孔

孔 U+5B54, 孔
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B54
← 孓
[U+5B53] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 孕 →
[U+5B55]

Translingual
Stroke order

Han character

孔 (radical 39, 子+1, 4 strokes, cangjie input 弓木山 (NDU), four-corner 12410, composition ⿰子乚)

Derived characters
  • 吼, 𪣂, 𢗵, 𢪬, 犼, 𭥛, 𦙥, 𣏺, 𤆺, 𬗆, 𧉔, 𫁎, 𡰼, 芤, 𥥅, 𩫂, 𡵾, 𥤾, 𡦀

References
  • KangXi: page 277, character 9
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 6933
  • Dae Jaweon: page 544, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 2, page 1008, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+5B54

Chinese
simp. and trad.
 孔

Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 孔
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (孔) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
吼 *qʰloːʔ, *qʰloːs
孔 *kʰloːŋʔ

Bronze inscriptions: Ideogrammic compound (會意) : 丿 (“opening”) + 子 (“child”) – opening in the skull of a newborn, i.e. fontanelle.

Etymology

"hole":

"peacock":

Pronunciation
Note:
  • kháng - vernacular;
  • khóng - literary.
Rime
Character 孔
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 溪 (29)
Final (韻) 東 (1)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 康董切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /kʰuŋX/
Pan
Wuyun		 /kʰuŋX/
Shao
Rongfen		 /kʰuŋX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /kʰəwŋX/
Li
Rong		 /kʰuŋX/
Wang
Li		 /kʰuŋX/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /kʰuŋX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 kǒng
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 孔
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 kǒng
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ khuwngX ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[k]ʰˁoŋʔ/
English (surname)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 孔
Reading # 1/1
No. 7489
Phonetic
component		 孔
Rime
group		 東
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 孔
Old
Chinese		 /*kʰloːŋʔ/
Notes 金文象就乳，與古候切從子殼聲字（說文乳也）同源

Definitions

孔

  1. hole; aperture; opening
  2. Classifier for cave dwellings, oil wells, etc.
  3. large
  4. fine
  5. very
  6. peacock
  7. A surname​.
  8. (specifically) Short for 孔子 (Kǒngzǐ, “Confucius”).

Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 孔 (“hole”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 孔, 洞, 穴
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 孔, 洞, 孔洞, 空洞, 空穴
Mandarin Beijing 窟窿
Jinan 窟窿
Xi'an 窟窿子, 窟窿
Wuhan 窟窿, 窟眼, 洞洞, 洞
Chengdu 窟窿, 洞洞, 洞
Yangzhou 洞
Hefei 窟窿, 洞
Cantonese Guangzhou 窿, 咕窿
Hong Kong 窿, 咕窿
Gan Nanchang 洞
Hakka Meixian 窿仔, 窿空仔
Jin Taiyuan 窟窿, 窟子
Min Bei Jian'ou 川
Min Dong Fuzhou 空空
Min Nan Xiamen 空, 空口
Quanzhou 空
Zhangzhou 空口
Taipei 空
Philippines (Manila) 空
Chaozhou 空
Wu Suzhou 洞
Wenzhou 洞, 窟, 窟窿
Xiang Changsha 洞
Shuangfeng 眼貢, 洞

See also

Compounds
Derived terms from 孔

Japanese

Kanji
孔

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. cavity

Readings

Compounds
Compounds

Korean

Hanja

孔 • (gong)

  • Eumhun:
    • Sound (hangeul): 공 (revised: gong, McCune–Reischauer: kong)
    • Name (hangeul): 구멍
  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

孔 (khổng, hỏng, hổng, khỏng, khủng)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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