御

御 (radical 60, 彳+8 in traditional Chinese and Korean, 彳+9 in mainland China and Japanese, 11 strokes in traditional Chinese and Korean, 12 strokes in mainland China and Japanese, cangjie input 竹人人一中 (HOOML), four-corner 2722₀, composition ⿰彳卸)

• 𭊷, 𣊗, 䥏, 蓹, 篽, 𬄧, 禦

• 禦 (This character is simplified to 御 in mainland China)

• KangXi: page 368, character 23
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10157
• Dae Jaweon: page 693, character 5
• Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 2, page 832, character 16
• Unihan data for U+5FA1

Ideogrammic compound (會意) : semantic 彳 + semantic 卸.

Sino-Tibetan. Schuessler (2007) compared 御 to Burmese [script needed] (môŋ, “drive away, threaten”) and [script needed] (ə-môŋ, “driving”).

御

1. (prefix) imperial
2. to manage, to govern (of the sovereign, by extension, to be present in)
3. to ride (on an animal or a vehicle drawn by animals)
4. Alternative form of 禦 (“to defend against”).

   我有旨蓄，亦以御冬。宴爾新昏、以我御窮。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
   我有旨蓄，亦以御冬。宴尔新昏、以我御穷。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

   From: The Classic of Poetry, circa 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

   Wǒ yǒu zhǐ xù, yì yǐ yù dōng. Yàn ěr xīn hūn, yǐ wǒ yù qióng. [Pinyin]

   My fine collection of vegetables, is but a provision against the winter. Feasting with your new wife, you think of me as a provision [only] against your poverty.

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

• Go-on: ご (go, Jōyō)
• Kan-on: ぎょ (gyo, Jōyō)
• Kun: おん (on, 御, Jōyō); お (o, 御); おおん (ōn, 御)^{←おほん (ofon, historical)←おほむ (ofomu, ancient)}; み (mi, 御)

As variant kanji of 禦:

• Go-on: ご (go, Jōyō)
• Kan-on: ぎょ (gyo, Jōyō)
• Kun: ふせぐ (fusegu, 御ぐ)

/oɴ/ → /o/

Shift from on- below.[1][2]

Already apparent since the 14th century.

御 (hiragana お, rōmaji o-)

1. indicates that the [word] is honorific; often used to indicate that the [word] belongs or is related to the listener (as opposed to the speaker)

Not to be confused with 大 (ō-, “great”), which is a less-commonly used prefix.

Almost exclusively written in hiragana, to disambiguate with the heteronyms below.

Prefixed to the native Japanese words, as in 御水 (o-mizu, “water”) (words read with 訓読み (kun'yomi)). However, there are numerous exceptions such as お電話 (o-denwa). In old use, prefixed short women's names regardless of the type of reading, for example お菊 (o-Kiku), おしん (o-Shin), お仙 (o-Sen), お妙 (o-Tae), etc. For 外来語 (gairaigo, “(non-Chinese) foreign loan words”), this prefix is seldom used, but somewhat preferred in the jargon of some kinds of industry, as in おビール (o-bīru, “beer”).

Usage varies between speakers, situations, and gender – more polite speech, especially by women, features more use of this prefix, while blunt speech, especially by men, uses it less or not at all (words where the prefix has become mandatory are replaced by blunter terms that do not have the prefix). In rare cases a prefixed term has become impolite, as in 御前 (omae, “you (familiar or derogatory)”).

/oɸomʉ/ → /owomʉ/ → /oːɴ/ → /oɴ/

Early-Late Middle Japanese shift from ōn- below.[1]

御 (hiragana おん, rōmaji on-)

1. indicates that the [word] is honorific; often used to indicate that the [word] belongs or is related to the listener (as opposed to the speaker)

⟨opomi₁⟩ → */opomʲɨ/*/əpəmʲɨ/ → /oɸomʉ/ → /owoɴ/ → /oːɴ/

First attested in the Wamyō Ruijushō (938 CE), as man'yōgana form 於保无 (opomu- → ōmu-) within 於保无太加良 (opomutakara → ōmutakara, “people”, as a kun reading of 人民).

Shift from Old Japanese 大御 (⟨opomi₁⟩ → ōmi-, prefix of maximum honorific).

Both ōmu- and ōn- readings likely existed in free variation until the development of the ん (n) grapheme.

• 大御

御 (hiragana おおん, rōmaji ōn-, historical hiragana おほん)
(alternative reading hiragana おおむ, romaji ōmu-, historical hiragana おほむ)

1. (obsolete) indicates that the [word] is honorific; often used to indicate that the [word] belongs or is related to the listener (as opposed to the speaker)

• 御 (おおん)時 (とき) (ōntoki)
• 御 (おおん)身 (み) (ōnmi)

⟨mi₁⟩ → */mʲi/ → /mi/

From Old Japanese.

Cognate with 霊, 神 (mi, “spirit, god”), as this prefix was originally used to refer to gods and other spiritually important things.

• (honorific emphasizing beauty): 美, 深

御 (hiragana み, rōmaji mi-)

1. (honorific, archaic) added to gods and other spiritually important things
2. (honorific, archaic) added to nouns to indicate godlike respect
3. (honorific, archaic) added to placenames to emphasize beauty

Primarily for the religious words, pertaining to gods or the emperor, as in 御輿 (mikoshi, “portable shrine”). However, in this context it is often replaced by 神 ("god", also pronounced mi-), and then a further 御 (​o-) may be added, as in 御神輿 (o-mikoshi). The mi- prefix also became merged into other kanji, as in 宮 (miya, “imperial palace”).

From Middle Chinese 御 (MC ŋɨʌ^H).

The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing.

御 (hiragana ご, rōmaji go-)

1. indicates that the [word] is honorific; often used to indicate that the [word] belongs or is related to the listener (as opposed to the speaker)

Prefixed to the Sino-Japanese words, as in 御主人 (goshujin, “husband”).

While in general this prefix is optional, in many cases it is so commonly used that the base word can no longer be used in isolation, as in 御飯 (gohan, “rice”) – the form ×飯 (*han) is not used alone, though it can be used as parts of compounds (such as 炊飯, suihan, “rice cooking”), and the character can be read in isolation as meshi.

Short form of 御前 (gozen, “noble person”).

御 (hiragana ご, rōmaji -go)

1. (honorific) indicates that the [word] is familiar to the speaker and slight honorific

御 (hiragana ご, rōmaji go)

1. (obsolete, archaic, honorific) a lady

   suffixed to the given name, via genitive particle の (no):

   伊 (い)勢 (せ)の御 (ご) ― Ise no Go ― Lady Ise

2. (obsolete, archaic, honorific) form of address to a woman or a court lady: my Lady

   used in the plural form 御達 (gotachi)

• 御 (ご)達 (たち) (gotachi)

From Middle Chinese 御 (MC ŋɨʌ^H).

The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing.

• (horseriding, coachman): 馭

御 (hiragana ぎょ, rōmaji gyo)

1. equestrianism, horseriding
2. a coachman
3. (by extension) serving nearby (to an aristocrat, etc.)

• 御 (ぎょ)する (gyosuru)

御 (hiragana ぎょ, rōmaji gyo-)

1. prefixed to make a honorific kanji compound, especially used to indicate that the [word] belongs or is related to the emperor and/or the equivalents

• 御 (ぎょ)意 (い) (gyoi)
• 御 (ぎょ)慶 (けい) (gyokei)
• 御 (ぎょ)製 (せい) (gyosei)

御 (hiragana ぎょ, rōmaji -gyo)

1. suffixed to make a honorific kanji compound which means the action belongs or is related to the emperor and/or the equivalents

• 還 (かん)御 (ぎょ) (kangyo)
• 渡 (と)御 (ぎょ) (togyo)
• 崩 (ほう)御 (ぎょ) (hōgyo)

御 (hiragana ぎょ, rōmaji gyo)

1. control (a machine, etc.)
2. govern, rule
3. servant
4. Alternative spelling of 禦 (gyo): defend, protect

御 • (eo, a) (hangeul 어, 아, revised eo, a, McCune–Reischauer ŏ, a, Yale e, a)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Cognate with 霊, 神 (mi₁, “spirit, god”), as this prefix was originally used to refer to gods and other spiritually important things.

御 (mi₁-) (kana み)

1. (honorific) added to gods and other spiritually important things
2. (honorific) added to nouns to indicate godlike respect
3. (honorific) added to placenames to emphasize beauty

• Japanese: 御, 美, 深 (mi-)

御 (ngự, ngợ, ngừ, ngừa)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.