Budesonide

Budesonide
Names
Trade namesPulmicort, Rhinocort, Entocort, others
IUPAC name
  • 11β,21-Dihydroxy-16α,17α-[butane-1,1-diylbis(oxy)]pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione
Clinical data
Drug classCorticosteroid[1]
Main usesAsthma, COPD, nasal polyps, inflammatory bowel disease[2][1][3]
Side effectsInhaled: Respiratory infections, cough, headaches[1]
Pills: Feeling tired, vomiting, joint pains[1]
WHO AWaReUnlinkedWikibase error: ⧼unlinkedwikibase-error-statements-entity-not-set⧽
Pregnancy
category
  • US: B (No risk in non-human studies)
    Routes of
    use
    By mouth, nasal, tracheal, rectal, inhalation
    Defined daily dose0.8 mg (inhalation aerosol or powder)
    1.5 mg (inhalation solution)[4]
    0.2 mg (nasal)[5]
    9 mg (by mouth)[6]
    External links
    AHFS/Drugs.comInhaled: Monograph
    Nose: Monograph
    MedlinePlusa608007
    Legal
    License data
    Legal status
    • AU: S2 (Pharmacy medicine)
    • CA: ℞-only
    • UK: POM (Prescription only)
    • US: OTC and Rx-only
    Pharmacokinetics
    Bioavailability10-20% (first pass effect)
    Protein binding85-90%
    MetabolismHepatic CYP3A4
    Elimination half-life2.0-3.6 hours
    ExcretionUrine, feces
    Chemical and physical data
    FormulaC25H34O6
    Molar mass430.541 g·mol−1
    3D model (JSmol)
    SMILES
    • CCCC1O[C@@H]2C[C@H]3[C@@H]4CCC5=CC(=O)C=C[C@@]5([C@H]4[C@H](C[C@@]3([C@@]2(O1)C(=O)CO)C)O)C
    InChI
    • InChI=1S/C25H34O6/c1-4-5-21-30-20-11-17-16-7-6-14-10-15(27)8-9-23(14,2)22(16)18(28)12-24(17,3)25(20,31-21)19(29)13-26/h8-10,16-18,20-22,26,28H,4-7,11-13H2,1-3H3/t16-,17-,18-,20+,21?,22+,23-,24-,25+/m0/s1 ☒N
    • Key:VOVIALXJUBGFJZ-KWVAZRHASA ☒N

    Budesonide (BUD), sold under the brand name Pulmicort among others, is a medication of the corticosteroid type.[1] It is available as an inhaler, pill, nasal spray, and rectal forms.[1][2] The inhaled form is used in the long-term management of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) and in COVID-19.[1][7][8][9] The nasal spray is used for allergic rhinitis and nasal polyps.[2][10] The pills in a delayed release form and rectal forms may be used for inflammatory bowel disease including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and microscopic colitis.[3][11][12]

    Common side effects with the inhaled form include respiratory infections, cough, and headaches.[1] Common side effects with the pills include feeling tired, vomiting, and joint pains.[1] Serious side effects include an increased risk of infection, loss of bone strength, and cataracts.[1] Long-term use of the pill form may cause adrenal insufficiency.[1] Stopping the pills suddenly following long-term use may therefore be dangerous.[1] The inhaled form is generally safe in pregnancy.[1] Budesonide is mainly acting as a glucocorticoid.[1]

    Budesonide was initially patented in 1973.[13] Commercial use as an asthma medication began in 1981.[14] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[15] Some forms are available as a generic medication.[16] The wholesale price in the developing world for an inhaler containing 200 doses is about US$5 to US$7 as of 2014.[17] As of 2015, the cost for a typical month of the inhaler medication in the United States is US$100 to US$200.[16] In 2019, generic budesonide was listed as involved in Teva's price fixing scheme in the USA.[18] In 2017, it was the 190th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than three million prescriptions.[19][20]

    Medical uses

    Asthma

    Budesonide is given by metered-dose inhaler or nebulizer for maintenance and prophylactic treatment of asthma including patients who require oral corticosteroids and those who may benefit from a systemic dose reduction.[21]

    Inflammatory bowel disease

    Formulations of delayed-release budesonide are an effective treatment for mild-to-moderately active Crohn's disease involving the ileum and/or ascending colon.[22] A Cochrane review found evidence for up to three months (but not longer) of maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease.[23]

    Budesonide assists in the induction of remission in people with active ulcerative colitis.[24]

    Budesonide is highly effective and recommended as the drug of choice in microscopic colitis, for induction and maintenance of remission, and for both the lymphocytic colitis and collagenous colitis forms.[25]

    Allergic rhinitis

    Budesonide in the form of nasal sprays is a treatment for allergic rhinitis.[26]

    Eosinophilic esophagitis

    Topical budesonide has considerable effects in eosinophilic esophagitis.[27] For this use, it is formulated as a tablet that disperses in the mouth.[28]

    COVID-19

    There is tentative evidence that budesonide may be useful in those with mild COVID-19, but at high risk of getting worse.[29][9] Evidence as of October 2021; however, is insufficient to recommend either for or against its use.[29]

    Dosage

    The defined daily dose is 0.8 mg (inhalation aerosol) or 800 ucg (inhalation powder) or 1.5 mg (inhalation solution) for asthma[4] and 0.2 mg (nasal) [5] and 9 mg (by mouth).[6] The inhaled powder has the benefit of releasing less green house gases.[30]

    For COVID a dose of 800 ug twice per day for 2 weeks may be used.[31]

    Side effects

    Budesonide may cause:[32]

    • Nose irritation or burning
    • Bleeding or sores in the nose
    • Lightheadedness
    • Upset stomach
    • Cough
    • Hoarseness
    • Dry mouth
    • Rash
    • Sore throat
    • Bad taste in mouth
    • Change in mucus
    • Blurred vision [33]

    In addition, the following symptoms should be reported immediately:

    • Difficulty breathing or swelling of the face
    • White patches in the throat, mouth, or nose
    • Irregular menstrual periods
    • Severe acne
    • On rare occasions, behavioral changes (mostly affecting children)[32]

    Contraindications

    Budesonide is contraindicated as a primary treatment of status asthmaticus or other acute episode of asthma where intensive measures are required.[34] It is also contraindicated for patients who have hypersensitivity to budesonide.[35]

    Interactions

    Those taking tablets or capsules orally should avoid grapefruit juice and echinacea.

    Also, high-fat meals delay absorption but do not impede absorption.

    Pharmacology

    Budesonide is an agonist of glucocorticoid receptors. Among its effects are:

    • Controls the rate of protein synthesis.
    • Depresses the migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and fibroblasts.
    • Reverses capillary permeability and lysosomal stabilization at the cellular level to prevent or control inflammation.
    • Has a potent glucocorticoid activity and weak mineralocorticoid activity.

    Pharmacokinetics

    • Onset of action: Nebulization: 2–8 days; Inhalation: 24 hours; Nasal: 10 hours
    • Peak effect: Nebulization: 4–6 weeks; Inhalation: 1–2 weeks
    • Distribution: 2.2-3.9 L/kg
    • Protein binding: 85% to 90%
    • Metabolism: Hepatic via CYP3A4 to two metabolites: 16 alpha-hydroxyprednisolone and 6 beta-hydroxybudesonide; minor activity
    • Bioavailability: Limited by high first-pass effect; Capsule: 9% to 21%; Nebulization: 6%; Inhalation: 6% to 13%
    • Half-life elimination: 2–3.6 hours
    • Time to peak: Capsule: 0.5–10 hours (variable in Crohn's disease); Nebulization: 10–30 minutes; Inhalation: 1–2 hours; Tablet: 7.4-19.2 hours
    • Excretion: urine (60%) and feces as metabolites.

    Chemistry

    Budesonide, also known as 11β,21-dihydroxy-16α,17α-(butylidenebis(oxy))pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione, is a synthetic pregnane steroid and non-halogenated cyclic ketal corticosteroid.[36][37] It is the C16α hydroxyl, C16α,17α cyclic ketal with butyraldehyde derivative of prednisolone (11β,17α,21-trihydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione).[36][37]

    Stereoisomerism

    Budesonide
    (2 stereoisomers)
    (R)-Budesonid
    (22R)-configuration
    (S)-Budesonid
    (22S)-configuration

    Society and culture

    Cost

    The wholesale price in the developing world for an inhaler containing 200 doses is about US$5 to US$7 as of 2014.[17] As of 2015, the cost for a typical month of the inhaler medication in the United States is US$100 to US$200.[16] In 2017, it was the 190th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than three million prescriptions.[19][20]

    Brand names

    Inhaler for a powder based in budesonide and formoterol

    Aeronide (TH); Aquacort (DE); B Cort (CO); Bronex (PH); Budair (MY); Budecort DP (MY); Budenofalk (DE, GB, HK, KP, PH, SG); Budeson (AR); Budeson Aqua (AR); BudeSpray (TH); Budiair (KP); Budicort Respules (IL); Budinide (KSA); Bunase (TH); Clebudan (CN); Cortiment (GB); Cycortide (HK); Denecort (PH); Duasma (TW); Eltair (MY); Entocort (AR, AT, BE, BR, CH, CZ, DK, FI, FR, GB, HK, IE, IL, IT, KP, NL, NO, PL, PT, SE, TR); Giona Easyhaler (MY, SG, TH); Inflammide (PE); Miflonid (CZ); Miflonide (BE, DE, IL, IT, NZ, PT); Neumocort (PY); Novopulmon (DE, FR); Pulmicon Susp for Nebulizer (KP); Pulmicort (AT, BE, BG, BR, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CZ, DE, DK, DO, EE, FI, FR, GB, GR, GT, HN, ID, IN, NI, NL, NO, PA, PK, PL, PT, RU, SE, SV, TR, TW, UY, VE, ZA); Pulmicort Nasal Turbohaler (CL, KE, MU, NG); Pulmicort Turbuhaler (KE, MU, NG); Rafton (FR); Rhinocort (AU); Rhinocort Aqua (HK); Rhinoside (GR); Symbicort (FR, US, ZA) Uceris (US)

    See also

    References

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