Timolol

Timolol
Names
Trade namesBetimol, Istalol, others[1]
IUPAC name
  • (S)-1-(tert-Butylamino)-3-[(4-morpholin-4-yl-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl)oxy]propan-2-ol
Clinical data
Drug classBeta blocker
WHO AWaReUnlinkedWikibase error: ⧼unlinkedwikibase-error-statements-entity-not-set⧽
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: C
  • US: C (Risk not ruled out)
    Routes of
    use
    By mouth, topical (eye drop)
    Defined daily dose0.2 ml (Timolol maleate) via ophthalmic drops[2]
    20 mg (by mouth)
    or 20 mg (parenteral) [3]
    External links
    AHFS/Drugs.comEyes: Monograph
    Systemic: Monograph
    MedlinePlusa684029
    Legal
    License data
    Legal status
    Pharmacokinetics
    Bioavailability60%
    MetabolismLiver (80%)
    Elimination half-life2.5–5 hours
    ExcretionKidney
    Chemical and physical data
    FormulaC13H24N4O3S
    Molar mass316.42 g·mol−1
    3D model (JSmol)
    SMILES
    • CC(C)(C)NCC(COC1=NSN=C1N2CCOCC2)O
    InChI
    • InChI=1S/C13H24N4O3S/c1-13(2,3)14-8-10(18)9-20-12-11(15-21-16-12)17-4-6-19-7-5-17/h10,14,18H,4-9H2,1-3H3/t10-/m0/s1 checkY
    • Key:BLJRIMJGRPQVNF-JTQLQIEISA-N checkY

    Timolol is a medication used either by mouth or as eye drops.[4][5] As eye drops it is used to treat increased pressure inside the eye such as in ocular hypertension and glaucoma.[4] By mouth it is used for high blood pressure, chest pain due to insufficient blood flow to the heart, to prevent further complications after a heart attack, and to prevent migraines.[5]

    Common side effects with the drops is irritation of the eye.[4] Common side effects by mouth include tiredness, slow heart beat, itchiness, and shortness of breath.[5] Other side effects include masking the symptoms of low blood sugar in those with diabetes.[4] Use is not recommended in those with asthma, uncompensated heart failure, or COPD.[4] It is unclear if use during pregnancy is safe for the baby.[6] Timolol is a non-selective beta blocker.[4]

    Timolol was patented in 1968, and came into medical use in 1978.[7] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[8] Timolol is available as a generic medication.[4] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$0.86–2.29 per 5 ml bottle.[9] In the United States it costs US$25–50 per month.[10] In 2017, it was the 146th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than four million prescriptions.[11][12]

    Medical uses

    By mouth

    In its by mouth form, it is used:

    Eye drops

    In its eye drop form it is used to treat open-angle and, occasionally, secondary glaucoma.[4][14] The mechanism of action of timolol is probably the reduction of the formation of aqueous humor[4] in the ciliary body in the eye. It was the first beta blocker approved for topical use in treatment of glaucoma in the United States (1978).[15] When used by itself, it depresses intraocular pressure (IOP) 18–34% below baseline within first few treatments. However, there are short-term escape and long-term drift effects in some people. That is, tolerance develops. It may reduce the extent of diurnal IOP curve up to 50%. IOP higher during sleep. Efficacy of timolol in lowering IOP during the sleep period may be limited.[16][17][18] It is 5–10× more potent β blocker than propranolol. Timolol is light-sensitive; it is usually preserved with 0.01% benzalkonium chloride (BAC), but also comes BAC-free. Can also be used in adjunctive therapy with pilocarpine or carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.[19]

    A Cochrane review compared the effect of timolol versus brimonidine in slowing the progression of open angle glaucoma in adults but found insufficient evidence to come to conclusions.[20]

    On the skin

    In its gel form it is used on the skin to treat infantile hemangiomas.[21]

    Dosage

    The defined daily dose is 0.2 ml (Timolol maleate) via ophthalmic drops for glaucoma[2] and 20 mg (by mouth) or 20 mg (parenteral) arrhythmia treatment[3]

    Contraindications

    The medication should not be taken by individuals with:[22]

    Side effects

    The most serious possible side effects include cardiac arrhythmias and severe bronchospasms.[22] Timolol can also lead to fainting, congestive heart failure, depression, confusion, worsening of Raynaud's syndrome and impotence.[22]

    Side effects when given in the eye include: burning sensation, eye redness, superficial punctate keratopathy, corneal numbness.[24][14]

    Formulations

    It is available in tablet and liquid formulations.[22][24]

    For ophthalmic use, timolol is also available combined:

    Brand names

    Timolol is marketed under many trade names worldwide.[1] Timolol eye drops are marketed under the brand name Istalol among others.[25][26]

    Society and culture

    Cost

    The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$0.86–2.29 per 5 ml bottle.[9] In the United States it costs US$25–50 per month.[10] In 2017, it was the 146th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than four million prescriptions.[11][12]

    References

    1. 1 2 "Timolol". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
    2. 1 2 "WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index". www.whocc.no. Archived from the original on 1 July 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
    3. 1 2 "WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index". www.whocc.no. Archived from the original on 19 December 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
    4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Timolol eent". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
    5. 1 2 3 "Timolol Maleate". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
    6. "Timolol ophthalmic Use During Pregnancy". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
    7. Fischer, Janos; Ganellin, C. Robin (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 460. ISBN 9783527607495. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016.
    8. World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
    9. 1 2 "Timolol Maleate". International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
    10. 1 2 Hamilton, Richart (2015). Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 411. ISBN 9781284057560.
    11. 1 2 "The Top 300 of 2020". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
    12. 1 2 "Timolol - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 8 July 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
    13. Marcus, Dawn A.; Bain, Philip A. (27 February 2009). Effective Migraine Treatment in Pregnant and Lactating Women: A Practical Guide. シュプリンガー・ジャパン株式会社. pp. 141–. ISBN 978-1-60327-438-8. Archived from the original on 5 November 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
    14. 1 2 "Timolol Ophthalmic". MedlinePlus. 15 April 2017. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
    15. Sambhara D, Aref AA (January 2014). "Glaucoma management: relative value and place in therapy of available drug treatments". Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease. 5 (1): 30–43. doi:10.1177/2040622313511286. PMC 3871276. PMID 24381726.
    16. Liu JH, Kripke DF, Weinreb RN (September 2004). "Comparison of the nocturnal effects of once-daily timolol and latanoprost on intraocular pressure". American Journal of Ophthalmology. 138 (3): 389–95. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2004.04.022. PMID 15364220.
    17. Liu JH, Medeiros FA, Slight JR, Weinreb RN (March 2009). "Comparing diurnal and nocturnal effects of brinzolamide and timolol on intraocular pressure in patients receiving latanoprost monotherapy". Ophthalmology. 116 (3): 449–54. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.09.054. PMID 19157559.
    18. Liu JH, Slight JR, Vittitow JL, Scassellati Sforzolini B, Weinreb RN (September 2016). "Efficacy of Latanoprostene Bunod 0.024% Compared With Timolol 0.5% in Lowering Intraocular Pressure Over 24 Hours". American Journal of Ophthalmology. 169: 249–257. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2016.04.019. PMID 27457257.
    19. Strohmaier K, Snyder E, Adamsons I (July 1998). "A multicenter study comparing dorzolamide and pilocarpine as adjunctive therapy to timolol: patient preference and impact on daily life". Journal of the American Optometric Association. 69 (7): 441–51. PMID 9697378.
    20. Sena DF, Lindsley K (January 2017). "Neuroprotection for treatment of glaucoma in adults". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1 (1): CD006539. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006539.pub4. PMC 5370094. PMID 28122126.
    21. Novoa M, Baselga E, Beltran S, Giraldo L, Shahbaz A, Pardo-Hernandez H, Arevalo-Rodriguez I (April 2018). "Interventions for infantile haemangiomas of the skin". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 4: CD006545. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006545.pub3. PMC 6513200. PMID 29667726.
    22. 1 2 3 4 "Timolol Maleate tablet". DailyMed. 17 August 2006. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
    23. "Package leaflet: Information for the user Timolol" (PDF). hpra.ie. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
    24. 1 2 "Betimol- timolol solution". DailyMed. 18 March 2010. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
    25. "Generic Istalol Availability". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 21 June 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
    26. "Istalol". Drugs.com. 1 August 2018. Archived from the original on 21 June 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
    Identifiers:
    • "Timolol". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Archived from the original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
    • "Timolol Ophthalmic". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Archived from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
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