Common cold

Common cold
Other names: Cold, acute viral nasopharyngitis, nasopharyngitis, viral rhinitis, rhinopharyngitis, acute coryza, head cold[1]
A representation of the molecular surface of one variant of human rhinovirus
SpecialtyInfectious disease
SymptomsCough, sore throat, runny nose, fever[2][3]
ComplicationsOtitis media, sinusitis[4]
Usual onset~2 days from exposure[5]
Duration1–3 weeks[2][6]
CausesViral[7]
Differential diagnosisAllergic rhinitis, bronchitis, pertussis, sinusitis[4]
PreventionHand washing, covering coughs, face masks, avoiding sick people[2][8]
TreatmentSymptomatic therapy,[2] zinc[9]
MedicationNSAIDs[10]
Frequency2–4 per year (adults); 6–8 per year (young children)[11]

The common cold, also known simply as a cold, is a viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract that primarily affects the nose.[7] The throat, sinuses, and larynx may also be affected.[5] Signs and symptoms may appear less than two days after exposure to the virus.[5] These may include coughing, sore throat, runny nose, sneezing, headache, and fever.[2][3] People usually recover in seven to ten days,[2] but some symptoms may last up to three weeks.[6] Occasionally, those with other health problems may develop pneumonia.[2]

Well over 200 virus strains are implicated in causing the common cold, with rhinoviruses being the most common.[12] They spread through the air, usually during close contact with infected people, or indirectly through contact with objects in the environment, followed by transfer to the mouth or nose.[2][13] Risk factors include going to child care facilities, not sleeping well, and psychological stress.[5] The symptoms are mostly due to the body's immune response to the infection rather than to tissue destruction by the viruses themselves.[14] The symptoms of influenza are similar to those of a cold, although usually more severe and less likely to include a runny nose.[5][15]

There is no vaccine for the common cold.[2] The primary methods of prevention are handwashing; not touching the eyes, nose or mouth with unwashed hands; and staying away from sick people.[2] Some evidence supports the use of face masks.[8] There is also no cure, but the symptoms can be treated.[2] Zinc may reduce the duration and severity of symptoms if started shortly after the onset of symptoms.[9] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen may help with pain.[10] Antibiotics, however, should not be used,[16] and there is no good evidence that cough medicines are effective.[5][17]

The common cold is the most frequent infectious disease in humans.[18] The average adult gets two to three colds a year, while the average child may get six to eight.[7][11] Infections occur more commonly during the winter.[2] These infections have existed throughout human history.[19]

Signs and symptoms

Woman with symptoms of the common cold

The typical symptoms of a cold include cough, runny nose, sneezing, nasal congestion, and a sore throat, sometimes accompanied by muscle ache, fatigue, headache, and loss of appetite.[20] A sore throat is present in about 40% of cases and a cough in about 50%,[7] while muscle ache occurs in about half.[3] In adults, a fever is generally not present but it is common in infants and young children.[3] The cough is usually mild compared to that accompanying influenza.[3] While a cough and a fever indicate a higher likelihood of influenza in adults, a great deal of similarity exists between these two conditions.[21] A number of the viruses that cause the common cold may also result in asymptomatic infections.[22][23]

The color of the mucus or nasal secretion may vary from clear to yellow to green and does not indicate the class of agent causing the infection.[24]

Progression

A cold usually begins with fatigue, a feeling of being chilled, sneezing, and a headache, followed in a couple of days by a runny nose and cough.[20] Symptoms may begin within sixteen hours of exposure[25] and typically peak two to four days after onset.[3][26] They usually resolve in seven to ten days, but some can last for up to three weeks.[6] The average duration of cough is eighteen days[27] and in some cases people develop a post-viral cough which can linger after the infection is gone.[28] In children, the cough lasts for more than ten days in 35–40% of cases and continues for more than 25 days in 10%.[29]

Cause

Viruses

Coronaviruses are a group of viruses known for causing the common cold. They have a halo or crown-like (corona) appearance when viewed under an electron microscope.

The common cold is a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract. The most commonly implicated virus is a rhinovirus (30–80%), a type of picornavirus with 99 known serotypes.[30][31] Other commonly implicated viruses include human coronaviruses (≈ 15%),[32][33] influenza viruses (10–15%),[34] adenoviruses (5%),[34] human respiratory syncytial virus (orthopneumovirus), enteroviruses other than rhinoviruses, human parainfluenza viruses, and human metapneumovirus.[35] Frequently more than one virus is present.[36] In total, more than 200 viral types are associated with colds.[3]

Transmission

The common cold virus is typically transmitted via airborne droplets (aerosols), direct contact with infected nasal secretions, or fomites (contaminated objects).[7][37] Which of these routes is of primary importance has not been determined.[38] The viruses may survive for prolonged periods in the environment (over 18 hours for rhinoviruses) and can be picked up by people's hands and subsequently carried to their eyes or nose where infection occurs.[37] Transmission is common in daycare and at school due to the proximity of many children with little immunity and frequently poor hygiene.[39] These infections are then brought home to other members of the family.[39] There is no evidence that recirculated air during commercial flight is a method of transmission.[37] People sitting in close proximity appear to be at greater risk of infection.[38]

Rhinovirus-caused colds are most infectious during the first three days of symptoms; they are much less infectious afterwards.[40]

Weather

A common misconception is that one can "catch a cold" simply through prolonged exposure to cold weather.[41] Although we now know that colds are viral infections, the prevalence of many such viruses are indeed seasonal, occurring more frequently during cold weather.[42] The reason for the seasonality has not been conclusively determined.[43] Possible explanations may include cold temperature-induced changes in the respiratory system,[44] decreased immune response,[45] and low humidity causing an increase in viral transmission rates, perhaps due to dry air allowing small viral droplets to disperse farther and stay in the air longer.[46]

The apparent seasonality may also be due to social factors, such as people spending more time indoors, near infected people,[44] and specifically children at school.[39][43] Although normal exposure to cold does not increase one's risk of infection, severe exposure leading to significant reduction of body temperature (hypothermia) may put one at a greater risk for the common cold; although controversial, the majority of evidence suggests that it may increase susceptibility to infection.[45]

Other

Herd immunity, generated from previous exposure to cold viruses, plays an important role in limiting viral spread, as seen with younger populations that have greater rates of respiratory infections.[47] Poor immune function is a risk factor for disease.[47][48] Insufficient sleep and malnutrition have been associated with a greater risk of developing infection following rhinovirus exposure; this is believed to be due to their effects on immune function.[49][50] Breast feeding decreases the risk of acute otitis media and lower respiratory tract infections among other diseases,[51] and it is recommended that breast feeding be continued when an infant has a cold.[52] In the developed world breast feeding may not be protective against the common cold in and of itself.[53]

Pathophysiology

The common cold is a disease of the upper respiratory tract.

The symptoms of the common cold are believed to be primarily related to the immune response to the virus.[14] The mechanism of this immune response is virus specific. For example, the rhinovirus is typically acquired by direct contact; it binds to humans via ICAM-1 receptors and the CDHR3 receptor through unknown mechanisms to trigger the release of inflammatory mediators.[14] These inflammatory mediators then produce the symptoms.[14] It does not generally cause damage to the nasal epithelium.[3] The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), on the other hand, is contracted by direct contact and airborne droplets. It then replicates in the nose and throat before frequently spreading to the lower respiratory tract.[54] RSV does cause epithelium damage.[54] Human parainfluenza virus typically results in inflammation of the nose, throat, and bronchi.[55] In young children when it affects the trachea it may produce the symptoms of croup due to the small size of their airways.[55]

Diagnosis

The distinction between viral upper respiratory tract infections is loosely based on the location of symptoms, with the common cold affecting primarily the nose (rhinitis), throat (pharyngitis), and lungs (bronchitis).[7] There can be significant overlap, and more than one area can be affected.[7] The common cold is frequently defined as nasal inflammation with varying amount of throat inflammation.[56] Self-diagnosis is frequent.[3] Isolation of the viral agent involved is rarely performed,[56] and it is generally not possible to identify the virus type through symptoms.[3]

Prevention

The only useful ways to reduce the spread of cold viruses are physical measures[8] such as using correct handwashing technique and face masks; in the healthcare environment, gowns and disposable gloves are also used.[8] Isolation or quarantine is not used as the disease is so widespread and symptoms are non-specific. There is no vaccine to protect against the common cold.[57] Vaccination has proven difficult as there are many viruses involved and they mutate rapidly.[8][58] Creation of a broadly effective vaccine is, therefore, highly improbable.[59]

Regular hand washing appears to be effective in reducing the transmission of cold viruses, especially among children.[60] Whether the addition of antivirals or antibacterials to normal hand washing provides greater benefit is unknown.[60] Wearing face masks when around people who are infected may be beneficial; however, there is insufficient evidence for maintaining a greater social distance.[60]

It is unclear if zinc supplements affect the likelihood of contracting a cold.[61] Routine vitamin C supplements do not reduce the risk or severity of the common cold, though they may reduce its duration.[62] Gargling with water was found useful in one small trial.[63]

Management

Poster from 1937 encouraging citizens to "consult your physician" for treatment of the common cold

Treatments of the common cold primarily involve medications and other therapies for symptomatic relief.[11] Getting plenty of rest, drinking fluids to maintain hydration, and gargling with warm salt water are reasonable conservative measures.[35] Much of the benefit from symptomatic treatment is, however, attributed to the placebo effect.[64] As of 2010, no medications or herbal remedies had been conclusively demonstrated to shorten the duration of infection.[65]

Symptomatic

Treatments that may help with symptoms include simple pain medication and medications for fevers such as ibuprofen[10] and acetaminophen (paracetamol).[66] It, however, is not clear if acetaminophen helps with symptoms.[67] It is not known if over the counter cough medications are effective for treating an acute cough.[68] Cough medicines are not recommended for use in children due to a lack of evidence supporting effectiveness and the potential for harm.[69][70] In 2009, Canada restricted the use of over-the-counter cough and cold medication in children six years and under due to concerns regarding risks and unproven benefits.[69] The misuse of dextromethorphan (an over-the-counter cough medicine) has led to its ban in a number of countries.[71] Intranasal corticosteroids have not been found to be useful.[72]

In adults short term use of nasal decongestants may have a small benefit.[73] Antihistamines may improve symptoms in the first day or two; however, there is no longer-term benefit and they have adverse effects such as drowsiness.[74] Other decongestants such as pseudoephedrine appear effective in adults.[75][73] Combined oral analgesics, antihistaminics and decongestants are generally effective for older children and adults.[76] Ipratropium nasal spray may reduce the symptoms of a runny nose but has little effect on stuffiness.[77] Ipratropium may also help with cough in adults.[78] The safety and effectiveness of nasal decongestant use in children is unclear.[73]

Due to lack of studies, it is not known whether increased fluid intake improves symptoms or shortens respiratory illness.[79] As of 2017 heated and humidified air, such as via RhinoTherm, is of unclear benefit.[80] One study has found chest vapor rub to provide some relief of nocturnal cough, congestion, and sleep difficulty.[81]

Some advise to avoid physical exercise if there are symptoms such as fever, widespread muscle aches or fatigue.[82][83] It is regarded as safe to perform moderate exercise if the symptoms are confined to the head, including runny nose, nasal congestion, sneezing, or a minor sore throat.[82][83] There is an old wives tale that having a hot drink can help with cold symptoms, but evidence to support this is very limited.[84]

Antibiotics and antivirals

Antibiotics have no effect against viral infections or against the viruses that cause the common cold.[85] Due to their side effects, antibiotics cause overall harm but are still frequently prescribed.[85][86] Some of the reasons that antibiotics are so commonly prescribed include people's expectations for them, physicians' desire to help, and the difficulty in excluding complications that may be amenable to antibiotics.[87] There are no effective antiviral drugs for the common cold even though some preliminary research has shown benefits.[11][88]

Zinc

See also: Zinc and the common cold

Zinc supplements may shorten the duration of colds by up to 33% and reduce the severity of symptoms if supplementation begins within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms.[9][61][89][90][91] Some zinc remedies directly applied to the inside of the nose have led to the loss of the sense of smell.[9][92] A 2017 review did not recommend the use of zinc for the common cold for various reasons;[17] whereas a 2017 and 2018 review both recommended the use of zinc, but also advocated further research on the topic.[89][90]

Alternative medicine

While there are many alternative treatments used for the common cold, there is insufficient scientific evidence to support the use of most.[11] As of 2018 there is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against honey.[93] As of 2015, there is evidence to support nasal irrigation is poor.[94][95]

Vitamin C's effect on the common cold, while extensively researched, is disappointing, except in limited circumstances: specifically, individuals exercising vigorously in cold environments.[62][96] There is no firm evidence that Echinacea products provide any meaningful benefit in treating or preventing colds.[97] It is unknown if garlic is effective.[98] A single trial of vitamin D did not find benefit.[99] Evidence for Chinese herbal medicines is insufficient to support their use.[100]

Prognosis

The common cold is generally mild and self-limiting with most symptoms generally improving in a week.[7] In children, half of cases go away in 10 days and 90% in 15 days.[101] Severe complications, if they occur, are usually in the very old, the very young, or those who are immunosuppressed.[18] Secondary bacterial infections may occur resulting in sinusitis, pharyngitis, or an ear infection.[102] It is estimated that sinusitis occurs in 8% and ear infection in 30% of cases.[103]

Epidemiology

The common cold is the most common human disease[18] and affects people all over the globe.[39] Adults typically have two to three infections annually,[7] and children may have six to ten colds a year (and up to twelve colds a year for school children).[11] Rates of symptomatic infections increase in the elderly due to declining immunity.[47]

Native Americans and Inuit are more likely to be infected with colds and develop complications such as otitis media than Caucasians.[34] This may be explained as much by issues such as poverty and overcrowding as by ethnicity.[34]

History

A British poster from World War II describing the cost of the common cold[104]

While the cause of the common cold was identified in the 1950s, the disease appears to have been with humanity since its early history.[19] Its symptoms and treatment are described in the Egyptian Ebers papyrus, the oldest existing medical text, written before the 16th century BCE.[105]The name "cold" came into use in the 16th century, due to the similarity between its symptoms and those of exposure to cold weather.[106]

In the United Kingdom, the Common Cold Unit was set up by the Medical Research Council in 1946 and it was where the rhinovirus was discovered in 1956.[107] In the 1970s, the CCU demonstrated that treatment with interferon during the incubation phase of rhinovirus infection protects somewhat against the disease,[108] but no practical treatment could be developed. The unit was closed in 1989, two years after it completed research of zinc gluconate lozenges in the prophylaxis and treatment of rhinovirus colds, the only successful treatment in the history of the unit.[109]

Society and culture

The economic impact of the common cold is not well understood in much of the world.[103] In the United States, the common cold leads to 75–100 million physician visits annually at a conservative cost estimate of $7.7 billion per year. Americans spend $2.9 billion on over-the-counter drugs and another $400 million on prescription medicines for symptom relief.[110] More than one-third of people who saw a doctor received an antibiotic prescription, which has implications for antibiotic resistance.[110] An estimated 22–189 million school days are missed annually due to a cold. As a result, parents missed 126 million workdays to stay home to care for their children. When added to the 150 million workdays missed by employees suffering from a cold, the total economic impact of cold-related work loss exceeds $20 billion per year.[35][110] This accounts for 40% of time lost from work in the United States.[111]

Research directions

Antivirals have been tested for effectiveness in the common cold; as of 2009, none had been both found effective and licensed for use.[88] There are ongoing trials of the anti-viral drug pleconaril which shows promise against picornaviruses as well as trials of BTA-798.[112] The oral form of pleconaril had safety issues and an aerosol form is being studied.[112] Double-stranded RNA activated caspase oligomerizer (DRACO), a broad-spectrum antiviral therapy, has shown preliminary effectiveness in treating rhinovirus, as well as other infectious viruses.[113]

The genomes of all known human rhinovirus strains have been sequenced.[114]

Notes

  1. ↑ John, Pramod R. John (2008). Textbook of Oral Medicine. Jaypee Brothers Publishers. p. 336. ISBN 978-81-8061-562-7. Archived from the original on 29 May 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Common Colds: Protect Yourself and Others". CDC. 6 October 2015. Archived from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Eccles R (November 2005). "Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza". Lancet Infect Dis. 5 (11): 718–25. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X. PMC 7185637. PMID 16253889.
  4. 1 2 Bennett, John E.; Dolin, Raphael; Blaser, Martin J. (2014). Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 750. ISBN 978-1-4557-4801-3. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Allan, GM; Arroll, B (18 February 2014). "Prevention and treatment of the common cold: making sense of the evidence". CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal. 186 (3): 190–99. doi:10.1503/cmaj.121442. PMC 3928210. PMID 24468694.
  6. 1 2 3 Heikkinen T, Järvinen A (January 2003). "The common cold". Lancet. 361 (9351): 51–59. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12162-9. PMC 7112468. PMID 12517470.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Arroll, B (March 2011). "Common cold". Clinical Evidence. 2011 (3): 1510. PMC 3275147. PMID 21406124. Common colds are defined as upper respiratory tract infections that affect the predominantly nasal part of the respiratory mucosa open access
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 (Eccles & Weber 2009, p. 209)
  9. 1 2 3 4 "Zinc – Fact Sheet for Health Professionals". Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health. 10 July 2019. Archived from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2019. Although studies examining the effect of zinc treatment on cold symptoms have had somewhat conflicting results, overall zinc appears to be beneficial under certain circumstances.... In September of 2007, Caruso and colleagues published a structured review of the effects of zinc lozenges, nasal sprays, and nasal gels on the common cold [69]. Of the 14 randomized, placebo-controlled studies included, 7 (5 using zinc lozenges, 2 using a nasal gel) showed that the zinc treatment had a beneficial effect and 7 (5 using zinc lozenges, 1 using a nasal spray, and 1 using lozenges and a nasal spray) showed no effect. More recently, a Cochrane review concluded that “zinc (lozenges or syrup) is beneficial in reducing the duration and severity of the common cold in healthy people, when taken within 24 hours of onset of symptoms” [73]. The author of another review completed in 2004 also concluded that zinc can reduce the duration and severity of cold symptoms [68]. However, more research is needed to determine the optimal dosage, zinc formulation and duration of treatment before a general recommendation for zinc in the treatment of the common cold can be made [73]. As previously noted, the safety of intranasal zinc has been called into question because of numerous reports of anosmia (loss of smell), in some cases long-lasting or permanent, from the use of zinc-containing nasal gels or sprays [17–19].
  10. 1 2 3 Kim, SY; Chang, YJ; Cho, HM; Hwang, YW; Moon, YS (21 September 2015). "Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the common cold". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 9 (9): CD006362. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006362.pub4. PMID 26387658.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Simasek M, Blandino DA (2007). "Treatment of the common cold". American Family Physician. 75 (4): 515–20. PMID 17323712. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007. open access
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  14. 1 2 3 4 (Eccles & Weber 2009, p. 112)
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  16. ↑ Harris, AM; Hicks, LA; Qaseem, A; High Value Care Task Force of the American College of Physicians and for the Centers for Disease Control and, Prevention (19 January 2016). "Appropriate Antibiotic Use for Acute Respiratory Tract Infection in Adults: Advice for High-Value Care From the American College of Physicians and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention". Annals of Internal Medicine. 164 (6): 425–34. doi:10.7326/M15-1840. PMID 26785402.
  17. 1 2 Malesker, MA; Callahan-Lyon, P; Ireland, B; Irwin, RS; CHEST Expert Cough, Panel. (November 2017). "Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Treatment for Acute Cough Associated With the Common Cold: CHEST Expert Panel Report". Chest. 152 (5): 1021–37. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2017.08.009. PMC 6026258. PMID 28837801. A suggestion for the use of zinc lozenges in healthy adults with cough due to common cold was considered by the expert panel. However, due to weak evidence, the potential side effects of zinc, and the relatively benign and common nature of the condition being treated, the panel did not approve inclusion of this suggestion.
  18. 1 2 3 (Eccles & Weber 2009, p. 1)
  19. 1 2 (Eccles & Weber 2009, p. 3)
  20. 1 2 (Eccles & Weber 2009, p. 24)
  21. ↑ (Eccles & Weber 2009, p. 26)
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  23. ↑ (Eccles & Weber 2009, p. 50)
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  26. ↑ Turner, Ronald B.; Hayden, Frederick G. (2003). "Rhinovirus". In Rübsamen-Waigmann, Helga; et al. (eds.). Viral Infections and Treatment. New York: CRC Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-8247-4247-8. Archived from the original on 4 May 2016.
  27. ↑ Ebell, M.H.; Lundgren, J.; Youngpairoj, S. (January–February 2013). "How long does a cough last? Comparing patients' expectations with data from a systematic review of the literature". Annals of Family Medicine. 11 (1): 5–13. doi:10.1370/afm.1430. PMC 3596033. PMID 23319500. open access
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  30. ↑ Palmenberg AC, Spiro D, Kuzmickas R, Wang S, Djikeng A, Rathe JA, Fraser-Liggett CM, Liggett SB (2009). "Sequencing and Analyses of All Known Human Rhinovirus Genomes Reveals Structure and Evolution". Science. 324 (5923): 55–59. Bibcode:2009Sci...324...55P. doi:10.1126/science.1165557. PMC 3923423. PMID 19213880.
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  32. ↑ Pelczar (2010). Microbiology: Application Based Approach. p. 656. ISBN 978-0-07-015147-5. Archived from the original on 16 May 2016.
  33. ↑ Russell La Fayette Cecil; Lee Goldman; Andrew I. Schafer (2012), Goldman's Cecil Medicine, Expert Consult Premium Edition (24 ed.), Elsevier Health Sciences, pp. 2103–, ISBN 978-1-4377-1604-7, archived from the original on 4 May 2016
  34. 1 2 3 4 Michael Rajnik; Robert W Tolan (13 September 2013). "Rhinovirus Infection". Medscape Reference. Archived from the original on 8 March 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2013. open access
  35. 1 2 3 "Common Cold". National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. 27 November 2006. Archived from the original on 6 September 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2007. open access
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  37. 1 2 3 (Eccles & Weber 2009, p. 197)
  38. 1 2 (Eccles & Weber 2009, p. 211, 215)
  39. 1 2 3 4 Nikolaos G. Papadopoulos; Maria Xatzipsaltis; Sebastian L. Johnston (2009), "Rhinoviruses", in Arie J. Zuckerman; et al. (eds.), Principles and Practice of Clinical Virology (6th ed.), John Wiley & Sons, p. 496, ISBN 978-0-470-74139-9, archived from the original on 3 June 2016
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  55. 1 2 (Eccles & Weber 2009, p. 122)
  56. 1 2 (Eccles & Weber 2009, p. 51-52)
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  59. ↑ Lawrence DM (May 2009). "Gene studies shed light on rhinovirus diversity". Lancet Infect Dis. 9 (5): 278. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70123-9.
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References

  • Eccles, Ronald; Weber, Olaf (2009). Common Cold. Basel: Birkhäuser. ISBN 978-3-7643-9894-1. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
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