Omeprazole

Omeprazole
Names
Pronunciation/oʊˈmɛprəzoʊl/
Trade namesLosec, Prilosec, Zegerid, others[1][2]
IUPAC name
  • 5-Methoxy-2-[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methanesulfinyl]-1H-benzimidazole
Clinical data
Drug classProton-pump inhibitor
Main usesGERD, stomach ulcers[3]
Side effectsNausea, vomiting, headaches, abdominal pain, increased intestinal gas[1][4]
WHO AWaReUnlinkedWikibase error: ⧼unlinkedwikibase-error-statements-entity-not-set⧽
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: B3[5]
  • US: N (Not classified yet)[5]
    Routes of
    use    		By mouth, IV
    Defined daily dose20 mg[6]
    External links
    AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
    MedlinePlusa693050
    Legal
    License data
    Legal status
    Pharmacokinetics
    Bioavailability35–76%[7][8]
    Protein binding95%
    MetabolismLiver (CYP2C19, CYP3A4)
    Elimination half-life1–1.2 hours
    Excretion80% (urine)
    20% (bile via feces)
    Chemical and physical data
    FormulaC17H19N3O3S
    Molar mass345.42 g·mol−1
    3D model (JSmol)
    ChiralityRacemic mixture
    Density1.4±0.1[9] g/cm3
    Melting point156 °C (313 °F)
    SMILES
    • CC1=CN=C(C(=C1OC)C)CS(=O)C2=NC3=C(N2)C=C(C=C3)OC
    InChI
    • InChI=1S/C17H19N3O3S/c1-10-8-18-15(11(2)16(10)23-4)9-24(21)17-19-13-6-5-12(22-3)7-14(13)20-17/h5-8H,9H2,1-4H3,(H,19,20) checkY
    • Key:SUBDBMMJDZJVOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY

    Omeprazole, sold under the brand names Prilosec and Losec among others, is a medication used in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger–Ellison syndrome.[1] It is also used to prevent upper gastrointestinal bleeding in people who are at high risk.[1] Omeprazole is a proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) and its effectiveness is similar to other PPIs.[10] It can be taken by mouth or by injection into a vein.[1][11]

    Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, headaches, abdominal pain, and increased intestinal gas.[1][4] Serious side effects may include Clostridium difficile colitis, an increased risk of pneumonia, an increased risk of bone fractures, and the potential of masking stomach cancer.[1] It is unclear if it is safe for use in pregnancy.[1] It works by blocking the release of stomach acid.[1]

    Omeprazole was patented in 1978, and approved for medical use in 1988.[12] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[13] It is available as a generic medication.[1] The wholesale cost in the developing world as of 2014, is US$0.01 to US$0.07 per dose.[14] In the United States, it costs on average US$0.50 per pill.[15] In 2017, it was the seventh most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 58 million prescriptions.[16][17] It is also available without a prescription in the United States.[18]

    Medical uses

    See also: Proton-pump inhibitor

    Omeprazole can be used in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, erosive esophagitis, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, and eosinophilic esophagitis.[19][1]

    Peptic ulcers

    Peptic ulcers may be treated with omeprazole. Treatment of a Helicobacter pylori infection can be completed by taking a triple therapy combination of omeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin for 7–14 days.[20] Amoxicillin may be replaced with metronidazole in people who are allergic to penicillin.[21]

    Dosage

    The defined daily dose is 20 mg by mouth or by injection.[6] The typical dose is adults and children over 20 kg is 20 mg in the morning by mouth.[3] For those who weight 10 to 20 kg, 10 mg by mouth is used while in those who weight 5 to 10 kg, the dose is 5 mg.[3] By injection 40 mg once per day may be used.[22]

    Side effects

    Side effects occurring in at least 1% of people include:[23]

    • Central nervous system: headache (7%), dizziness (2%)
    • Respiratory: upper respiratory tract infection (2%), cough (1%)
    • Gastrointestinal: abdominal pain (5%), diarrhea (4%), nausea (4%), vomiting (3%), flatulence (3%), acid regurgitation (2%), constipation (2%)
    • Neuromuscular and skeletal: back pain (1%), weakness (1%)
    • Skin: rash (2%)

    Other concerns are:

    Concern has been expressed regarding vitamin B12 and iron malabsorption, but effects seem to be insignificant, especially when supplement therapy is provided.[28][29]Since their introduction, proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs, especially omeprazole) have also been associated with several cases of acute interstitial nephritis,[30] an inflammation of the kidneys that occurs as an adverse drug reaction.

    Long-term use of PPIs is strongly associated with the development of benign polyps from fundic glands (which is distinct from fundic gland polyposis); these polyps do not cause cancer and resolve when PPIs are discontinued. No association is seen between PPI use and cancer, but use of PPIs may mask gastric cancers or other serious gastric problems and physicians should be aware of this effect.[31]There is a tentative association between long term use and dementia which requires further study to confirm.[32]

    Pregnancy and breast-feeding

    The safety of using omeprazole has not been established in pregnant or breast-feeding women.[4] Epidemiological data do not show an increased risk of major birth defects after maternal use of omeprazole during pregnancy.[33]The pharmacokinetics of the omeprazole molecule suggest the relative safety of omeprazole use during breastfeeding[34][35]:

    • Omeprazole has a high plasma protein binding rate (95%),[36] indicating that little amount of drug is transferred to the milk duct during breast milk formation.
    • Omeprazole needs to be administrated in an enteric-coated formulation due to its rapid degradation in the acidic conditions of the stomach.[37]

    Interactions

    Omeprazol Actavis 20 mg, bottle and pills in Sweden

    Important drug interactions are rare.[38] However, the most significant major drug interaction concern is the decreased activation of clopidogrel when taken together with omeprazole.[39] Although still controversial,[40] this may increase the risk of stroke or heart attack in people taking clopidogrel to prevent these events.

    This interaction is possible because omeprazole is an inhibitor (reversibly inhibits) of the enzymes CYP2C19 and CYP3A4.[41] Clopidogrel is an inactive prodrug that partially depends on CYP2C19 for conversion to its active form. Inhibition of CYP2C19 may block the activation of clopidogrel, which could reduce its effects.[42]

    Almost all benzodiazepines are metabolised by the CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 pathways, and inhibition of these enzymes results in a higher AUC (i.e., the total effect over time of a given dose). Other examples of drugs dependent on CYP3A4 for their metabolism are escitalopram,[43] warfarin,[44] oxycodone[45], and tramadol[46]. Omeprazole is also a competitive inhibitor of p-glycoprotein, as are other PPIs.[47]Drugs that depend on an acidic stomach environment (such as ketoconazole or atazanavir) may be poorly absorbed,[48] whereas acid-labile antibiotics, such as erythromycin, may be absorbed to a greater extent than normal due to the more alkaline environment of the stomach.[49]

    St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) and Gingko biloba significantly reduce plasma concentrations of omeprazole through induction of CYP3A4 and CYP2C19.[50]Proton-pump inhibitors like omeprazole have been found to increase the plasma concentrations of methotrexate.[51]

    Pharmacology

    Omeprazole irreversibly blocks the enzyme system on parietal cells that is needed for secretion of gastric acid. It is a specific H+/K+ATPase inhibitor. This is the enzyme needed for the final step in secretion of gastric acid.[52]

    Mechanism of action

    Omeprazole is a selective and irreversible proton pump inhibitor. It suppresses stomach acid secretion by specific inhibition of the H+/K+-ATPase system found at the secretory surface of gastric parietal cells. Because this enzyme system is regarded as the acid (proton, or H+) pump within the gastric mucosa, omeprazole inhibits the final step of acid production.[53]Omeprazole also inhibits both basal and stimulated acid secretion irrespective of the stimulus[54] as it blocks the last step in acid secretion.[54]

    The inhibitory effect of omeprazole occurs within 1 hour after oral administration. The maximum effect occurs within 2 hours. The duration of inhibition is up to 72 hours. When omeprazole is stopped, baseline stomach acid secretory activity returns after 3 to 5 days. The inhibitory effect of omeprazole on acid secretion will plateau after 4 days of repeated daily dosing.[55]

    Pharmacokinetics

    The absorption of omeprazole takes place in the small intestine and is usually completed within 3 to 6 hours. The systemic bioavailability of omeprazole after repeated doses is about 60%.[56] Omeprazole has a volume of distribution of 0.4 L/kg. It has high plasma protein binding of 95%.[57]

    Omeprazole, as well as other PPIs, are only effective on active H+/K+-ATPase pumps. These pumps are stimulated in the presence of food to aid in digestion. For this reason, patients should be advised to take omeprazole with a glass of water on an empty stomach.[58] Additionally, most sources recommend that after taking omeprazole, at least 30 minutes should be allowed to elapse before eating[59][60] (at least 60 minutes for immediate-release omeprazole plus sodium bicarbonate products, such as Zegerid),[61] though some sources say that with delayed-release forms of omeprazole, waiting before eating after taking the medication is not necessary.[62]

    Omeprazole is completely metabolized by the cytochrome P450 system, mainly in the liver, by CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 isoenzymes.[4] Identified metabolites are the sulfone, the sulfide, and hydroxy-omeprazole, which exert no significant effect on acid secretion. About 77% of an orally given dose is excreted as metabolites in the urine, and the remainder is found in the feces, primarily originating from bile secretion.[54] Omeprazole has a half life of 0.5 to 1 hour,[54] the pharmacological effects of omeprazole last longer as it is covalently bonded to proton pump on parietal cells [63]

    Chemistry

    Omeprazole contains a tricoordinated sulfinyl sulfur in a pyramidal structure and therefore can exist as either the (S)- or (R)-enantiomers, omeprazole is a racemate, an equal mixture of the two. In the acidic conditions of the canaliculi of parietal cells, both enantiomers are converted to achiral products which react with a cysteine group in H+/K+ ATPase, thereby inhibiting the ability of the parietal cells to produce gastric acid.[64][54]

    Omeprazol rearrangement in the body

    AstraZeneca also developed esomeprazole (Nexium), which is the enantiomer, to (R) omeprazole.[65]Omeprazole undergoes a chiral shift in vivo which converts the inactive (R)-enantiomer to the active (S)-enantiomer, doubling the concentration of the active form.[66] This chiral shift is accomplished by the CYP2C19 isozyme of cytochrome P450, which is not found equally in all human populations. Those who do not metabolize the drug effectively are called "poor metabolizers". The proportion of the poor metabolizer phenotype varies widely between populations, from 2.0–2.5% in African Americans and white Americans to >20% in Asians. Several pharmacogenomics studies have suggested that PPI treatment should be tailored according to CYP2C19 metabolism status.[67]

    Measurement in body fluids

    Omeprazole may be quantified in plasma or serum to monitor therapy or to confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized patients. Plasma omeprazole concentrations are usually in a range of 0.2–1.2 mg/l in persons receiving the drug therapeutically by the oral route and 1–6 mg/l in victims of acute overdose. Enantiomeric chromatographic methods are available to distinguish esomeprazole from racemic omeprazole.[68]

    History

    Main article: Discovery and development of proton pump inhibitors

    Omeprazole was first made in 1979 by Swedish AB Hässle, part of Astra AB. It was the first of the proton pump inhibitors (PPI).[69][70] Astra AB, now AstraZeneca, launched it as an ulcer medicine under the name Losec in Sweden. It was first sold in the United States in 1989 under the brand name Losec. In 1990, at the request of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the brand name Losec was changed to Prilosec to avoid confusion with the diuretic Lasix (furosemide).[71] The new name led to confusion between omeprazole (Prilosec) and fluoxetine (Prozac), an antidepressant.[71] When Prilosec's U.S. patent expired in April 2001, AstraZeneca introduced esomeprazole (Nexium) as a patented replacement drug.[72]

    Society and culture

    Cost

    The wholesale cost in the developing world as of 2014, is US$0.01 to US$0.07 per dose.[14] In the United States, it costs on average US$0.50 per pill.[15] In 2017, it was the seventh most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 58 million prescriptions.[17] As of 2020, one tablet of omeprazole (20mg) costs the NHS in the UK, less than £0.25.[73]

    • Omeprazole costs (US)
      Omeprazole costs (US)
    • Omeprazole prescriptions (US)
      Omeprazole prescriptions (US)

    Dosage forms

    Omeprazole 10 mg, from the UK

    It can be taken by mouth, as a capsule, tablet, or suspension, or by injection into a vein.[1][11]

    Omeprazole is available in strengths of 10, 20, 40, and in some markets 80 mg; and as a powder (omeprazole sodium) for intravenous injection[74][75]. Most oral omeprazole preparations are enteric-coated, due to the rapid degradation of the drug in the acidic conditions of the stomach. This is most commonly achieved by formulating enteric-coated granules within capsules, enteric-coated tablets, and the multiple-unit pellet system (MUPS).[76] An immediate release formulation was approved by the FDA in the United States,[77] which does not require enteric coating.

    It is also available for use in injectable form (IV) in Europe, but not in the U.S.[78]

    Brand names

    Brand names include Losec, Prilosec, Zegerid, Miracid, and Omez.[2][1]

    References

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