牙
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Translingual
| Stroke order | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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Han character
牙 (radical 92, 牙+0, 4 strokes, cangjie input 一女木竹 (MVDH), four-corner 10240)
- Kangxi radical #92, ⽛.
References
- KangXi: page 695, character 3
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 19909
- Dae Jaweon: page 1108, character 6
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 2, page 1419, character 8
- Unihan data for U+7259
Chinese
| simp. and trad. |
牙 | |
|---|---|---|
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 牙 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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| Characters in the same phonetic series (牙) (Zhengzhang, 2003) | |
|---|---|
| Old Chinese | |
| 邪 | *ljaː, *laː |
| 衺 | *ljaː |
| 牙 | *ŋraː |
| 芽 | *ŋraː |
| 齖 | *ŋraː, *ŋraːs |
| 呀 | *ŋraː, *hŋraː |
| 枒 | *ŋraː, *ŋraːs |
| 雅 | *ŋraːʔ |
| 厊 | *ŋraːʔ |
| 庌 | *ŋraːʔ |
| 訝 | *ŋraːs |
| 迓 | *ŋraːs |
| 砑 | *ŋraːs |
| 犽 | *ŋraːs |
| 疨 | *hŋraː |
| 岈 | *hŋraː |
| 谺 | *hŋraː |
| 颬 | *hŋraː |
| 鴉 | *qraː |
| 釾 | *laː |
Etymology
Norman and Mei (1976) propose that this was a substrate loan; cf. Proto-Vietic *ŋaː (“ivory”) (Vietnamese ngà), Proto-Tai *ŋaːᴬ (“tusk; ivory”) (Thai งา (ngaa)). Pulleyblank (1983) disagrees with their hypothesis and considers Old Chinese to be the donor of this Wanderwort instead.
STEDT provisionally sets up Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ŋja (“tusk; tooth”), comparing it to Mizo ngho (“tusk; fang”), Manipuri [script needed] (ya, “tooth”), Mru [script needed] (hngou, “tooth”), Pa'o Karen [script needed] (tə́ʔ ŋà, “tooth”).
Pronunciation
Definitions
牙
Synonyms
| Dialectal synonyms of 牙齒 (“tooth”) [map] | ||
|---|---|---|
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | 齒 | |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 牙齒 | |
| Mandarin | Beijing | 牙 |
| Taiwan | 牙 | |
| Jinan | 牙 | |
| Xi'an | 牙 | |
| Wuhan | 牙齒, 才調子 | |
| Chengdu | 牙齒 | |
| Yangzhou | 牙子 | |
| Hefei | 牙, 牙齒 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 牙 |
| Hong Kong | 牙 | |
| Taishan | 牙 | |
| Yangjiang | 牙 | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 牙齒 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 牙齒 |
| Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 牙齒 | |
| Liudui (S. Sixian) | 牙齒 | |
| Hsinchu (Hailu) | 牙齒 | |
| Dongshi (Dabu) | 牙齒 | |
| Hsinchu (Raoping) | 牙齒 | |
| Yunlin (Zhao'an) | 牙, 牙齒 | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 牙 |
| Min Bei | Jian'ou | 牙齒 |
| Min Dong | Fuzhou | 牙 |
| Min Nan | Xiamen | 喙齒, 齒 |
| Quanzhou | 喙齒, 齒 | |
| Zhangzhou | 喙齒, 齒 | |
| Taipei | 喙齒, 齒 | |
| Kaohsiung | 喙齒, 齒 | |
| Philippines (Manila) | 喙齒 | |
| Chaozhou | 齒 | |
| Wu | Shanghai | 牙子, 牙齒 |
| Suzhou | 牙子 | |
| Wenzhou | 牙齒, 牙 | |
| Xiang | Changsha | 牙齒 |
| Shuangfeng | 牙齒 | |
Compounds
Derived terms from 牙
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Japanese
Readings
Noun
Usage notes
Although this term is no longer used in isolation, it does persist in certain compounds.
Derived terms
Etymology 2
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 牙 |
| きば Grade: S |
| kun’yomi |
Compound of Old Japanese elements 牙 (ki, “fang, tusk”) + 歯 (ha, “tooth”).[2] The ha changes to ba as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
Noun
Usage notes
This is the most common term for fang in modern Japanese.
Derived terms
Idioms
Idioms
- 牙を噛む (kiba o kamu): “to bite one's fangs” → to gnash one's teeth
- 牙を研ぐ (kiba o togu): “to sharpen one's fangs” → to prepare to hurt one's opponent. Compare sharpen one's claws
- 牙を鳴らす (kiba o narasu): “to clash one's fangs” → to gnash one's teeth; to get angry; to bare one's fangs
- 牙を剥く (kiba o muku): “to bare one's fangs”
- 牙あるものは角無し (kiba aru mono wa tsuno nashi): “the one with fangs has no horns” → a metaphor for how no one is endowed with every advantage
See also
Etymology 3
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 牙 |
| かび Grade: S |
| kun’yomi |
Cognate with, and probably the noun derivation of, verb 黴びる (kabiru, “to go moldy”), from the root idea of something sprouting.[2] Used in the Kojiki.
Etymology 5
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 牙 |
| げ Grade: S |
| on’yomi |
From Middle Chinese 牙 (ngæ). Compare modern Min Nan reading ge5.
The goon reading, so probably the reading as first imported into Japanese.
Derived terms
Derived terms
- 牙の笏 (ge no shaku): an ivory mace or scepter, used by certain social classes in ancient Japan
- 牙歯 (geshi): teeth, tusks, or fangs
- 牙軸 (gejiku): the inner edge of a scroll around which the scroll is wound, or an edge of a folding book to which pages are bound, made of ivory
- 牙床, 牙象 (geshō): a kind of cutout decorative carving technique for panels, wherein the corners are left intact to reinforce the structure of the panel
- 牙彫 (gebori): a carving made from a tusk or fang, more specifically made of elephant ivory
- 牙笏 (geshaku): an ivory mace or scepter, used by certain social classes in ancient Japan
Etymology 6
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 牙 |
| が Grade: S |
| on’yomi |
From Middle Chinese 牙 (ngæ). Compare modern Cantonese reading ngaa4.
The kan'on reading, so probably a later importation.
Usage notes
The ga reading is only used in compounds, and is never used in isolation.
Derived terms
Derived terms
- 牙営 (gaei): the headquarters of a general in a field camp
- 牙音 (gaon): a velar consonant (obsolete)
- 牙関緊急 (gakan kinkyū): lockjaw, a common symptom in the early stages of tetanus
- 牙旗 (gaki): a flag raised at the site of an emperor's or general's field camp
- 牙行 (gakō): in China, a middleman or go-between in a commercial transaction
- 牙山 (Gazan): the city of Asan, a port in South Korea
- 牙商 (gashō): a middleman or go-between in a commercial transaction
- 牙城 (gajō): the keep or main residence within a castle; a headquarters, a base, a stronghold
- 牙人 (gajin): in China, a middleman or go-between in a commercial transaction
- 牙銭 (gasen): a fee or commission charged by a 牙行 (gakō)
- 牙虫 (gamushi): a water scavenger beetle of family Hydrophilidae
- 牙斧 (gafu): a small axe or hatchet made from boar tusk
- 牙保 (gaho): a middleman or go-between in a commercial transaction
- 牙保罪 (gahozai): the crime of fencing goods known to be stolen
- 牙保犯 (gahohan): the crime of fencing goods known to be stolen
- 牙門 (gamon): a gate on which a general's flag is flying; an army's headquarters
- 牙籌 (gachū): an abacus; more specifically, an ivory abacus
- 牙籤, 牙籖 (gasen): a small placard or label made of ivory; a small claw-shaped ivory clasp for holding a book closed
- 牙纛 (gatō): the flag of a general's army, the pole of which was traditionally decorated with ivory on the end
- 牙儈 (gakai): in China, a middleman or go-between in a commercial transaction
References
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
Korean
Hanja
牙 • (a) (hangeul 아)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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Vietnamese
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