September 1960

The following events occurred in September 1960:

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September 10, 1960: Ethiopia's Abebe Bikila wins the Olympic marathon while running barefoot
September 14, 1960: Joseph Mobutu, Army Chief of Staff, launches a coup in the Republic of the Congo
September 2, 1960: American polio survivor Wilma Rudolph wins women's 100-meter dash
September 4, 1960: Oil-producing nations form OPEC

September 1, 1960 (Thursday)

September 2, 1960 (Friday)
  • In the Summer Olympics, Wilma Rudolph, who had overcome childhood polio, won the women's 100 meter dash with a time of 11.0 seconds. Although faster than the world record of 11.3, Rudolph's mark was not official because the wind had been blowing faster than 2.0 m/s. Rudolph earned three golds, including the 200 m dash and the 4 × 100 m relay. In the long jump competition, Ralph Boston of the United States broke the Olympic record that had been set in 1936 by Jesse Owens. Boston was 4 inches (100 mm) short of the world record of 26 feet 11+3⁄4 inches (8.21 m) that he had set on August 12.[6]
  • Near Grafenwöhr, West Germany, 16 American soldiers were killed and 26 injured when an 8-inch howitzer shell crashed into them during a morning roll call. The shell had been overloaded with charge and went 4+1⁄2 miles beyond its target.[7]
  • Aeroflot Flight 804 crashed while bringing back 13 passengers and five crewmen from the Soviet Air Force's Arctic base at Mys Shmidta.[8][9]
  • Born:

September 3, 1960 (Saturday)
  • In the bloodiest day of fighting since the Congo became independent of Belgium, more than 300 people were killed and 700 wounded as Congolese troops invaded the "Mining State" that had been declared by Albert Kalonji in the Kasai Province. Government troops loyal to Patrice Lumumba had retaken the cities of Mwene Ditu and Laputa, while Kasai rebels were marching to defend the major city of Bakwanga (now Mbuji-Mayi).[10]

September 4, 1960 (Sunday)
Hurricane Donna on radar

September 5, 1960 (Monday)
Lumumba, fired by Kasavubu
Kasavubu, fired by Lumumba
  • In the Congo, President Joseph Kasavubu announced on Radio Leopoldville that he had fired Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba. An hour later, Lumumba announced on the same station that he intended to stay, and then fired Kasavubu. Congo's Army Chief of Staff Joseph Mobutu sent troops to place Lumumba under house arrest while contemplating the future of Kasavubu's regime.[12][13]
  • Cassius Clay of the United States (later Muhammad Ali) defeated Zbigniew Pietrzykowski of Poland to win the gold medal in the Olympic light heavyweight boxing competition. Franco De Piccoli of Italy was the Olympic heavyweight boxing medalist.[6]
  • Died: Earl K. Long, 65, former Governor of Louisiana, died nine days after being elected to Congress. Long had gone to the hospital after polls closed on August 27.[14]

September 6, 1960 (Tuesday)
  • The Manifesto of the 121 (Déclaration sur le droit à l’insoumission dans la guerre d’Algérie) was published in the French magazine Vérité-Liberté, calling on the government of France to recognise the justice of the Algerian independence movement. It was signed by leading cultural figures, including Jean-Paul Sartre, François Truffaut and Simone Signoret.[15]
  • William H. Martin and Bernon F. Mitchell, two National Security Agency cryptologists who had been missing since June 24, were introduced as defectors to the Soviet Union at a press conference in Moscow's House of Journalists.[16]
  • At the men's 400 metre dash, the Olympic record of 45.9 seconds was broken by the first four finishers. Otis Davis of the US and Carl Kaufmann of Germany were both credited with a new world record of 44.9 (with Davis winning gold by 0.02 seconds), Malcolm Spence of South Africa at 45.5, and Milkha Singh of India at 45.6.[6]
  • Died: György Piller, 61, Hungarian world champion fencer[17]

September 7, 1960 (Wednesday)
Gold medalist and Crown Prince Constantine

September 8, 1960 (Thursday)

September 9, 1960 (Friday)

September 10, 1960 (Saturday)
  • Color television broadcasting began in Japan.[29]
  • Yugoslavia defeated Denmark to win the gold medal at the Olympic football finals, 3–1.[6]
  • Abebe Bikila of Ethiopia won the Olympic marathon, setting a world record (2 hours, 15 minutes, 16.2 seconds) and running the entire 26 miles and 385 yards (42.195 km) while barefoot,[6] becoming the first person from Sub-Saharan Africa to win an Olympic gold medal.
  • ITV inaugurated regular television broadcasts of English professional soccer football matches, starting with the telecast of a Football League First Division match between Blackpool and visiting Bolton Wanderers.[30] The Wanderers won the match, 1–0.
  • In a game against the Detroit Tigers, Mickey Mantle of the New York Yankees hit a home run over the roof and out of Tiger Stadium. The distance was not measured until June 22, 1985, when it was determined to have been a record at 643 feet (196 m), surpassing Mantle's 1953 hit of 565 feet (172 m) at Washington.[31] Some observers doubt the measure, concluding that "it is impossible to hit a baseball that distance".[32]
  • Born: Margaret Ferrier, Scottish politician and MP suspended from the British House of Commons in 2020 for violating the UK's COVID-19 regulations; in Glasgow[33]
  • Died:

September 11, 1960 (Sunday)

September 12, 1960 (Monday)
  • Against the advice of his campaign staff, presidential candidate John F. Kennedy had accepted an invitation to speak to Protestant ministers in Houston on the question of whether a Roman Catholic President could operate independently of the Vatican. In a famous address, Kennedy won over his audience, commenting, "I am not the Catholic candidate for President. I am the Democratic Party's candidate for president who happens also to be a Catholic." The next day, the Houston ministers described the address as "the most complete, unequivocal and reassuring statement which could be expected of any person in his position".[36][37] Kennedy's opponent, Richard M. Nixon, a Quaker, commented that he could conceive of no circumstances which might ever require either himself or Kennedy to have a conflict between religion and the presidency.[38]

September 13, 1960 (Tuesday)
picture1
picture2
PFC Oswald and SecNav Connally
  • Lee Harvey Oswald's honorable discharge from the United States Marines, granted on September 11, 1959, was revised to an "undesirable discharge" (rather than a bad conduct discharge or a dishonorable discharge, which require a court martial), based on bringing "discredit to the Marine Corps through adverse newspaper publicity" since defecting to the Soviet Union.[39] Although William B. Franke was the United States Secretary of the Navy at the time the revision was ordered, Oswald would not learn of the action until 1961, when John Connally was appointed to the position by President John F. Kennedy, and would write to Connally several times to seek a reversal. Connally would later win the office of Governor of Texas, and on November 22, 1963, Oswald would shoot both Kennedy and Connally; at least one author, James Reston Jr., would theorize that Oswald was actually trying to assassinate Governor Connally rather than President Kennedy.[40]
  • A total eclipse of the Moon took place and was visible in much of the Pacific Ocean. Astronomer William M. Sinton used the opportunity to make infrared pyrometric scans of the temperature of the lunar surface. Sinton confirmed findings, made by Richard W. Shorthill during the eclipse of March 13, that the Tycho crater had a significantly higher temperature than the area around it.[41][42]

September 14, 1960 (Wednesday)

September 15, 1960 (Thursday)
  • Cuba nationalized its signature industry, seizing 16 cigar factories, 14 cigarette factories and 20 tobacco warehouses. Those manufacturers who could depart got a new start in other nations, and the famed "fine Cuban cigars" were replaced by Dominican, Nicaraguan, Honduran and other cigars.[45]
  • Died: Héctor Castro, 55, disabled Uruguayan footballer who overcame the loss of an arm to help Uruguay win its first World Cup in 1930.

September 16, 1960 (Friday)
  • Joseph Kasavubu, President of the Republic of the Congo expelled two Communist ambassadors from the country.[46]
  • Two dogs, Pal'ma and Malek, were launched into space aboard an R-2 rocket by the USSR.[47]
  • Amos Alonzo Stagg retired from coaching football after a career that had started in 1890, commenting that "For the past 70 years I have been a coach. At the age of 98 years, it seems a good time to stop." After two years at Springfield College, Stagg became the first head coach of the University of Chicago football team and remained there for 41 seasons. Forced to leave at age 70, he then guided College of the Pacific for 13 years. At age 85, he became an assistant to his son, the head coach at Susquehanna College, and then volunteered as an assistant at Stockton College in California.[48]

September 17, 1960 (Saturday)
  • The government of Cuba ordered that the three United States banks be nationalized, in response to the suspension of U.S. financial credits to Cuban banks. The property and deposits of three U.S. banks, including First National City Bank of New York (now Citibank), with all banking functions being taken over by the Cuban-owned Banco Nacional de Cuba.[49][50]
  • U.S. President Eisenhower issued an order allowing the flag of Panama to be flown alongside the U.S. flag within the Panama Canal Zone, at the time an American territory, outside of a single building, the U.S. government building in Shaler Plaza, despite threats from U.S. Representative Daniel Flood of Pennsylvania to seek impeachment. Eisenhower's successor, John F. Kennedy, would go on to permit the Panamanian flag to be flown next to the U.S. flag at all government sites in the Zone.[51]
  • The ABC television network in the U.S. broadcast its first regular season college football game, with numerous television innovations that would become a standard. Producer Roone Arledge, whose stated goal was "to take the viewer to the game", hired director Andy Sidaris in introducing a "sideline reporter" (Bob Neal), handheld cameras to show fans in the stands (including the brief "honey shot" of an attractive female spectator), and showing highlights and interviews on TV at halftime break.[52] The initial broadcast was the Alabama Crimson Tide hosting the Georgia Bulldogs at Birmingham, in what would turn out to be a 21 to 6 upset by unranked Alabama over 13th ranked Georgia.[53]
  • Born: Damon Hill, English racing driver; in Hampstead, London
  • Died: John Brallier, 83, for many years believed to have been, in 1895, the very first professional American football player (although it was later determined that Pudge Heffelfinger had turned pro in 1892).[54] Brailler's death came on the 40th anniversary of the founding of the National Football League.

September 18, 1960 (Sunday)

September 19, 1960 (Monday)
  • Nikita Khrushchev and other Communist Bloc leaders arrived in the United States on the Soviet ocean liner Baltika, which docked at New York City at 9:20 a.m.[57] Accompanied by János Kádár of Hungary, Todor Zhivkov of Bulgaria, and Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej of Romania, Khrushchev stepped off the ship to a mixture of cheers and boos, and then was driven to the Soviet consulate. Khrushchev and other leaders had arrived for the opening session of the United Nations General Assembly and could travel to New York at any time under the terms of the United Nations Treaty. Though the United States government could not bar Khrushchev, it asked television networks to minimize coverage of Khrushchev's visit,[58] and restricted him from traveling outside of Manhattan and Long Island.
  • The crash of World Airways Flight 830 killed 80 of the 94 people on board, when the DC-6B crashed three minutes after takeoff from the Agana airport in Guam. The plane had been chartered by the United States Air Force to take military personnel and their dependents from Clark Air Force Base (in the Philippines) back to the United States and had crashed into the side of Mt. Barrigada. The crash was the first in the 12-year history of World Airways.[59]
  • Pakistan and India signed the Indus Waters Treaty, agreeing to share the waters of the Indus River and its tributaries.[60]

September 20, 1960 (Tuesday)
  • The opening of the new term of the United Nations General Assembly brought an unprecedented number of the world's leaders to New York City. The first ever meeting between Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev and Cuba's Fidel Castro took place, not in Moscow or Havana, but at the Hotel Theresa in Harlem, where Castro and his entourage were staying during their visit.[61] Fifteen new members were admitted to the U.N., with the newly independent African nations of Dahomey, Upper Volta, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo (Leopoldville), Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville), Côte d'Ivoire, Gabon, Madagascar, Niger, Somalia, Togo, Mali and Senegal, bringing that body's membership to 98.
  • The Atlas launch vehicle 67-D was delivered to Cape Canaveral for the Mercury-Atlas 2 reentry test mission.[5]
  • Died: Ida Rubinstein, 74, Russian-born French ballerina

September 21, 1960 (Wednesday)

September 22, 1960 (Thursday)
Senegal
Mali
Mali Federation

September 23, 1960 (Friday)
  • In an address at the United Nations, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev surprised the gathered world leaders by calling for the Secretary-General to be replaced by a "troika", a three-member panel drawn from the Western nations, the Communist nations, and the non-aligned (Third World) nations. The proposal was never seriously considered.[67]
  • Born: Jason Alexander, American stand-up comedian and actor; in Newark, New Jersey[68]

September 24, 1960 (Saturday)
  • USS Enterprise, the first atomic-powered aircraft carrier in history, and the largest ship ever built up to that time, was launched at Newport News, Virginia, after being christened by Mrs. William B. Franke, wife of the U.S. Secretary of the Navy.[69]
Final episode of the Howdy Doody Show aired in the US
  • The Howdy Doody Show presented its 2,343rd and final episode, after a run that started on NBC on December 27, 1947. After the marionette Howdy Doody, and host Buffalo Bob Smith, gave their farewells, Clarabell the Clown— who had used pantomime and honking horns to communicate, but had never spoken— surprised his audience by saying, "Goodbye, kids."[70]
  • The Dallas Cowboys played their first NFL game, losing 35–28 to the team they later faced in three Super Bowls (1976, 1979 and 1996), the Pittsburgh Steelers.[71]
  • Died: Mátyás Seiber, 55, Hungarian composer, in an automobile accident in South Africa[72]

September 25, 1960 (Sunday)

September 26, 1960 (Monday)
Kennedy and Nixon at Chicago for the debate
  • The first U.S. presidential debate in history took place as the two major candidates, Republican U.S. Vice President Richard M. Nixon and Democrat U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy faced each other in Chicago at the television studios of WBBM-TV.[75]Carried live by all three networks, the debate began at 8:30 pm local time and lasted one hour.[76][77] The first debate demonstrated the power of television in influencing voters. Kennedy appeared tan and charismatic, while Nixon, due in part to poor makeup and a recent hospitalization, looked unkempt and tense. A special act of Congress was passed in order to allow the American television and radio networks to broadcast the debate without having to provide equal time to other presidential candidates.[78][79]
  • The crash of Austrian Airlines Flight 901killed 31 of the 37 people on aboard, as it was making its approach to Moscow from Warsaw, after having originated in Vienna. [80]
  • The roll-out inspection of Atlas launch vehicle 77-D was conducted at Convair-Astronautics. This launch vehicle was allocated for the Mercury-Atlas 3 mission but was later canceled and Atlas booster 100-D was used instead.[5]

September 27, 1960 (Tuesday)
  • Mexico nationalized its electric industry, with the Comision Federal de Electricidad buying out the three existing private companies.[81][82]
  • Mercury spacecraft No. 3, initially delivered to Langley on July 29, 1959, for a noise and vibration test, was erected at the Wallops Island launch site for Little Joe 5.[5]
  • Born: Debi Derryberry, American voice actress best known for voicing Jimmy Neutron; as Deborah Sue Greenberg, in Indio, California,
  • Died: Sylvia Pankhurst, 78, English suffragette leader

September 28, 1960 (Wednesday)
  • In Cuba, Fidel Castro created the "CDRs"—"Comites para la Defensa de la Revolucion" ("Committees for the Defense of the Revolution")—with volunteers reporting to the government about any counterrevolutionary behavior by their neighbors. Officially, there were more than 100,000 CDRs and 88% of the adult Cuban population were members in 1996.[83]
  • Ted Williams of the Boston Red Sox retired from major league baseball, playing in Boston against the Baltimore Orioles. In his very last at bat, Williams closed his career with his 521st home run and a 5–4 win.[84]
  • Born: Jennifer Rush, American singer (The Power of Love); as Heidi Stern in Queens, New York
  • Died: Elivera M. Doud, 92, mother of First Lady Mamie Eisenhower and mother-in-law of incumbent U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower

September 29, 1960 (Thursday)
The original My Three Sons
  • My Three Sons made its television debut, with veteran film actor Fred MacMurray as the widowed father, Steve Douglas, and William Frawley (formerly Fred Mertz of I Love Lucy) as the boys' grandfather, "Bub" O'Casey. The series would air from 1960 to 1965 on ABC and from 1965 to 1972 on CBS, with numerous cast changes.[86]
  • Died: Mahmoud Harbi, 39, French Somalia (Djibouti) nationalist, in a plane crash

September 30, 1960 (Friday)
  • Mercury spacecraft No. 5 was delivered to Marshall Space Flight Center for booster compatibility checks, and was shipped to Cape Canaveral on October 11, 1960, for the Mercury-Redstone 2 ballistic-primate mission to transport the chimpanzee "Ham"into space.[5]
  • At 8:30 pm EST, television viewers in the U.S. were invited to meet The Flintstones, "a modern Stone Age family", with the premiere of the cartoon as a prime time series on ABC.[87]
  • Born: Blanche Lincoln, U.S. Senator for Arkansas 1999 to 2011; in Helena, Arkansas[88]
  • Died:
    • Harry St John Philby, 75, British intelligence officer who converted to Islam in 1930 and became a Saudi Arabian citizen and political adviser
    • James Squillante, 42, a New York City mobster who controlled local garbage collection, was last seen alive by a witness. Squillante had vanished from public view on September 23, and was presumed to have been murdered by a rival.

References
  1. This Day in the 1960s
  2. "Strike Flags Down Entire PRR System". New York Daily News. September 1, 1960. p. 2.
  3. "Blackout on Broadway to Honor Hammerstein". The New York Times. September 1, 1960. p. 52.
  4. "London Honors Hammerstein". The New York Times. August 26, 1960. p. 14.
  5. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Grimwood, James M. "PART II (B) Research and Development Phase of Project Mercury January 1960 through May 5, 1961". Project Mercury - A Chronology. NASA Special Publication-4001. NASA. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  6. Wallechinsky, David (1984). The Complete Book of the Olympics. Penguin Books.
  7. "Wild Shell Kills 15 in Army Camp". Oakland Tribune. September 2, 1960. p. 1.
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  10. "Congo Fight Bloody". Sunday Express and News. San Antonio, Texas. September 4, 1960. p. 1.
  11. "Thousands Flee Hurricane Donna", Spokane Spokesman-Review, September 5, 1960, p. 1; "Two Windy Girls on the Warpath" Life Magazine, September 26, 1960, p. 29.
  12. "Congo: Dag's Problem Child". TIME. September 19, 1960. Archived from the original on 15 January 2005.
  13. Dunn, Kevin C. (2003). Imagining the Congo: The International Relations of Identity. Palgrave. pp. 64–65.
  14. Kurtz, Michael L.; Peoples, Morgan D. (1990). Earl K. Long: The Saga of Uncle Earl and Louisiana Politics. Louisiana State University Press. pp. 255–256.
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  30. Cox, Richard; et al. (2002). Encyclopedia of British Football. Taylor & Francis. p. 294.
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  38. "Jack Gives Church–State Vow; Nixon Accepts His Statement". Press-Telegram. Long Beach, California. September 13, 1960. p. 1.
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  47. Chronology of Human Space Exploration
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  75. Although Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas, both of whom would be candidates for president in 1860, had met in a series of debates, these took place in 1858, before they were running for president.
  76. "Great Debate Scheduled For Tonight". Oakland Tribune. September 26, 1960. p. 1.
  77. "Nixon, Kennedy Meet Face to Face on TV". Los Angeles Times. September 27, 1960. p. 1.
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  83. Colomer, Josep M. "Watching Neighbors: The Cuban Model of Social Control". Cuban Studies. University of Pittsburgh Press. 31: 118, 135.
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