COVID-19 pandemic in Papua New Guinea

COVID-19 pandemic in Papua New Guinea
Map of the COVID-19 pandemic in Papua New Guinea (as of 3 March 2022)
  10,000+ Confirmed cases
  1,000–9,999 Confirmed cases
  100–999 Confirmed cases
  10–99 Confirmed cases
  1–9 Confirmed cases
DiseaseCOVID-19
Virus strainSARS-CoV-2
LocationPapua New Guinea
First outbreakWuhan, Hubei, China
Index caseLae
Arrival date20 March 2020
Confirmed cases45,917[1]
Active cases106
Recovered45,901
Deaths
668
Fatality rate1.01%
Vaccinations3.5% (348,938) with at least one dose
Government website
PNG Government Official COVID-19 Website

The COVID-19 pandemic in Papua New Guinea is part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was confirmed to have reached Papua New Guinea on 20 March 2020.[2] On 4 May 2020, Papua New Guinea was declared COVID-19 free. However, on 20 June, the government confirmed another case of COVID-19, meaning that the disease was present again within the country.[3][4]

Until early 2021, the country managed to stave off a major COVID-19 outbreak, with only 1,275 cases reported at the end of February according to Johns Hopkins University. In March cases tripled, with Prime Minister James Marape speaking of "rampant community transmission".[5] By early May, the number of hospitalizations in the capital Port Moresby stabilized, but delays in receiving test results from regional areas were a concern.[6] In mid May, as the reasons for the apparent easing of the pandemic situation remained uncertain, discrepancies between government figures and higher ones from the provinces led to concerns that hundreds of COVID-19 cases had been missed in the national tally.[7]

As of March 2022 Papua New Guinea has a total of 41,533 cumulative cases and 639 deaths. As of March 2022, the country had a vaccination rate of 3.5%, one of the lowest in the world.[8]

Background

On 12 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that a novel coronavirus was the cause of a respiratory illness in a cluster of people in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, which was reported to the WHO on 31 December 2019.[9][10]

The case fatality ratio for COVID-19 has been much lower than SARS of 2003,[11][12] but the transmission has been significantly greater, with a significant total death toll.[13][11]

The pandemic posed a major strain on the health system in Papua New Guinea, which has been described by experts as poor.[14][15] The presence of malaria, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and other illnesses was seen by experts as compounding the impact of the pandemic. In April 2020, the country had only about 500 doctors, less than 4,000 nurses, below 3,000 community health workers, and about 5,000 bed spaces in hospitals. Health care access was difficult for rural and village communities. During the pandemic, the country relied extensively on help from abroad, including the deployment of medical personnel, coronavirus testing kits, personal protective equipment, and from 2021, vaccines.[14] As of April 2021, the country was unable to conduct mass testing, leading health officials to believe that the reported infection numbers were likely vastly underestimating the scale of the outbreak.[16] During the wave of cases in the first half of 2021, the demographics of the country – dominated by the very young, who were less likely to require intensive care when infected with the coronavirus – were regarded as having prevented a worse situation.[17]

Timeline

March 2020

On 20 March, the first case in Papua New Guinea was confirmed. The case was a 45-year-old man who had recently traveled to Spain.[2]

April 2020

On 5 April, Elizabeth II, Queen of Papua New Guinea addressed the Commonwealth in a televised broadcast, in which she asked people to "take comfort that while we may have more still to endure, better days will return". She added, "we will be with our friends again; we will be with our families again; we will meet again".[18]

On 7 April, Papua New Guinea confirmed its second case of COVID-19. The patient, a 40-year-old female in East New Britain Province, had developed a cough on 23 March, and had been placed in quarantine. The entire province was placed under lockdown for the next 21 days.[19]

On 16 April, the PNG government confirmed five new COVID-19 cases.[20]

On 23 April, a woman of age 45 from Eastern Highlands Province who had sought medical help with symptoms two weeks earlier was confirmed to be infected, marking the eighth case in Papua New Guinea.[21]

May 2020

On 4 May, acting Health Secretary Dr Paison Dakulala reported that all known cases have recovered, but stresses that they don't know what they are fighting. 2,400 tests have been carried out with the bulk in Port Moresby.[22]

June 2020

On 20 June, the PNG government confirmed its ninth COVID-19 case.[3]

On 25 June, PNG confirmed its tenth case of COVID-19, a 27-year old member of the PNG Defence Force.[23]

On 26 June, the PNG government confirmed its eleventh COVID-19 case.[24]

July 2020

On 16 July, PNG confirmed four new cases of COVID-19; they are staff from the main laboratory that tests for the virus.[25]

On 18 July, PNG confirmed its 16th case of COVID-19.[26]

On 20 July, PNG confirmed two new cases of COVID-19.[27]

On 21 July, PNG confirmed eight new cases of COVID-19.[28]

On 22 July, PNG confirmed three new cases of COVID-19.[29]

On 23 July, PNG confirmed one new case of COVID-19.[30]

On 24 July, PNG confirmed its 32nd case of COVID-19.[31]

On 25 July, PNG confirmed seven new cases of COVID-19.[32]

On 26 July, PNG recorded its highest number of positive COVID-19 cases in a day, 23 new cases.[33]

On 27 July, PNG recorded its first death.[34]

On 28 July, PNG recorded its second death and a new case.[35]

On 29 July, PNG recorded four new cases.[36]

On 30 July, PNG recorded five new cases.[36]

August 2020

On 1 August, PNG recorded 19 new cases.[37]

On 2 August, PNG recorded another 19 new cases.[38]

On 3 August, PNG recorded a new case.[39]

On 7 August, the first case of COVID-19 was confirmed in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville.[40] The patient was a 22-year-old college student who returned to Buka Airport from Port Moresby.[40]

On 10 August, Prime Minister James Marape announced that the two-week lockdown of Port Moresby, which expired the following day, would not be extended in spite of rising case numbers, saying that as per advice from specialist teams, a strategy of "living with the virus" was preferable to "drastic measures". Governor of Port Moresby Powes Parkop supported the decision, pointing to the present situation of economic crisis and the increased risks due to the lockdown in particular for students, who were often living in crowded conditions inferior to those in schools.[41]

September 2020

On 5 September, PNG reported eight new cases. As of early September, 12 of the country's 22 provinces have reported positive cases. The death toll remains five and the total number of recovered remains 232. There are 240 tests pending laboratory result.[42]

On 12 September, PNG confirmed its sixth death.[43]

December 2020

According to a 14 December situation report issued jointly by the PNG National Department of Health and the WHO, 44 new cases were reported across the country in the period from 7 to 13 December. Of these cases, 35 were from West New Britain, where two recent clusters of cases had developed in the preceding three weeks. The report warned that testing rates in all provinces had remained "critically low", and that there were "large significant delays in receiving test results". It also warned that a rise in cases over the upcoming holiday period was to be expected.[44]

February 2021

Due to rising case numbers, and the isolation wards at Port Moresby Hospital and the nearby Gerehu Hospital both being full, a temporary COVID-19 field hospital at a local sporting facility in the city was reopened. According to a ministerial briefing obtained by the ABC, "critical functions" at the National Control Centre for COVID-19 were endangered by about 40 staff members not having been paid for five months.[45]

March 2021

Amid a worsening of the outbreak with over 1,400 active cases, Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison announced on 17 March that Australia would send 8,000 vaccine doses to PNG the following week, and that it would request a further one million doses from AstraZeneca and European authorities to be diverted to the country. Refugee advocates called on the Australian government to return the refugees and asylum seekers who had remained in PNG after the closure of the Manus Island facility in 2019; six of them had tested positive in the preceding two weeks.[46] On 23 March tougher anti-pandemic measures took effect, with internal border controls being tightened, personal movement restricted, and mask wearing made mandatory.[47]

On 30 March, Prime Minister James Marape, health workers, senior politicians and elected officials were among the first to be vaccinated with the AstraZeneca vaccine. Marape said on the occasion that he had decided to be among the first to be vaccinated to demonstrate that the vaccine was safe.[48]

April 2021

On 21 April, the total number of confirmed cases in the country passed 10,000. Pandemic response controller David Manning spoke of a "critical stage" in combating the outbreak and urged citizens to comply with pandemic control measures.[49]

May 2021

A national rollout of the AstraZeneca vaccine was officially opended by Prime Minister Marape on 4 May. More than 130,000 doses from the COVAX program would be distributed across the country, targeting 3 per cent of the population identified as frontline workers. The take-up for 8,000 doses that had previously been delivered by Australia had been sluggish, with less than half of the doses administered in Port Moresby.[6] Misinformation from social media, resulting in mistrust of the vaccine, was identified by the Lowy Institute as one of the key reasons for the vaccine hesitancy.[17]

June 2021

On 23 June, PNG received 200,000 doses of the Sinopharm BIBP vaccine from China. The PNG government said that the vaccine would initially be provided to Chinese citizens in the country.[50]

July 2021

In early July, PNG opened its vaccination program to all persons over 18 years. This occurred as the country faced considerable vaccine hesitancy, with only just under 55,000 having received a vaccination, and among fears that 70,000 donated doses would have to be discarded.[51] A monitoring by Caritas of COVID-19 awareness programs in the country found that rural communities, largely relying on word of mouth rather than the media, were vulnerable to misinformation regarding the virus.[52] Due to concerns over the Delta variant, the government closed its international borders to all except the vaccinated.[51]

In a 2 July article, the China state media outlet Global Times alleged that "Australian consultants" in PNG had been "obstructing" the emergency use authorisation of Chinese vaccines. A 5 July statement by foreign ministry spokesman Wang Wenbin expressed concern over what he called "irresponsible behaviour" by Australia in the country. On 6 July during a trip to PNG and on 9 July, the Australian Minister for International Development and the Pacific Zed Seselja rejected the accusations.[53]

September 2021

By 2 September, the number of coronavirus cases of the Delta variant reported from Western Province increased to 22. Citing phylogenic studies which suggested that the origin of the outbreak was in neighbouring Indonesian Papua province, National Pandemic Response Deputy Controller Daoni Esorom urged people to stop traveling illegally there.[54]

October 2021

A medical team arrived in the Port Moresby, joined by a British team soon after,[55] to deal with a strong surge of infections caused by the Delta variant in the country. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies said that "concerted international action" was needed to support the country.[56]

November 2021

In early November, local media reported that the health system of the country was unable to cope with the wave of infections. In response, a New Zealand medical and logistics support team with essential supplies was sent to the country, with most of them arriving on 13 November, to stay for prospectively one month.[55]

December 2021

Experts warned that, due to the extremely low vaccination rate – less than five per cent in the adult population – , the country could become a breeding ground for a further mutation of the coronavirus.[57]

February 2022

Prime Minister James Marape tested positive during a trip to China early in the month, and cut his visit short as a result. On 9 February, he released a statement saying that he was "doing well", and that "vaccination has really helped." He urged fellow PNG citizens to get vaccinated.[8]

On 16 February, the country reopened to vaccinated travellers, while some domestic restrictions remained. The countrywide vaccination rate was about four per cent as of that date.[58]

Prevention measures

The Government of Papua New Guinea banned all travellers from Asian countries and closed its border with Indonesia, taking effect from 30 January 2020.[59][60] On 16 April, due to additional confirmed cases in the National Capital District (NCD) and the Western Province, the Emergency Controller issued National Emergency Order No. 16, effectively locking down the NCD. The order established an 8 pm to 6 am curfew, prohibited most public gatherings, limited groups to four people, banned public transportation, and suspended alcohol and Betel nut sales. The order also prohibits domestic air travel and closes public venues such as gambling halls, night clubs, sports and sports clubs, and religious services.

On 3 May 2020, the curfew for the National Capital District and Central Province was lifted, alcohol restrictions have been lifted. Gatherings remain banned, social distancing measures have to be enforced, and washing hands before entering church services is mandatory.[61]

On 5 May, the schools reopened; however, some schools required face masks and others have sent their students back again.[62]

The Autonomous Region of Bougainville region has imposed flight restrictions on mainland PNG, whereby flights could only be approved charters or medevac trips until 13 August.[63]

Statistics

Confirmed new cases per day

Confirmed deaths per day

Cases by province

Province Cases[64] Deaths[65] Population (2011) Cases/100K References
National Capital District 11,554 102 364,125 3,173.09
Western Province 3,737 33 201,351 1,855.96
Central Province 1,195 2 269,756 442.99
Morobe Province 2,574 50 67,481 3,814.41
East Sepik 746 8 45,053 1,655.83
East New Britain Province 2,291 31 328,369 697.69
West New Britain Province 1,241 6 264,264 469.61
Autonomous Region of Bougainville 981 17 249,358 393.41 [66][67]
Eastern Highlands Province 2,457 118 579,825 423.75
Milne Bay 1,499 5 276,512 542.11
New Ireland Province 918 13 194,067 473.03
West Sepik 879 13 248,411 353.85
Southern Highlands Province 1,177 53 510,245 230.67
Western Highlands Province 3,050 79 36,258 8,411.94
Enga 1,139 7 432,045 263.63
Hela 1,004 14 249,449 402.48
Chimbu Province 1,062 11 376,473 282.1
Jiwaka Province 511 30 343,987 148.55
Manus Province 895 11 60,485 1,479.71
Madang Province 1,379 29 493,906 279.20
Gulf Province 632 0 158,197 399.50
Oro Province 618 6 186,309 331.71
22/22 41,539 638 7,275,324 570.96
Updated 25 March 2022

See also

References

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  2. 1 2 "PNG Confirms first Case of Coronavirus-COVID −19". Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  3. 1 2 "An expatriate in Port-Moresby confirmed positive to COVID-19". postcourier.com.pg. 20 June 2020. Archived from the original on 27 November 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
  4. ↑ "Data on COVID-19 transmission in the Country not clear". EM TV. 4 May 2020. Archived from the original on 1 September 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  5. ↑ Hollingsworth, Julia (28 March 2021). "This country only has about 500 doctors for 9 million people. Now it's dealing with a Covid outbreak". CNN News. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  6. 1 2 Whiting, Natalie (4 May 2021). "COVID-19 numbers fall in Papua New Guinea but there are fears many cases have been missed". ABC. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  7. ↑ Whiting, Natalie (13 May 2021). "Concerns hundreds of COVID-19 cases missing from PNG's national tally". ABC. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
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  10. ↑ Reynolds, Matt (4 March 2020). "What is coronavirus and how close is it to becoming a pandemic?". Wired UK. ISSN 1357-0978. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
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  16. ↑ Packham, Colin (23 April 2021). "Australia urges AstraZeneca to send 1 mln COVID-19 vaccine doses to PNG after EU clearance". Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
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  40. 1 2 "Awareness of Covid-19 measures ramps up ahead of Bougainville vote". Radio New Zealand International. 10 August 2020. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
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  46. ↑ Jackson, Will (17 March 2021). "Asylum seekers in PNG test positive to coronavirus, prompting calls for them to be brought to Australia". ABC News. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
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  55. 1 2 "NZ sends medical team to PNG as Covid-19 overwhelms its health system". Radio New Zealand. 13 November 2021. Archived from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  56. ↑ Kelly, Lidia (25 October 2021). "Red Cross urges action for Papua New Guinea as COVID-19 overwhelms health system". Reuters. Archived from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
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  62. ↑ "Back to school". Loop Papua New Guinea. Archived from the original on 1 September 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  63. ↑ "Bougainville limits flights again as PNG wrestles with Covid-19". RNZ. 1 August 2020. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
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