January 1961

The following events occurred in January 1961:

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January 20, 1961: John F. Kennedy becomes the 35th U.S. president
January 17, 1961: Outgoing U.S. President Eisenhower warns against the "military-industrial complex"
January 24, 1961: Nuclear bomb accidentally dropped on Goldsboro, NC
January 1, 1961: British farthing, worth 1⁄4 a penny, discontinued after 600 years

January 1, 1961 (Sunday)

January 2, 1961 (Monday)

January 3, 1961 (Tuesday)

January 4, 1961 (Wednesday)
  • East Germany's Chancellor and Communist party chief, Walter Ulbricht, held a secret emergency meeting of the Politburo of his Socialist Unity Party of Germany, the SED, and told his fellow party leaders that East Germany's own economic failures accounted for 60% of the departure of East Germans to West Germany. He warned the SED that the nation needed to take action to fix housing shortages, low wages, inadequate pensions, and the six-day workweek before the end of the year. Ulbricht also criticized East German schools, pointing out that 75% of the people who left were younger than 25. Most importantly, he created a task force to stop the loss of refugees; the solution would come in the form of the Berlin Wall and the heavily-guarded border in August.[13]
  • Michael Goleniewski, an officer of Poland's Army counter-espionage unit GZI WP (Główny Zarząd Informacji Wojska Polskiego or "Main Directorate of Information of the Polish Army"), who also spied on Poland as a double agent for the Soviet Union's KGB, defected to the American CIA office in West Berlin, becoming, in effect, a triple agent.[14]
  • Died: Erwin Schrödinger, 73, Austrian physicist and pioneer in quantum mechanics, 1933 Nobel laureate for his discovery of the Schrödinger equation. In 1935, he would propose a popular analogy that is referred to now as Schrödinger's cat.[15]

January 5, 1961 (Thursday)

January 6, 1961 (Friday)
  • John F. Kennedy was formally elected as the 35th president of the United States, as a joint session of the U.S. Congress witnessed the counting of the electoral vote. U.S. Vice-President Richard Nixon, who had opposed Kennedy in the 1960 election, formally announced the result, saying, "I now declare John F. Kennedy elected president." The results were 303 votes for Kennedy, 219 for Nixon, and 15 for U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, Jr.[21]
  • Blamed on a person smoking in bed, a fire at a San Francisco hotel for the elderly killed 20 of the 135 residents. Police charged the smoker, who escaped unhurt, with manslaughter.[22] He was released for lack of evidence, and would die of cirrhosis four months later.[23]
  • Born: Georges Jobé, Belgian motocross rider, and five-time world champion between 1980 and 1992. (d. 2012)

January 7, 1961 (Saturday)
  • In the first round of the Los Angeles Open golf tournament in the United States, golfing legend Arnold Palmer took 12 strokes to complete the 18th hole. The defending Masters and U.S. Open champion hit his first four shots at the green out of bounds, for four penalties; it took two more strokes to reach the green, and, once there, two more to sink the ball.[24]
  • After leading Duke 36–33 at halftime, North Carolina State's basketball team lost 81–67. Months later, it was revealed that two N.C. State players had been paid $1,250 each by gamblers for point shaving. The two were paid $2,500 each in the Wolfpack's 62–56 loss, on February 15, to North Carolina.[25]
  • The NFL's first "Playoff Bowl", between the second-place finishers in the league's Eastern and Western Conferences, took place in Miami. Officially, the game was called the "Bert Bell Benefit Bowl" and raised money for the NFL players' pension fund. Playing a week after Philadelphia beat Green Bay in the NFL championship, the Detroit Lions won third place in a 17–16 victory over the Cleveland Browns.[26]
  • Following a four-day conference in Casablanca, five African chiefs of state announced plans for a NATO-type African organization to ensure common defense. From the Charter of Casablanca emerged the Casablanca Group, consisting of Morocco, the United Arab Republic, Ghana, Guinea, and Mali.[27]

January 8, 1961 (Sunday)

January 9, 1961 (Monday)

January 10, 1961 (Tuesday)

January 11, 1961 (Wednesday)
  • The University of Georgia admitted African-American students for the first time, five days after a federal judge ordered integration. Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter were the first to begin classes in Athens.[37]
  • The Pisces, a yacht carrying Moroccan Jews to Israel, capsized off the coast of Algeciras, Spain, drowning the 40 passengers and all but 3 of the crew. The ship's captain survived.[38]
  • Ukrainian SSR Communist Party Chief Nikolai Podgorny was berated by Soviet First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev after corn production fell short of goals set for 1960. In a session of the party's Central Committee in Moscow, Khrushchev accused Podgorny of lying to conceal theft and warned, "You will pay for this lack of leadership."[39] Podgorny, along with Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin, would be part of the troika that would overthrow Khrushchev in 1964.
  • The name Grampian Television was selected for independent television's new service covering the north of Scotland, replacing the name North of Scotland Television. The Grampian Mountains are one of three mountain ranges in Scotland.
  • The Naval Auxiliary Landing Field San Clemente Island was renamed "Frederick Sherman Field" in honor of Vice Admiral Frederick C. Sherman, a US naval commander of World War I and World War II.[40]
  • USAF test pilot Jack B. Mayo disappeared over the Gulf of Mexico while test-firing M61 Vulcan cannons from a Republic F-105D Thunderchief. He was officially declared missing eight days later. In 1959 Mayo had been one of the 32 finalists for NASA Astronaut Group 1.[41]
  • Born:

January 12, 1961 (Thursday)

January 13, 1961 (Friday)

January 14, 1961 (Saturday)
  • The Professional Footballers' Association, trade union for the soccer football players in the professional leagues of England and Wales, called off plans for a strike in the middle of the 1960–61 Football League season. PFA director Jimmy Hill had threatened the strike after The Football League refused to lift a salary cap that limited even the best players to no more than £20 per game (twenty pounds sterling, comparable to £424 in 2017).[48] The English League relented, as "the threat of a strike effectively finished the era of the maximum wage".[49]
  • In the final week of his administration, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower issued an Executive Order that closed a loophole that allowed American people and companies to own gold outside of the United States. Since 1933, people and companies under American jurisdiction were barred from buying, selling or owning gold within the U.S., but were not prohibited from hoarding it outside of the country. The new order directed that all Americans who held gold coins, gold bars, and foreign gold securities and gold certificates, would have to dispose of their holdings no later than June 1. The move came after the U.S. trade deficit had grown by ten billion dollars over the previous three years.[50][51]
  • India's third nuclear reactor, ZERLINA, the Zero Energy Reactor for Lattice Investigations and New Assemblies, went into operation.[52] The reactor had a maximum power of not more than 100 watts and was limited to research on "the properties of various types of nuclear fuels" and would be dismantled in 1983.[53]
  • Born: Vissarion, Russian mystic who claims to be a reincarnation of Jesus Christ, as Sergei Anatolyevich Torop, in Krasnodar, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
  • Died: Barry Fitzgerald, 72, Irish actor

January 15, 1961 (Sunday)
  • The collapse of an offshore radar tower off the coast of New Jersey killed all 28 men on board. Rescuers heard tapping from within the wreckage on the first day after the disaster, but were unable to reach the survivors.[54] At 7:33 pm, the 185-foot (56 m) tall tower, nicknamed "Old Shaky", vanished from radar screens at Otis Air Force Base. Only two bodies were found. Three U.S. Air Force officers were later charged with neglect of duty in connection with the accident.[55]
  • Motown Records signed The Supremes to their first recording contract.[56]

January 16, 1961 (Monday)
  • The Festival de Télévision de Monte-Carlo was launched by Rainier III, Prince of Monaco.
  • The United States banned travel by its citizens to Cuba, except in cases where a special endorsement was included on a passport.[57]
  • In Sheldon, Iowa, bank teller Burnice Geiger was arrested after federal bank examiners discovered that she had embezzled money from the Sheldon National Bank. Initially, audits showed more than $120,000 missing over a three-year period. Mrs. Geiger admitted to stealing a total of $2,126,859.10 — an American record to that time, equivalent to $14 million fifty years later.[58][59] Sentenced to 15 years in prison, she served five, and lived until 1981.[60]

January 17, 1961 (Tuesday)

January 18, 1961 (Wednesday)

January 19, 1961 (Thursday)
  • In New Zealand, the filling of Lake Ohakuri began. Within two weeks, a reservoir of nearly 5 square miles (13 km2) was created and a supply of hydroelectric power was created. At the same time, two of the world's largest geysers—the 295-foot (90 m) high Minquini and the 180-foot (55 m) high Orakeikorako—were covered over and made extinct.[66][67]
  • An Aeronaves de México DC-8B airline flight, bound for Mexico City, crashed shortly after taking off in a blizzard from New York's Idlewild Airport. Although the plane fell from an altitude of 50 feet (15 m) and burst into flames, 102 of the 106 people on board, including all of the passengers, survived.[68][69]

January 20, 1961 (Friday)

January 21, 1961 (Saturday)
  • Loaded with 16 nuclear tipped Polaris A-1 missiles, the submarine USS George Washington completed its first "deterrent patrol", after having remained submerged for a record 66 consecutive days.[71]
  • Hours after a speedy confirmation in a special session of the United States Senate, all ten members of President John F. Kennedy's cabinet were sworn into office in a ceremony at the White House, including the President's younger brother, Robert F. Kennedy, who became the new Attorney General.[72]
  • The first Cosquín Festival, Argentina's major folk music festival, began.
  • Died: Blaise Cendrars, 73, Swiss/French novelist and poet[73]

January 22, 1961 (Sunday)

January 23, 1961 (Monday)
  • In Lebanon, the Political Bureau dissolved the militants' organization; William Hawi created the Regulatory Forces.[76]
  • A group of 29 men, led by Portuguese rebel Henrique Malta Galvao, hijacked the cruise ship Santa Maria which was carrying 580 passengers and a crew of 360. The group had boarded with tickets at La Guaira, Venezuela, and then executed the attack at 1:30 am. One member of the crew was killed and several wounded. After putting the wounded ashore, the ship sailed with other ships trying to locate it. Galvao threatened to scuttle the ship if it was attacked.[77][78] The crisis would end on February 2, as Galvao surrendered the ship at Recife, Brazil.[79][80]

January 24, 1961 (Tuesday)
  • A B-52 Stratofortress, with two Mark 39 nuclear bombs, crashed on a farm in the community of Faro, 12 miles (19 km) north of Goldsboro, North Carolina. Three USAF officers were killed.[81] One of the bombs went partially through its arming sequence, as five of its six safety switches failed. The one remaining switch prevented a 24 megaton nuclear explosion.[82]
  • All 21 people on board Garuda Indonesian Airways Flight 424 were killed when the Douglas DC-3 plane crashed into the 6,772-foot (2,064 m) Mount Burangrang at an altitude of 5,400 feet (1,600 m). The plane had taken off from Jakarta en route to Bandung.[83]
  • Mel Blanc, the voice of Bugs Bunny and many other cartoon characters, was seriously injured in a head-on collision while driving in Los Angeles.[84] Blanc was in a coma for three weeks and was reported as killed in at least one newspaper (possibly the Hilo Tribune-Herald), but his versatile voice was unaffected, and he continued working until his death in 1989.[85]
  • Marilyn Monroe was granted a divorce from playwright Arthur Miller, after filing an action in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico.[86]
  • Died: Elsa the Lioness, 5, Kenyan-born lion who was the subject of the 1960 book and the 1966 film Born Free, after being raised by author Joy Adamson and returned to the wild.

January 25, 1961 (Wednesday)

January 26, 1961 (Thursday)

January 27, 1961 (Friday)

January 28, 1961 (Saturday)
  • In Atlanta, United States, Malcolm X and Jeremiah Shabazz of the black supremacist Nation of Islam met secretly with representatives of the white supremacist Ku Klux Klan to discuss common interests, including preventing integration of the races. NOI leader Elijah Muhammad and KKK leader J.B. Stoner had arranged the meeting, with the Klan agreeing to help the "Black Muslims" acquire land for resettlement.[93]
  • In Gitarama, in the Belgian colony of Rwanda, a group of Hutu politicians declared an end to the Tutsi monarchy and the creation of a republic, with Dominique Mbonyumutwa as its first President. Mbonyumutwa was replaced by Grégoire Kayibanda before Rwanda was granted independence in 1962.[94]
  • The Smothers Brothers, comedians Tom and Dick Smothers, first appeared on US national television, as guests on the Tonight show, hosted by Jack Paar.[95]
  • Bobo Brazil became the first African American to win a US National Wrestling Alliance title, pinning Dick the Bruiser in the heavyweight pro wrestling match at Detroit.[96]
  • An indoor high school basketball game in Pennsylvania, US, was "rained out". Cold air from an open window combined with heat in a gymnasium to create puddles of condensation on the floor. The game was called with West Hazleton High leading McAdoo High, 31–29.[97]

January 29, 1961 (Sunday)

January 30, 1961 (Monday)
  • US President John F. Kennedy delivered his first State of the Union Address, a pessimistic outlook of the challenges posed in the Cold War.[101]
  • President Kennedy approved a $41 million counterinsurgency plan, drawn up for President Eisenhower by General Edward Lansdale, to help the government of South Vietnam resist communist aggression. Designed to add 52,000 men to that nation's army and civil guards, the plan included provisions for American soldiers and military advisers to assist in the effort.[102]
  • Disenchanted with life in the Soviet Union, American defector Lee Harvey Oswald wrote to President Kennedy's newly appointed U.S. Secretary of the Navy, John Connally, to ask for a reversal of Oswald's dishonorable discharge from the United States Marines. The letter was never acted upon, and on November 22, 1963, Oswald would become the alleged shooter of both Kennedy and Connally.[103]
  • The United States animated television series, The Yogi Bear Show, is broadcast in syndication for the first time, having been created after the Yogi Bear segments from The Huckleberry Hound Show proved more popular than the show itself.[104]
  • Born: Dexter King, African-American activist, in Atlanta, son of Martin Luther King Jr. and Coretta Scott King[105]
  • Died: Dorothy Thompson, 66, American journalist[106]


January 31, 1961 (Tuesday)
  • Hermann Höfle, an Austrian-born member of the Nazi Party who had overseen the deportation of Poland's Jews to extermination camps, was arrested in Salzburg shortly after being identified as a war criminal by Adolf Eichmann during Eichmann's war crimes trial. For nine years, Höfle had been working at his pre-war trade as an auto mechanic and was working at the Salzburg water department at the time of his arrest.[107] His crime confirmed in the 1943 "Höfle Telegram", in which he bragged of exterminating a total of 1,274,166 Jews in four camps during Operation Reinhard, Höfle would hang himself in a Vienna prison on August 21, 1962, before he could be put on trial.[108]
Ham, a spacefaring chimpanzee, and his trainer Joseph V. Brady
  • Ham, a 37-pound (17 kg) male chimpanzee, was rocketed into space from Cape Canaveral aboard Mercury-Redstone 2, in a test of the Project Mercury capsule, thereby becoming the first hominid in space. During the powered phase of the flight, the thrust of the propulsion system was considerably higher than planned. In addition, the early depletion of the liquid oxygen caused a signal that separated the spacecraft from the launch vehicle a few seconds before planned. The over-acceleration of the launch vehicle coupled with the velocity of the escape rocket caused the spacecraft to attain a higher altitude and a longer range than planned. However, spacecraft recovery was effected, although there were some leaks, and the spacecraft was taking on water. Ham appeared to be in good physiological condition, but sometime later when he was shown the spacecraft it was visually apparent that he had no further interest in cooperating with the space flight program. Despite the over-acceleration factor, the flight was considered to be successful. Ham's 161⁄2-minute flight demonstrated to American NASA officials that the capsule could safely carry human astronauts into space.[10][109][110]
  • The American State of Georgia, with the support of most of its residents, repealed its longstanding laws requiring segregation by race in its public schools. Governor S. Ernest Vandiver, in signing the "open schools package" of legislation, declared, "These are the four most important bills to be signed in this century in Georgia".[111]
  • James Meredith, an African-American, applied for admission to the all-white University of Mississippi, beginning a legal action that would result in the desegregation of the university.[112]

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  4. "Huskies' 1st Half Blitz Too Much for Gophers", Milwaukee Sentinel, January 3, 1961, p8
  5. "25 Die In Airliner Explosion". Ottawa Citizen. January 3, 1961. p. 1.
  6. "Report Pilot Drank Before Fatal Flight". Milwaukee Journal. January 10, 1961. p. 2.
  7. Aviation Safety Network
  8. "AMERICANS BEGIN CUBAN EXODUS". Arizona Daily Sun. Flagstaff, Arizona. January 4, 1961. p. 1.
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  10. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Grimwood, James M. "PART II (B) Research and Development Phase of Project Mercury January 1960 through May 5, 1961". Project Mercury - A Chronology. NASA Special Publication-4001. NASA. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
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  15. "Dr. Schroedinger, Physicist, 73, Dies; Austrian Scientist Shared 1933 Nobel Prize--Author Taught in Many Lands", New York Times, January 6, 1961
  16. "Roman Admits Forging Etruscan Sculptures; 78-Year-Old Artisan Worked in Pottery Repair Shop Story Uncovered by a Friend of Metropolitan Director". The New York Times. February 22, 1961.
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  20. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Brooks, Courtney G.; Ertel, Ivan D.; Newkirk, Roland W. "PART I: Early Space Station Activities -1923 to December 1962.". SKYLAB: A CHRONOLOGY. NASA Special Publication-4011. NASA. p. 14. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  21. "It's All Over! Kennedy Won, Nixon Declares", Milwaukee Journal, January 7, 1961, p3
  22. "19 Aged Die in 'Torch-Trap'", Milwaukee Sentinel, January 7, 1961, p1
  23. "The News Around the U.S.", Miami News, May 29, 1961, p2A
  24. "Palmer Fires Big 12 on 18th", Spokane Daily Chronicle, January 7, 1961, p8
  25. William A. Link, William Friday: Power, Purpose, and American Higher Education (UNC Press Books, 1997) p104
  26. "Browns Flub Point Try, Lions Win Bowl, 17-16", Miami News, January 8, 1961, p1C
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  38. "Yacht Tips, 40 Are Dead". Milwaukee Journal. January 11, 1961. p. 1.
  39. "Flop of Crop Burns Nikita". Milwaukee Sentinel. January 13, 1961. p. 3.
  40. Stewart, William (2009). Admirals of the World: A Biographical Dictionary, 1500 to the Present. McFarland. p. 258.
  41. Burgess, Colin (2011). Selecting the Mercury Seven: The Search for America's First Astronauts. Chichester, UK: Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 148–154. ISBN 978-1-4419-8404-3.
  42. "Princess Astrid Of Norway Becomes Bride Of Commoner", Saskatoon Star-Phoenix, January 13, 1961, p10
  43. Meliha Benli Altunisik and Özlem Tür, Turkey: Challenges of Continuity and Change (Routledge, 2004) p33
  44. David Hobbs, British Aircraft Carriers: Design, Development & Service Histories (Seaforth Publishing, 2014) p197
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  47. "Jazzman Lem Winchester Dies As Gun Tricks Backfires", Pittsburgh Courier, January 28, 1961, p23
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  58. "Woman Jailed in Bank Theft". Spokane Daily Chronicle. January 17, 1961. p. 1.
  59. "She Gets 15 Years In $2-Million Theft". Miami News. February 17, 1961. p. 1.
  60. "Embezzlement put Sheldon on the map". The Daily Reporter. Spencer, Iowa. January 8, 1986. p. 8A – via Google News.
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  79. "Santa Maria's Passengers Finally Ferried To Freedom". Montreal Gazette. February 3, 1961. p. 1.
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  84. "Mel Blanc is Hurt in Coast Car Crash", New York Times, January 26, 1961
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  88. "Freed Fliers Head Home; Kennedy Hails Russ Move", Milwaukee Journal, January 26, 1961, p1
  89. "Honor Guests To Put On Dog With Full-Length Furs At Dalmatian Show", St. Petersburg Times, January 25, 1961, p10-B
  90. Roy Boland, Culture and Customs of El Salvador (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001) p29
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  93. Louis A. DeCaro, Jr., On the Side of My People: A Religious Life of Malcolm X (NYU Press, 1997) pp180-181
  94. Aimable Twagilimana, Hutu and Tutsi (Rosen Publishing Group, 1997) p43
  95. David Bianculli, Dangerously funny: the uncensored story of The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour (Simon and Schuster, 2009) p34
  96. Ross Davies, Bobo Brazil (Rosen Publishing Group, 2001) p52
  97. Andrew Postman and Larry Stone, The Ultimate Book of Sports Lists (Black Dog Publishing, 2003) p259
  98. Oliver Trager, Keys to the rain: the definitive Bob Dylan encyclopedia (Billboard Books, 2004) p226
  99. Albert G. Pickerell and May Dornin, The University of California: a pictorial history (University of California Press, 1968) p311
  100. John Clark Pratt, Vietnam Voices: Perspectives on the War Years, 1941–1975 (University of Georgia Press, 2008) p95
  101. Ivo H. Daalder and I. M. Destler, In the shadow of the Oval Office: profiles of the national security advisers and the presidents they served : from JFK to George W. Bush (Simon and Schuster, 2009) p18
  102. Douglas J. Macdonald, Adventures in chaos: American intervention for reform in the Third World (Harvard University Press, 1992) p191
  103. Gary W. O'Brien, Oswald's Politics (Trafford Publishing, 2010) p54
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