically been colonized by larger ethnic groups, who justified colonization with beliefs of racial and religious superiority, land use or economic opportunity.[9] Thousands of Indigenous nations throughout the world currently live in countries where they are not a majority ethnic group.[10] Indigenous peoples continue to face threats to their sovereignty, economic well-being, languages, ways of knowing, and access to the resources on which their cultures depend. Indigenous rights have been set forth in international law by the United Nations, the International Labour Organization, and the World Bank.[11] In 2007, the UN issued a Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) to guide member-state national policies to the collective rights of Indigenous peoples, including their rights to protect their cultures, identities, languages, ceremonies, and access to employment, health, education and natural resources.[12]

Estimates of the total global population of Indigenous peoples usually range from 250 million to 600 million.[13] Official designations and terminology of who is considered Indigenous vary between countries, ethnic groups and other factors.[2] In the Americas, Australia and New Zealand, Indigenous status is often applied unproblematically to groups descended from the peoples who lived there prior to European settlement. However, In Asia and Africa, definitions of Indigenous status have been either rejected by certain peoples,[14] or applied to minorities and or oppressed peoples, who may not be considered "Indigenous" in other contexts.[15] Thus, population figures are less clear and may fluctuate dramatically.[2] The concept of indigenous peoples is rarely used in Europe, where very few indigenous groups are recognized, with the exception of groups such as the Sámi.[16]

Definition
Main article: Indigenous peoples § Definitions

Indigenous communities, peoples, and nations are those which have a historical continuity with pre-invasion and pre-colonial societies that developed on their territories, and may consider themselves distinct from other sectors of the societies now prevailing on those territories, or parts of them. They form at present non-dominant sectors of society and are determined to preserve, develop and transmit to future generations their ancestral territories, and their ethnic identity, as the basis of their continued existence as peoples, in accordance with their own cultural patterns, social institutions and legal system.[17]

This historical continuity may consist of the continuation, for an extended period reaching into the present of one or more of the following factors:

  • Occupation of ancestral lands, or at least of part of them
  • Common ancestry with the original occupants of these lands
  • Culture in general, or in specific manifestations (such as religion, living under a tribal system, membership in an Indigenous community, dress, means of livelihood, lifestyle, etc.)
  • Language (whether used as the only language, as mother-tongue, as the habitual means of communication at home or in the family, or as the main, preferred, habitual, general or normal language)
  • Residence in certain parts of the country, or in certain regions of the world
  • Other relevant factors.
  • On an individual basis, an Indigenous person is one who belongs to these Indigenous populations through self-identification as Indigenous (group consciousness) and is recognized and accepted by these populations as one of its members (acceptance by the group). This preserves for these communities the sovereign right and power to decide who belongs to them, without external interference.[18]

Sub-Saharan Africa
Main article: Indigenous peoples of Africa
Hadza people, who are indigenous to the African Great Lakes
A Maasai traditional dance
Baka pygmy dancers in the East Province of Cameroon
Batwa Pygmy with traditional bow and arrow
Somali women in traditional headresses
Tigrayan women in traditional attire
Wolayta chief
Berta people playing trumpets during a wedding ceremony
Nilotic men in Kapoeta, South Sudan
19th century Zulu man wearing a warrior's garb
Sotho women wearing the traditional Seana Marena blanket
Makua mother and child
Damara man wearing the ǃgūb, a traditional attire

African Great Lakes

Central Africa

Horn of Africa

Sudan

Southern Africa

Greater Middle East

West Asia
Marsh Arabs/Ma'dan poling a mashoof in the Mesopotamian Marshes
An Assyrian woman wearing traditional clothing in Zakho
Samaritans on Mount Gerizim
Soqotri men
  • There are competing claims that Palestinian Arabs and Jews are indigenous to historic Palestine/the Land of Israel.[84][85][86] The argument entered the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in the 1990s, with Palestinians claiming Indigenous status as a pre-existing population displaced by Jewish settlement, and currently constituting a minority in the State of Israel.[87] Israeli Jews have in turn claimed indigeneity based on historic ties to the region and disputed the authenticity of Palestinian claims.[88][89] In 2007, the Negev Bedouin were officially recognized as Indigenous peoples of Israel by the United Nations.[90] This has been criticized both by scholars associated with the Israeli state, who dispute the Bedouin's claim to indigeneity,[91] and those who argue that recognising just one group of Palestinians as Indigenous risks undermining others' claims and "fetishising" nomadic cultures.[92]
Armenian women in Diyarbakır
Kurds wearing traditional clothing
Yazidi festival at Lalish
Baloch of Nimruz Province, Afghanistan

North Africa
Shilha Berbers in Morocco
Sanhaja Berber traditional dancers

Central Asia
Pamiri people of Tajikistan

Caucasus
Main article: Peoples of the Caucasus
Traditional Adyghe clothing.

South Asia
Kalash in traditional dress
Kodava men in traditional attire, India
An Indigenous Assamese woman of Assam
Veddha Chief Uruwarige Wannila Aththo, leader of the Indigenous people of Sri Lanka

Indian subcontinent

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Northeast Asia
Miao (Hmong) girls in China
Bunun dancer

Western China

North China

South China

Mongolia

Taiwan
Main articles: Taiwanese indigenous peoples and List of indigenous peoples of Taiwan

Japan

Korea

Siberia
Main articles: Indigenous peoples of Siberia and Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East
Representation of a Chukchi family by Louis Choris (1816)
Buryat shaman of Olkhon, Lake Baikal in eastern Siberia.
Nenets child

Over 40 distinct peoples, each with their own language and culture in the Asiatic part of Russia (Siberia/North Asia).

Southeast Asia
A Wa woman carrying her child

Mainland Southeast Asia (Indochinese Peninsula)
S'gaw Karen girls of Khun Yuam District, Mae Hong Son Province, Thailand
Akha girl in Laos
Yi/Nuosu women
A Tai Dam lady

Maritime Southeast Asia (Malay Archipelago)
A Murut man (a member of one of the Dayak ethnicities) in Monsopiad Cultural Village, Kg. Kuai Kandazon, Penampang, Sabah, Borneo Island
Ati woman, the Philippines, 2007[97] The Negritos were the earliest inhabitants of Southeast Asia.[98]
See also: Indigenous peoples of the Philippines

Europe
Irish Travellers in Cork

Some sources describe the Sámi as the only recognized indigenous peoples in Europe,[100][101][102] with others describing them as the only indigenous people in the European Union.[103][104][105][106] Other groups, particularly in Central, Western and Southern Europe, that might be considered to fit the description of indigenous peoples in the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989, such as the Sorbs, are generally categorized as national minorities instead.[107]

Northern Europe

Eastern Europe

Southern Europe

Western Europe

Americas
Main articles: Indigenous peoples of the Americas and Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas

Americas is the supercontinent comprising North and South America, and associated islands.

List of peoples by geographical and ethnolinguistic grouping:

North America
Main articles: List of First Nations peoples, Federally recognized tribes, and Indigenous peoples of Mexico

North America includes all of the continent and islands east of the Bering Strait and north of the Isthmus of Panama; it includes Greenland, Canada, United States, Mexico, Central American and Caribbean countries. However a distinction can be made between a broader North America and a narrower Northern America and Middle America due to ethnic and cultural characteristics.

Arctic
Main article: Indigenous peoples of the North American Arctic
Two Inuit women in traditional amauti (packing parkas)

Subarctic
Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic

Pacific Northwest Coast
Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast
Northwest Plateau
Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau
Great Basin
Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin
California
Main article: Indigenous peoples of California

Great Plains
Main article: Plains Indians

Eastern Woodlands
Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands
Northeastern Woodlands
Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands
Southeastern Woodlands
Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands

Southwest
Main article: Southwest peoples

Mesoamerica
Tzeltal dancers waiting to perform, San Cristobal
Mayan family from Yucatán
Amuzgos in traditional dress
Mazatec girls performing a dance in Huautla de Jimenez
Huichol woman and child

Central America

Central America is generally defined as a subregion in North America located between the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and the Darién Gap.

Mam people

Mesoamerica

Isthmo-Colombian Area
A Kuna woman in traditional dress
Umalali featuring the Garifuna Collective on the Peace Corps World Stage at Smithsonian Folklife Festival 2011

South America
Main articles: Indigenous peoples in South America and List of Indigenous peoples of South America
Emberá women
Urarina shaman, 1988
Bororo-Boe man from Mato Grosso at Brazil's Indigenous Games, 2007
Pai Tavytera people in Amambay Department, Paraguay, 2012
Quechua woman and child in the Sacred Valley, Peru

South America generally includes all of the continent and islands south of the Isthmus of Panama.

Isthmo-Colombian Area

Amazon
Guianas

Eastern Highlands (Brazilian Highlands)

Chaco

Central Andes
Araucania
Patagonia

Caribbean
Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean
Portrait of the Kali'na exhibited at the Jardin d'Acclimatation in Paris in 1892

The West Indies, or the Caribbean, generally includes the island chains of the Caribbean Sea, namely the Lucayan Archipelago, the Greater Antilles, and the Lesser Antilles.

Oceania
Main articles: Indigenous Australians and Pacific Islander

Oceania includes most islands of the Pacific Ocean, New Guinea, New Zealand and the continent of Australia.

List of peoples by geographical and ethnolinguistic grouping:

Australia
Aboriginal farmers in Victoria, Australia, 1858

Indigenous Australians include Aboriginal Australians on the mainland and Tiwi Islands as well as Torres Strait Islander peoples from the Torres Strait Islands.

Western Desert

Kimberley

Northwest

Southwest

Fitzmaurice Basin

Arnhem Land

Top End

Gulf Country
West Cape
East Cape

Daintree Rainforest

Lake Eyre Basin

Spencer Gulf

Murray-Darling Basin

Northeast

Southeast

Tasmania

Torres Strait Islands

Melanesia
Fijians

Melanesia generally includes New Guinea and other (far-)western Pacific islands from the Arafura Sea out to Fiji. The region is mostly inhabited by the Melanesian peoples.

Micronesia

Micronesia generally includes the various small island chains of the western and central Pacific. The region is mostly inhabited by the Micronesian peoples.

Polynesia
Samoan family

Polynesia includes New Zealand and the islands of Oceania, and has various Indigenous populations.[113]

Polynesians

Polynesian outliers

Circumpolar

Circumpolar peoples is an umbrella term for the various Indigenous peoples of the Arctic.

List of peoples by ethnolinguistic grouping:

See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indigenous people.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Wikisource has original text related to this article:

References

Notes
  1. The Indigenous people of Vanuatu make up more than 95 percent of a country of just under a quarter of a million people (who speak more than 111 different languages), recognized by the United Nations as simultaneously having Least Developed status and having the world’s greatest cultural and linguistic diversity.[115]

Citations
  1. "Indigenous Peoples and the United Nations Human Rights System" (PDF). United Nations. p. 7. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  2. McIntosh, Ian (September 2000). "Are there Indigenous Peoples in Asia?". Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  3. United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. Who are indigenous peoples? (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-05-25.
  4. Mathewson, Kent (2004). "Drugs, Moral Geographies, and Indigenous Peoples: Some Initial Mappings and Central Issues". Dangerous Harvest: Drug Plants and the Transformation of Indigenous Landscapes. Oxford University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-19-514319-5. As Sir Thomas Browne remarked in 1646, (this seems to be the first usage in its modern sense).
  5. Browne, Sir Thomas (1646). "Pseudodoxia Epidemica, Chap. X. Of the Blackness of Negroes". University of Chicago. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  6. "Who are the indigenous and tribal peoples?". www.ilo.org. 22 July 2016. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
  7. Acharya, Deepak and Shrivastava Anshu (2008): Indigenous Herbal Medicines: Tribal Formulations and Traditional Herbal Practices, Aavishkar Publishers Distributor, Jaipur, India. ISBN 978-81-7910-252-7. p. 440
  8. LaDuke, Winona (1997). "Voices from White Earth: Gaa-waabaabiganikaag". People, Land, and Community: Collected E.F. Schumacher Society Lectures. Yale University Press. pp. 24–25. ISBN 978-0-300-07173-3.
  9. Miller, Robert J.; Ruru, Jacinta; Behrendt, Larissa; Lindberg, Tracey (2010). Discovering Indigenous Lands: The Doctrine of Discovery in the English Colonies. OUP Oxford. pp. 9–13. ISBN 978-0-19-957981-5.
  10. Taylor Saito, Natsu (2020). "Unsettling Narratives". Settler Colonialism, Race, and the Law: Why Structural Racism Persist (eBook). NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-0802-6. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2020. ...several thousand nations have been arbitrarly (and generally involuntarily) incorporated into approximately two hundred political constructs we call independent states...
  11. Sanders, Douglas (1999). "Indigenous peoples: Issues of definition". International Journal of Cultural Property. 8: 4–13. doi:10.1017/S0940739199770591. S2CID 154898887.
  12. Bodley 2008:2
  13. Muckle, >:>Robert J. (2012). Indigenous Peoples of North America: A Concise Anthropological Overview. University of Toronto Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-4426-0416-2.
  14. McIntosh, Ian (September 2000). "Are there Indigenous Peoples in Asia?". Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021. Looking specifically at Asia ... we see a blanket denial by the power structure of the existence of first peoples, and/or of the idea that any group deserves special treatment because of the specificities of their culture.
  15. McIntosh, Ian (September 2000). "Are there Indigenous Peoples in Asia?". Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021. the word itself now has little meaning outside of the struggle for rights and dignity on the part of minorities and the oppressed.
  16. Grote, Rainer (2006). "On the Fringes of Europe: Europe's Largely Forgotten Indigenous Peoples". American Indian Law Review. 31 (2): 425–443. doi:10.2307/20070794. JSTOR 20070794.
  17. Jose R. Martinez Cobo
  18. Definition of indigenous peoples
  19. Hakansson, N. Thomas (1994). "The Detachability of Women: Gender and Kinship in Processes of Socioeconomic Change among the Gusii of Kenya". American Ethnologist. 21 (3): 516–538. doi:10.1525/ae.1994.21.3.02a00040. JSTOR 645919.
  20. Maxon, R.M. (1976). "Gusii Oral Texts and the Gusii Experience under British Rule". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 9 (1): 74–80. doi:10.2307/217392. JSTOR 217392.
  21. Snyder, Katherine A. (2006). "Mothers on the March: Iraqw Women Negotiating the Public Sphere in Tanzania". Africa Today. 53 (1): 79–99. doi:10.1353/at.2006.0064. JSTOR 4187757. S2CID 144707308.
  22. Boone, Catherine; Nyeme, Lydia (2015). "Land Institutions and Political Ethnicity in Africa: Evidence from Tanzania". Comparative Politics. 48 (1): 67–86. doi:10.5129/001041515816075123. JSTOR 43664170.
  23. Boone, Catherine (2012). "Land Conflict and Distributive Politics in Kenya". African Studies Review. 55 (1): 75–103. doi:10.1353/arw.2012.0010. hdl:2152/19778. JSTOR 41804129. S2CID 154334560.
  24. Jungerius, P. D. (1998). "Indigenous knowledge of landscape-ecological zones among traditional herbalists: a case study in Keiyo District, Kenya". GeoJournal. 44 (1): 51–60. doi:10.1023/A:1006851813051. JSTOR 41147169. S2CID 128857738.
  25. McGlashan, Neil (1964). "Indigenous Kikuyu Education". African Affairs. 63 (250): 47–57. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a095163. JSTOR 719766.
  26. Castro, Alfonso Peter (1991). "Indigenous Kikuyu Agroforestry: A Case Study of Kirinyaga, Kenya". Human Ecology. 19 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1007/BF00888974. JSTOR 4602996. S2CID 154663699.
  27. Kubow, Patricia K. (2007). "Teachers' Constructions of Democracy: Intersections of Western and Indigenous Knowledge in South Africa and Kenya". Comparative Education Review. 51 (3): 307–328. doi:10.1086/518479. JSTOR 10.1086/518479. S2CID 145758842.
  28. Crowley, Eve L.; Carter, Simon E. (2000). "Agrarian Change and the Changing Relationships between Toil and Soil in Maragoli, Western Kenya (1900-1994)". Human Ecology. 28 (3): 383–414. doi:10.1023/A:1007005514841. JSTOR 4603359. S2CID 146217282.
  29. Hodgson, Dorothy (2011). Being Maasai, Becoming Indigenous: Postcolonial Politics in a Neoliberal World. Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253223050.
  30. Shani, Serah (2022). Indigenous Elites in Africa: The Case of Kenya's Maasai. Routledge, Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781032025766.
  31. "The indigenous Maasai wanted to secure plots for farming in their home villages" (p. 29). Ibrahim, Barbara; Ibrahim, Fouad N. (1995). "Pastoralists in Transition - A Case Study from Lengijape, Maasai Steppe". GeoJournal. 36 (1): 27–48. doi:10.1007/BF00812524. JSTOR 41146468. S2CID 154884572.
  32. Sifuna, Daniel (1984). "Indigenous Education in Nomadic Communities : A Survey of The Samburu, Rendille, Gabra and Boran of Northern Kenya". Présence Africaine Nouvelle. 131 (3e): 66–88. doi:10.3917/presa.131.0066. JSTOR 24350929.
  33. Campbell, John R. (2004). "Ethnic minorities and development: A prospective look at the situation of African pastoralists and hunter-gatherers". Ethnicities. 4 (1): 5–26. doi:10.1177/1468796804040326. JSTOR 23890130. S2CID 145416864.
  34. Holtzman, Jon D. (2003). "In a Cup of Tea: Commodities and History among Samburu Pastoralists in Northern Kenya". American Ethnologist. 30 (1): 136–155. doi:10.1525/ae.2003.30.1.136. JSTOR 3805213.
  35. "Eritrean Afar People". Eritrean Afar National Congress. Archived from the original on 2022-01-04. Retrieved 2022-01-04.
  36. Danver 2015, p. 601-603,610.
  37. Beall, Cynthia M. (2014). "Adaptation to High Altitude: Phenotypes and Genotypes". Annual Review of Anthropology. 43: 251–272. doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-102313-030000. JSTOR 43049574.
  38. Young, John (1999). "Along Ethiopia's Western Frontier: Gambella and Benishangul in Transition". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 37 (2): 321–346. doi:10.1017/S0022278X9900302X. JSTOR 161849. S2CID 155057210.
  39. Sanches, Edalina Rodrigues (2022). Popular Protest, Political Opportunities, and Change in Africa. Routledge. pp. 181–2. doi:10.4324/9781003177371-11. ISBN 9781003177371. S2CID 246711828. ...recognition of the identity of indigenous Amhara people from Welkait as Amhara
  40. John, Sonja (2021-09-13). "Civil rights activists in Welkait give hope for peace and democracy in Ethiopia". Africa at LSE. Retrieved 2022-02-20. They requested state institutions recognise their indigenous Amhara identity and end discrimination.
  41. Donham, Donald L. (1992). "Revolution and Modernity in Maale: Ethiopia, 1974 to 1987". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 34 (1): 28–57. doi:10.1017/S0010417500017424. JSTOR 178984. S2CID 143440554.
  42. Lydall, Jean (2000). "The Threat of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia". Northeast African Studies. Special Issue: HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia, Part I: Risk and Preventive Behavior, Sexuality, and Opportunistic Infections. 7 (1): 41–61. doi:10.1353/nas.2004.0007. JSTOR 41931329. S2CID 143405452.
  43. Azeze, Fekade (2001). "The State of Oral Literature Research in Ethiopia: Retrospect and Prospect". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 34 (1): 43–85. JSTOR 41966115.
  44. Jedrej, M. C. (1975). "Ingessana Throwing Knives (Sudan)". Anthropos. Bd. 70, H. 1./2. 70 (1/2): 42–48. JSTOR 40458698.
  45. Jedrej, M. C. (2004). "The Southern Funj of the Sudan as a Frontier Society, 1820-1980". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 46 (4): 709–729. doi:10.1017/S0010417504000337. JSTOR 3879507. S2CID 145732712.
  46. Amborn, Hermann; Schubert, Ruth (2006). "The Contemporary Significance of What Has Been. Three Approaches to Remembering the past: Lineage, Gada, and Oral Tradition". History in Africa. 33: 53–84. doi:10.1353/hia.2006.0004. JSTOR 20065765. S2CID 162724953.
  47. Debelo, Asebe Regassa; Jirata, Tadesse Jaleta (2018). ""Peace Is Not a Free Gift": Indigenous Conceptions of Peace among the Guji-Oromo in Southern Ethiopia". Northeast African Studies. 18 (1–2): 201–230. doi:10.14321/nortafristud.18.1-2.0201. JSTOR 10.14321/nortafristud.18.1-2.0201.
  48. Merid, Takele (2019). "Indigenous Ecological Knowledge and the Changing Livelihood Strategies of the Gedeo People". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 52: 139–166. JSTOR 48619998.
  49. Donovan, Dolores A.; Assefa, Getachew (2003). "Homicide in Ethiopia: Human Rights, Federalism, and Legal Pluralism". The American Journal of Comparative Law. 51 (3): 505–552. doi:10.2307/3649118. JSTOR 3649118.
  50. Meckelburg, Alexander (2015). "Slavery, Emancipation, and Memory: Exploratory Notes on Western Ethiopia". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. Special Issue: Exploring Post-Slavery in Contemporary Africa. 48 (2): 345–362. JSTOR 44723364.
  51. Fratkin, Elliot (2014). "Ethiopia's Pastoralist Policies: Development, Displacement and Resettlement". Nomadic Peoples. Special issue: The Emerging World of Pastoralists and Nomads. 18 (1): 94–114. doi:10.3197/np.2014.180107. JSTOR 43124163. S2CID 147312991.
  52. Strecker, Ivo (2007). "A Hamar Spokesman on German Television and Radio: lessons on cultural difference and similarity". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 40 (1/2): 181–201. JSTOR 41988226.
  53. Pankhurst, Alula (2002). "Research on Ethiopian societies and cultures during the second half of the twentieth century". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 35 (2): 1–60. JSTOR 41966134.
  54. Jalata, Asafa (2017). "The Oromo Movement: The Effects of State Terrorism and Globalization in Oromia and Ethiopia". Social Justice. 44 (4): 83–106. JSTOR 26538396.
  55. Naty, Alexander (2002). "Environment, Society and the State in Western Eritrea". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 72 (4): 569–597. doi:10.3366/afr.2002.72.4.569. JSTOR 3556702. S2CID 142770729.
  56. Woldemikael, Tekle M. (2003). "Language, Education, and Public Policy in Eritrea". African Studies Review. 46 (1): 117–136. doi:10.2307/1514983. JSTOR 1514983. S2CID 143172927.
  57. Donham, Donald L. (1992). "Revolution and Modernity in Maale: Ethiopia, 1974 to 1987". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 34 (1): 28–57. doi:10.1017/S0010417500017424. JSTOR 178984. S2CID 143440554.
  58. Donham, Donald L. (2000). "On Being "First": Making History by Two's in Southern Ethiopia". Northeast African Studies. Special Issue: Cultural Variation and Social Change in Southern Ethiopia: Comparative Approaches. 7 (3): 21–33. doi:10.1353/nas.2005.0005. JSTOR 41931255. S2CID 144593095.
  59. Turton, David (1992). ""We Must Teach Them to Be Peaceful": Mursi views on being human and being Mursi". Nomadic Peoples. 31 (31): 19–33. JSTOR 43123371.
  60. Weldehaimanot, Simon M; Mekonnen, Daniel R (2012). "Favourable Awards to Trans-Boundary Indigenous Peoples". Australian Indigenous Law Review. 16 (1): 60–76. JSTOR 26423239.
  61. Tewolde, Azeb (2018). "The Archives of Eritrea as a Primary Source of Information for the Eritrean Cultural Heritage: Its Nature and Accessibility". Rassegna di Studi Etiopici. 3a Serie. 2 (49): 11–22. JSTOR 48564342.
  62. Bender, M. L. (1971). "The Languages of Ethiopia: A New Lexicostatistic Classification and Some Problems of Diffusion". Anthropological Linguistics. 13 (5): 165–288. JSTOR 30029540.
  63. Quinlan, Marsha B.; Quinlan, Robert J.; Dira, Samuel Jilo (2014). "Sidama Agro-Pastoralism and Ethnobiological Classification of its Primary Plant, Enset (Ensete ventricosum)". Ethnobiology Letters. 5: 116–125. doi:10.14237/ebl.5.2014.222. JSTOR 26423590.
  64. Hamer, John H. (2002). "The Religious Conversion Process among the Sidāma of North-East Africa". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 72 (4): 598–627. doi:10.3366/afr.2002.72.4.598. JSTOR 3556703. S2CID 143489496.
  65. William T. W., Morgan (2000). "The Ethnic Geography of Kenya on the Eve of Independence: The 1962 Census (Ethnogeographie Kenias am Vorabend der Unabhängigkeit: Der Zensus von 1962)". Erdkunde. 54 (1): 76–87. doi:10.3112/erdkunde.2000.01.07. JSTOR 25647252.
  66. Bouh, Ahmed Mohammed; Mammo, Yared (2008). "Indigenous Conflict Management and Resolution Mechanisms on Rangelands in Somali Regional State, Ethiopia". Nomadic Peoples. 12 (1): 109–121. doi:10.3167/np.2008.120107. JSTOR 43123815.
  67. "Ethiopian Tribeswomen Seek to Attract Favourable Husbands With Lip Plates". Al Bawaba. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2022-02-15.
  68. Abbink, J. (2000). "Violence and the Crisis of Conciliation: Suri, Dizi and the State in South-West Ethiopia". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 70 (4): 527–550. doi:10.3366/afr.2000.70.4.527. hdl:1887/9482. JSTOR 1161471. S2CID 145471725.
  69. Rahmato, Dessalegn (1995). "Resilience and Vulnerability: Enset Agriculture in Southern Ethiopia". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 28 (1): 23–51. JSTOR 41966054.
  70. International Crisis Group (2009-09-04). "V. Contested Multi-Ethnic Politics". Ethiopia: Ethnic Federalism and Its Discontents. pp. Page 22–Page 28. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  71. Habtu, Alem (2005). "Multiethnic Federalism in Ethiopia: A Study of the Secession Clause in the Constitution". Publius. 35 (5): 313–335. doi:10.1093/publius/pji016. JSTOR 4624714.
  72. Unrepresented Nations and People Organization | UNPO, Assyrians the Indigenous People of Iraq
  73. Sawahla & Dloomy (2007, pp. 425–433)
  74. Williams, Victoria R. (2020-02-24). Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-4408-6118-5.
  75. Tubb, 1998. pg 13–14.
  76. Mark Smith, in The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel, states "Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. The material culture of the region exhibits numerous common points between Palestinians and Canaanites in the Iron I period (c. 1200–1000 BC). The record would suggest that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture. ... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature. Given the information available, one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation between Canaanites and Palestinians for the Iron I period." (pp. 6–7). Smith, Mark (2002) The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel (Eerdman's)
  77. Rendsberg, Gary (2008). "Israel without the Bible". In Frederick E. Greenspahn. The Hebrew Bible: New Insights and Scholarship. NYU Press, pp. 3–5
  78. Erich S. Gruen, Diaspora: Jews Amidst Greeks and Romans Harvard University Press, 2009 pp. 3–4, 233–34: 'Compulsory dislocation, .…cannot have accounted for more than a fraction of the diaspora. … The vast bulk of Jews who dwelled abroad in the Second Temple Period did so voluntarily.' (2)' .Diaspora did not await the fall of Jerusalem to Roman power and destructiveness. The scattering of Jews had begun long before-occasionally through forced expulsion, much more frequently through voluntary migration.'
  79. Josephus. War of the Jews 9:2.
  80. "Jewish Genetics - DNA, genes, Jews, Ashkenazi".
  81. Haber, Marc; Gauguier, Dominique; Youhanna, Sonia; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Botigué, Laura R; Platt, Daniel E; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Soria-Hernanz, David F; Wells, R. Spencer; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Comas, David; Zalloua, Pierre A (2013). "Genome-Wide Diversity in the Levant Reveals Recent Structuring by Culture". PLOS Genetics. 9 (2): e1003316. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003316. PMC 3585000. PMID 23468648.
  82. Behar, Doron M.; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Metspalu, Mait; Metspalu, Ene; Rosset, Saharon; Parik, Jüri; Rootsi, Siiri; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Kutuev, Ildus; Yudkovsky, Guennady; Khusnutdinova, Elza K.; Balanovsky, Oleg; Semino, Ornella; Pereira, Luisa; Comas, David; Gurwitz, David; Bonne-Tamir, Batsheva; Parfitt, Tudor; Hammer, Michael F.; Skorecki, Karl; Villems, Richard (2010). "The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people". Nature. 466 (7303): 238–242. Bibcode:2010Natur.466..238B. doi:10.1038/nature09103. PMID 20531471. S2CID 4307824.
  83. "Tracing the Roots of Jewishness". 2010-06-03.
  84. Busbridge, Rachel (1 January 2018). "Israel-Palestine and the Settler Colonial 'Turn': From Interpretation to Decolonization". Theory, Culture & Society. 35 (1): 91–115. doi:10.1177/0263276416688544. ISSN 0263-2764. S2CID 151793639.
  85. Ukashi, Ran (1 May 2018). "Zionism, Imperialism, and Indigeneity in Israel/Palestine: A Critical Analysis". Peace and Conflict Studies. 25 (1). doi:10.46743/1082-7307/2018.1442. ISSN 1082-7307.
  86. Goldberg, Carole (14 April 2020). "Invoking the Indigenous, for and against Israel". Swimming against the Current. Academic Studies Press. pp. 298–318. doi:10.1515/9781644693087-019. ISBN 978-1-64469-308-7. S2CID 243669197.
  87. Troen, Ilan; Troen, Carol (2019). "Indigeneity". Israel Studies. 24 (2): 17–32. doi:10.2979/israelstudies.24.2.02. ISSN 1084-9513. JSTOR 10.2979/israelstudies.24.2.02. S2CID 239062214.
  88. Kattan, Victor. "'Invented' Palestinians, 'Indigenous' Jews: The Roots of Israel's Annexation Plan, and Why the World Must Stop Netanyahu, Before It's Too Late". Haaretz.
  89. Pappe, Ilan (1 January 2018). "Indigeneity as Cultural Resistance: Notes on the Palestinian Struggle within Twenty-First-Century Israel". South Atlantic Quarterly. 117 (1): 157–178. doi:10.1215/00382876-4282082. hdl:10871/28176. ISSN 0038-2876.
  90. Frantzman, Seth J.; Yahel, Havatzelet; Kark, Ruth (2012). "Contested Indigeneity: The Development of an Indigenous Discourse on the Bedouin of the Negev, Israel". Israel Studies. 17 (1): 78–104. doi:10.2979/israelstudies.17.1.78. ISSN 1527-201X. S2CID 143785060.
  91. Yiftachel, Oren; Roded, Batya; Kedar, Alexandre (Sandy) (1 November 2016). "Between rights and denials: Bedouin indigeneity in the Negev/Naqab". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space. 48 (11): 2129–2161. doi:10.1177/0308518X16653404. ISSN 0308-518X. S2CID 147970455.
  92. Tatour, Lana (26 November 2019). "The culturalisation of indigeneity: the Palestinian-Bedouin of the Naqab and indigenous rights". The International Journal of Human Rights. 23 (10): 1569–1593. doi:10.1080/13642987.2019.1609454. ISSN 1364-2987. S2CID 150663547.
  93. The UN Refugee Agency | UNHCR, World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples
  94. Department of Evolutionary Biology at University of Tartu Estonian Biocentre | Reconstruction of Patrilineages and Matrilineages of Samaritans and Other Israeli Populations From Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation, Molecular Anthropology Group
  95. Szczśniak, Andrew L. (1963). "A Brief Index of Indigenous Peoples and Languages of Asiatic Russia". Anthropological Linguistics. 5 (6): 1–29. ISSN 0003-5483. JSTOR 30022425.
  96. "Orang Asli in Peninsular Malaysia : Population, Spatial Distribution and Socio-Economic Condition" (PDF).
  97. "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Philippines: Overview, 2007", UNHCR | Refworld.
  98. Hanihara, T (1992). "Negritos, Australian Aborigines, and the proto-sundadont dental pattern: The basic populations in East Asia". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 88 (2): 183–96. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330880206. PMID 1605316.
  99. Agpaoa, Joshua C. (2013). Design Motifs of the Northern Philippine Textiles.
  100. Baer, Lars-Anders (2005). "The Rights of Indigenous Peoples – A Brief Introduction in the Context of the Sámi". International Journal on Minority and Group Rights. 12 (2/3): 245–267. JSTOR 24675300.
  101. Gouverneur, Cédric (1 January 2017). "Europe's only indigenous people". Le Monde Diplomatique. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  102. "Europe's only recognized indigenous peoples live in Sweden". Swedish Development Forum. 27 March 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  103. "The Sámi: The People, Their Culture and Languages". Council of Europe. 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  104. "Rights of the Sámi People". Finnish Ministry of Justice. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  105. Jaakkola, Jouni J. K.; Juntunen, Suvi; Näkkäläjärvi, Klemetti (2018). "The Holistic Effects of Climate Change on the Culture, Well-Being, and Health of the Saami, the Only Indigenous People in the European Union". Current Environmental Health Reports. 5 (4): 401–417. doi:10.1007/s40572-018-0211-2. PMC 6306421. PMID 30350264.
  106. Valkonen, Sanna; Valkonen, Jarno (2017). "The Non-State Sámi". In Wiesner, Claudia; Björk, Anna; Kivistö, Hanna-Mari; Mäkinen, Katja (eds.). Shaping Citizenship: A Political Concept in Theory, Debate and Practice. Routledge. pp. 138–152. doi:10.4324/9781315186214-11. ISBN 9781315186214.
  107. Grote, Rainer (2006). "On the Fringes of Europe: Europe's Largely Forgotten Indigenous Peoples". American Indian Law Review. 31 (2): 425–443. doi:10.2307/20070794. JSTOR 20070794.
  108. "Who are Europe's indigenous peoples and what are their struggles?". Euronews. 2019-09-08. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
  109. Fremer, Iana (2021). "Ukraine: New Law Determines Legal Status of Indigenous People". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2023-08-04.
  110. "Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Ireland : Travellers". Archived from the original on 26 January 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
  111. "Irish Traveller Movement - About Irish Travellers". Archived from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  112. Rouse (1992)
  113. Gagné, Natacha; Salaün, Marie (2012). "Appeals to indigeneity: insights from Oceania". Social Identities. 18 (4): 381–398. doi:10.1080/13504630.2012.673868. S2CID 144491173.
  114. O. Ka'ili, Tevita (2017). Marking Indigeneity: The Tongan Art of Sociospatial Relations. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 9780816530564.
  115. Geismar, Haidy (2020). "Introduction: Culture, Property, Indigeneity". Treasured Possessions. p. 1. doi:10.1515/9780822399704-004. ISBN 9780822399704. S2CID 241275292.

Sources
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.