Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps

The voiced alveolar tap or flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents a dental, alveolar, or postalveolar tap or flap is ɾ.

The terms tap and flap are often used interchangeably. Peter Ladefoged proposed the distinction that a tap strikes its point of contact directly, as a very brief stop, and a flap strikes the point of contact tangentially: "Flaps are most typically made by retracting the tongue tip behind the alveolar ridge and moving it forward so that it strikes the ridge in passing."[1] That distinction between the alveolar tap and flap can be written in the IPA with tap ɾ and flap ɽ, the 'retroflex' symbol being used for the one that starts with the tongue tip curled back behind the alveolar ridge. The distinction is noticeable in the speech of some American English speakers in distinguishing the words "potty" (tap [ɾ]) and "party" (retroflex [ɽ]).

For linguists who do not make the distinction, alveolars and dentals are typically called taps and other articulations flaps. No language contrasts a tap and a flap at the same place of articulation.

The sound is often analyzed and thus interpreted by non-native English-speakers as an 'R-sound' in many foreign languages. In languages for which the segment is present but not phonemic, it is often an allophone of either an alveolar stop ([t], [d], or both) or a rhotic consonant (like the alveolar trill or the alveolar approximant).

If the alveolar flap is the only rhotic consonant in the language, it may be transcribed with r although that symbol technically represents the trill.

The voiced alveolar tapped fricative reported from some languages is actually a very brief voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative.

Voiced alveolar tap and flap

Voiced alveolar tap or flap
ɾ
IPA Number124
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɾ
Unicode (hex)U+027E
X-SAMPA4
Braille⠖ (braille pattern dots-235) ⠗ (braille pattern dots-1235)

Features

Features of the voiced alveolar tap or flap:

Occurrence

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
ArabicEgyptian[2]رجل[ɾeɡl]'leg'See Egyptian Arabic phonology
Lebanese إجر [ʔəʒəɾ] 'wages'
Moroccan رم / rma [ɾma] 'he threw'
South Iraqi أريد [aɾid] 'I want'
Aragonesearagonés[aɾaɣoˈnes]'Aragonese'Contrasts with /r/.
ArmenianEastern[3]րոպե[ɾo.pɛ]'minute'Contrasts with /r/ in all positions.
Assyrian ܪܝܫܐ rìsha [ɾiʃa] 'head' Contrasts with ‘dark’ R.
Asturianhora[ˈoɾa]'hour'Contrasts with /r/.
Basquebegiratu[beˈɣiɾaˌtu]'look'Contrasts with /r/. See Basque phonology
Bengaliআবা[abaɾ]'again'Main realisation of /r/. Corresponds to [r ~ ɹ] in others and may occur word-medially and finally against [r]. See Bengali phonology
Catalan[4]truc[ˈtɾuk]'trick'Contrasts with /r/. See Catalan phonology
Danish[5][6]nordisk[ˈnoɐ̯ɾisk]'Nordic'Possible realization of intervocalic /d/ between phonetic vowels.[5][6] See Danish phonology
Dutchreden[ˈɾeːdə(n)]'reason'Realization of /r/ varies widely in Dutch. See Dutch phonology
EnglishCockney[7]better[ˈbe̞ɾɐ]'better'Intervocalic allophone of /t/. In free variation with [ʔ ~ ~ ]. See Flapping
Australian[8][ˈbeɾɐ]Intervocalic allophone of /t/ and /d/. See Australian English phonology, New Zealand English phonology and Flapping
New Zealand[9]
Dublin[10][ˈbɛɾɚ]Intervocalic allophone of /t/ and /d/, present in many dialects. In Local Dublin it can be [ɹ] instead, unlike New and Mainstream. See English phonology and Flapping
North America[11]
Ulster
West Country
Irishthree[θɾiː]'three'Conservative accents. Corresponds to [ɹ ~ ɻ ~ ʁ] in other accents.
Scottish[12]Most speakers. Others use [ɹ ~ r].
Older Received Pronunciation[13]Allophone of /ɹ/
Scouse[12]
South African[12]Broad speakers. Can be [ɹ ~ r] instead
EsperantoEsperanto[espeˈɾanto]'one who hopes'Usually a flap [ɾ], but can be a trilled r. See Esperanto phonology
Greek[14]μηρός / mirós[miˈɾ̠o̞s]'thigh'Somewhat retracted. Most common realization of /r/. See Modern Greek phonology
Hindustaniमेरा/میرا[meːɾaː]'My'Allophone of /r/ in intervocalic position. See Hindi phonology
Irishfear[fʲaɾˠ]'man'See Irish phonology
Kinyarwandau Rwanda[u ɾgwɑː.ndɑ]'Rwanda'
Japanese /こころ kokoro[ko̞ko̞ɾo̞]'heart'[15] Varies with [ɺ].[16] See Japanese phonology
Kazakhбер/ber[beɾ]'give'See Kazakh phonology
Korean여름 / yeoreum[jʌɾɯm]'summer'Allophone of /l/ between vowels or between a vowel and an /h/
Malay راتوس / ratus [ɾä.tos] 'hundred' Common realisation of /r/. May be trill [r] or postalveolar approximant [ɹ̠]. See Malay phonology
Māoriwhare[ɸaɾɛ]'house'Sometimes trilled.
Marathiवारा[ʋaːɾaː]'wind'
Nepali[17]तारा [t̪äɾä]'star'Intervocalic allophone of /r/. See Nepali phonology
Norwegian[18]bare[ˈbɑ̂ː.ɾə]'only'May be realised as a trill [r], approximant [ɹ] or uvular [ʀ~ʁ] depending on dialect. See Norwegian phonology
Odiaରାତି/rāti[ɾäti]'night'
Polish który [ˈkt̪u.ɾɘ̟] 'which' Can also sometimes be an approximant, a fricative, and rarely - a trill. See Polish phonology
Portuguese[19]prato[ˈpɾatu]'dish'Dental to retroflex allophones, varying by dialect. Contrasts only intervocalically with /ʁ/, with its guttural allophones. See Portuguese phonology
Scottish Gaelicr[moːɾ]'big'Both the lenited and non-initial broad form of r. Often transcribed simply as /r/. The initial unlenited broad form is a trill [rˠ], while the slender form is [ɾʲ] ([ð] in some dialects). See Scottish Gaelic phonology.
Spanish[20]caro[ˈkaɾo̞]'expensive'Contrasts with /r/. See Spanish phonology
Tagalogbiro[ˈbiɾɔʔ]'joke'See Tagalog phonology
Tamil ம் [maɾam] 'tree' See Tamil phonology
Thai Some speakers ะ / prá [pʰɾaʔ˦˥] 'monk'
Turkish[21]ara[ˈäɾä]'interval'Intervocalically; may not make full contact elsewhere.[21] See Turkish phonology
Uzbek[22]ёмғир/yomg‘ir[ʝɒ̜mˈʁ̟ɨɾ̪]'rain'Denti-alveolar.[22]
West Coast Bajau[23]bara'[ba.ɾaʔ]'to tell'Voiced dental flap in intervocalic position.

Alveolar nasal tap and flap

Alveolar nasal tap/flap
ɾ̃
IPA Number124 424
Encoding
X-SAMPA4~

Features

Features of the alveolar nasal tap or flap:

Occurrence

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
English[24]Estuarytwenty[ˈtw̥ɛ̃ɾ̃i]'twenty'Allophone of unstressed intervocalic /nt/ for some speakers, especially in rapid or casual speech. See English phonology, North American English regional phonology and tapping
North American[25]
Guarani[26]porã[põˈɾ̃ã]'good'Nasalized allophone of /ɾ/ as a result of nasal harmony. See Guarani language § Nasal harmony

See also

Notes

  1. Valentin-Marquez (2015)
  2. Watson (2002:16)
  3. Dum-Tragut (2009:19)
  4. Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
  5. Grønnum (2005:157)
  6. Basbøll (2005:126)
  7. Wells (1982:324–325)
  8. Cox & Palethorpe (2007:343)
  9. Trudgill & Hannah (2002:24)
  10. "Glossary". Retrieved 2021-05-22.
  11. Ogden (2009:114)
  12. Ogden (2009:92)
  13. Wise (1957:?)
  14. Arvaniti (2007:15–18)
  15. Labrune (2012), p. 92.
  16. Akamatsu (1997), p. 106.
  17. Khatiwada, Rajesh (December 2009). "Nepali". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 39 (3): 373–380. doi:10.1017/S0025100309990181. ISSN 1475-3502.
  18. Kristoffersen, Gjert (2015). "En innføring i norsk fonologi" [An introduction to Norwegian phonology] (PDF) (in Norwegian) (4 ed.). University of Bergen. p. 21. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-10-24. Retrieved 2020-07-09. I østlandsk er denne lyden normalt en såkalt tapp
  19. Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
  20. Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
  21. Yavuz & Balcı (2011:25)
  22. Sjoberg (1963:13)
  23. Miller, Mark T. (2007). A Grammar of West Coast Bajau (Ph.D. thesis). University of Texas at Arlington. p. 34. hdl:10106/577.
  24. Kwan-Young Oh. "Reanalysis of Flapping on Level Approach". Retrieved 2023-04-29.
  25. Tomasz P. Szynalski. "Flap t FAQ". Retrieved 2013-11-24.
  26. Walker (2011:9–10)

References

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  • Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 8: 97–208, doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-11
  • Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
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  • Cox, Felicity; Palethorpe, Sallyanne (2007), "Australian English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 341–349, doi:10.1017/S0025100307003192
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  • Lass, Roger (1987), "Intradiphthongal Dependencies", in Anderson, John; Durand, Jacques (eds.), Explorations in Dependency Phonology, Dordrecht: Foris Publications Holland, pp. 109–131, ISBN 9067652970
  • Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7
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  • Walker, Rachel (2011). "Nasal Harmony". In van Oostendorp, Marc; Ewen, Colin J.; Hume, Elizabeth; Rice, Keren (eds.). The Blackwell companion to phonology (PDF). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781405184236.
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