Voiceless postalveolar affricate

The voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant affricate or voiceless domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨t͡ʃ ⟩, ⟨t͜ʃ ⟩ ⟨tʃ ⟩ (formerly the ligature ⟨ʧ ⟩), or, in broad transcription, ⟨c⟩. The alternative commonly used in American tradition is ⟨č⟩. It is familiar to English speakers as the "ch" sound in "chip".

Voiceless postalveolar affricate
tʃ
t̠ʃ
IPA Number103 134
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)t​͡​ʃ
Unicode (hex)U+0074 U+0361 U+0283
X-SAMPAtS or t_rS

Historically, this sound often derives from a former voiceless velar stop /k/ (as in English church; also in Gulf Arabic, Slavic languages, Indo-Iranian languages and Romance languages), or a voiceless dental stop /t/ by way of palatalization, especially next to a front vowel (as in English nature; also in Amharic, Portuguese, some accents of Egyptian, etc.).

Features

Features of the voiceless domed postalveolar affricate:

Occurrence
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Adygheчэмы/čemy[t͡ʃamə]ⓘ'cow'Some dialects contrast labialized and non-labialized forms.
Albaniançelur[t͡ʃɛluɾ]'opened'
AleutAtkan dialectchamĝul[t͡ʃɑmʁul]'to wash'
Amharicአንቺ/anite[ant͡ʃi]'you'
Arabic[1]Central Palestinianمكتبة (Normally unwritten)/maktaba[ˈmat͡ʃt̪abe]'library'Corresponds to [k] in Standard Arabic and other varieties. See Arabic phonology
Iraqiچتاب/kitaab[t͡ʃɪˈt̪ɑːb]'book'
Jordanianكتاب (Normally unwritten)/kitaab[t͡ʃɪˈt̪aːb]
Aragonesechuego[ˈt͡ʃueɣo]'game'
ArmenianEastern[2]ճնճղուկ/čnčřuk[t͡ʃənt͡ʃʁuk]ⓘ'sparrow'
Assyrianܟ̰ܝܡܐ čyomo[t͡ʃjɑmɑ]'to turn off'Found in native terminology. Used in some Urmia and Nochiya dialects. Corresponds to [c] in other varieties.
AsturianChipre[ˈt͡ʃipɾe]'Cyprus'Mostly found in loanwords, if possible, usually replaced by x [ʃ].
AzerbaijaniƏkinçi[æcint͡ʃʰi]'the ploughman'
Bengaliচশমা/čošma[t͡ʃɔʃma]'spectacles'Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
Basquetxalupa[t͡ʃalupa]'boat'
Bulgarianчучулига/čučuliga[t͡ʃʊt͡ʃuˈliɡɐ]'lark'See Bulgarian phonology
Catalancotxe[ˈkɔ.t͡ʃə]'car'See Catalan phonology.
Central Alaskan Yup'iknacaq[ˈnat͡ʃaq]'parka hood'
Choctawhakchioma[hakt͡ʃioma]'tobacco'
CopticBohairic dialectϭⲟϩ/čoh[t͡ʃʰɔh]'touch'
Czechmorče[ˈmo̞rt͡ʃɛ]'guinea pig'See Czech phonology
Dhivehi ޗަކަސް / çakas [t͡ʃakas] 'mud' Relatively rare, usually occurs in loanwords / onomatoepic words
Englishbeach[biːt͡ʃ]'beach'Slightly labialized [tʃʷ]. See English phonology
Esperantoĉar[t͡ʃar]'because'See Esperanto phonology
Faroesegera[t͡ʃeːɹa]'to do'Contrasts with aspirated form. See Faroese phonology
FrenchStandardcaoutchouc[kaut͡ʃu]'rubber'Relatively rare; occurs mostly in loanwords. See French phonology
Acadiantiens[t͡ʃɛ̃]'(I/you) keep'Allophone of /k/ and /tj/ before a front vowel.
Galiciancheo[ˈt͡ʃeo]'full'Galician-Portuguese /t͡ʃ/ is conserved in Galician and merged with /ʃ/ in most Portuguese dialects. See Galician phonology
Georgian[3]ჩიხი/çihi[t͡ʃixi]'impasse'
GermanStandard[4]Tschinelle[t͡ʃʷiˈnɛlə]'cymbal'Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized.[4] See Standard German phonology
GreekCypriotτσ̌άι/čái[t͡ʃɑːiː]'tea'
Hebrewתשובה/čuva[t͡ʃuˈva]'answer'See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani Hindiचाय/čay[t͡ʃɑːj]'tea'Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology
Urdu چائے/çay
Haitian Creolematch[mat͡ʃ]'sports match'
Hungariangyümölcslé[ˈɟymølt͡ʃleː]'juice'See Hungarian phonology
Italian[5]ciao[ˈt͡ʃaːo]'hi'See Italian phonology
Javanesecedhak[t͡ʃəɖaʔ]'near'
KʼicheʼK'iche'[kʼiˈt͡ʃeʔ]'Kʼicheʼ''Contrasts with ejective form
Kabardianчэнж/čenž[t͡ʃanʒ]ⓘ'shallow'
Kashubian[6]czësto [t͡ʃəstɔ]'cleanly'
Kurdishhirç[hɪɾt͡ʃ]'bear'
Ladinokolcha/קולגﬞה[ˈkolt͡ʃa]'quilt'
Macedonianчека/čeka[t͡ʃɛka]'wait'See Macedonian phonology
Malay Standard cuci [t͡ʃut͡ʃi] 'to wash' See Malay phonology
IndonesianPalatal [c] according to some analyses. See Malay phonology
Maltesebliċ[blit͡ʃ]'bleach'
Manxçhiarn[ˈt͡ʃaːrn]'lord'
Marathiचहा/čahā[t͡ʃəhaː]'tea'Contrasts with aspirated form. Allophone of /tɕ / and /ts/.See Marathi phonology
Mongolian Khalkha dialect наргиж/nargij [ˈnargit͡ʃ] 'laugh'
Nahuatlāyōtōchtli[aːjoːˈtoːt͡ʃt͡ɬi]'armadillo'
NorwegianSome dialectskjøkken[t͡ʃøkːen]'kitchen'See Norwegian phonology
Nunggubuyu[7]jaro[t͡ʃaɾo]'needle'
Occitanchuc[ˈt͡ʃyk]'juice'See Occitan phonology
Odiaଚକ/caka[t͡ʃɔkɔ]'wheel'Contrasts with aspirated form.
Persianچوب/çhúb[t͡ʃʰuːb]'wood'See Persian phonology
PolishGmina Istebnaciemny[ˈt͡ʃɛmn̪ɘ]'dark'/ʈ͡ʂ/ and /t͡ɕ/ merge into [t͡ʃ] in these dialects. In standard Polish, /t͡ʃ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiceless retroflex affricate.
Lubawa dialect[8]
Malbork dialect[8]
Ostróda dialect[8]
Warmia dialect[8]
Portuguese Most northern and some central Portuguese dialects chamar [t͡ʃɐˈmaɾ] 'to call' Archaic realization of etymological ⟨ch⟩. Its use is diminishing due to influence of the standard language, being replaced by [ʃ].
Most Brazilian dialects[9]presente[pɾe̞ˈzẽ̞t͡ʃi]'present'Allophone of /t/ before /i, ĩ/ (including when [i, ĩ, j] is not actually produced) and other instances of [i] (e.g. epenthesis), marginal sound otherwise. See Portuguese phonology
Most dialectstchau[ˈt͡ʃaw]'bye'In Standard European Portuguese it occurs only in recent loanwords.
Punjabiਚੌਲ/ چول/čol[t͡ʃɔːl]'rice'
Quechuachunka[t͡ʃʊŋka]'ten'
Romani ćiriklo [t͡ʃiriˈklo] 'bird' Contrasts with aspirated form.
Romaniancer[ˈt͡ʃe̞r]'sky'See Romanian phonology
Rotuman[10]joni[ˈt͡ʃɔni]'to flee'
Scottish Gaelicslàinte[ˈsl̪ˠaːnʲt͡ʃə]'health'Southern dialects only; standard pronunciation is [tʲ]. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-CroatianSome speakersčokoláda чоколада[t͡ʃo̞ko̞ˈɫǎ̠ːd̪a̠]'chocolate'In varieties that do not distinguish /ʈ͡ʂ/ from /t͡ɕ/.
SilesianGmina Istebna[11]szpańelsko[t̠͡ʃpaɲɛskɔ]'Spanish'These dialects merge /ʈ͡ʂ/ and /t͡ɕ/ into [t͡ʃ].
Jablunkov[11][t̠͡ʃpaɲɛlskɔ]
Slovene koča [ˈkòːt͡ʃáː] 'cottage'
Spanish[12]chocolate[t͡ʃo̞ko̞ˈlät̪e̞]ⓘ'chocolate'See Spanish phonology
Swahilijicho[ʄit͡ʃo]'eye'
SwedishFinlandtjugo[t͡ʃʉːɡʉ]'twenty'See Swedish phonology
Some rural Swedish dialectskärlek[t͡ʃæːɭeːk]'love'
Tagalogtsuper[t͡ʃʊˈpɛɾ]'driver'See Tagalog phonology
Tlingitjinkaat[ˈt͡ʃinkʰaːtʰ]'ten'
Turkishçok[t͡ʃok]'very'See Turkish phonology
Tyapcat[t͡ʃad]'love'
UbykhÇəbƹəja/çabjaya[t͡ʃəbʒəja]'pepper'See Ubykh phonology
Ukrainian[13]чотири/čotyry[t͡ʃo̞ˈtɪrɪ]'four'See Ukrainian phonology
Uzbekchoʻl/çôl[t͡ʃɵl]'desert'
Yiddishטשאַטשקע/tshatshke[t͡ʃat͡ʃkɛ]'knick-knack'See Yiddish phonology
ZapotecTilquiapan[14]chane[t͡ʃanɘ]

Mandarin Chinese, Russian, Japanese, Korean, Mongolian, Polish, Catalan, and Thai have a voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate /t͡ɕ/; this is technically postalveolar but it is less precise to use /t͡ʃ/.

There are several Unicode characters based on the tesh digraph (ʧ):

  • U+107AE 𐞮 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TESH DIGRAPH is an IPA superscript letter[15]
  • U+1DF17 𝼗 LATIN SMALL LETTER TESH DIGRAPH WITH PALATAL HOOK is used in phonetic transcription[16][17]
  • U+1DF1C 𝼜 LATIN SMALL LETTER TESH DIGRAPH WITH RETROFLEX HOOK has been used in phonetic descriptions of Polish[18]

Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate
Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate
t̠ɹ̠̊˔
tɹ̝̊˗
Audio sample
source · help

Features
  • Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
  • Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
EnglishAustralian[19]tree[t̠͡ɹ̠̊˔ʷɪi̯]'tree'Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence /tr/.[19][20][21] In General American and Received Pronunciation, the less common alternative is alveolar [tɹ̝̊].[20] See Australian English phonology and English phonology
General American[20][21]
Received Pronunciation[20][21]

Notes
  1. Watson (2002:17)
  2. Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
  3. Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
  4. Mangold (2005:51–52)
  5. Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
  6. Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
  7. Ladefoged (2005:158)
  8. Dubisz, Karaś & Kolis (1995:62)
  9. Barbosa & Albano (2004:228)
  10. Blevins (1994:492)
  11. Dąbrowska (2004:?)
  12. Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
  13. Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  14. Merrill (2008:108)
  15. Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (2020-11-08). "L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic" (PDF).
  16. Miller, Kirk (2020-07-11). "L2/20-125R: Unicode request for expected IPA retroflex letters and similar letters with hooks" (PDF).
  17. Anderson, Deborah (2020-12-07). "L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R "Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters" and IPA etc. code point and name changes" (PDF).
  18. Miller, Kirk; Everson, Michael (2021-01-03). "L2/21-004: Unicode request for dezh with retroflex hook" (PDF).
  19. Cox & Fletcher (2017), p. 144.
  20. Cruttenden (2014), pp. 177, 186–188, 192.
  21. Wells (2008).

References
  • Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
  • Blevins, Juliette (1994), "The Bimoraic Foot in Rotuman Phonology and Morphology", Oceanic Linguistics, 33 (2): 491–516, doi:10.2307/3623138, JSTOR 3623138
  • Cox, Felicity; Fletcher, Janet (2017) [First published 2012], Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-316-63926-9
  • Cruttenden, Alan (2014), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
  • Dąbrowska, Anna (2004), Język polski, Wrocław: wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie, ISBN 83-7384-063-X
  • Dubisz, Stanisław; Karaś, Halina; Kolis, Nijola (1995), Dialekty i gwary polskie, Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna, ISBN 83-2140989-X
  • Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
  • Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
  • Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
  • Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
  • Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
  • Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
  • Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 9781405881180
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