il-
See also: Appendix:Variations of "il"
English
Catalan
Usage notes
Normally this prefix will combine with the root to make a word that uses the ela geminada. For example, il- and legal combine to form il·legal. but for some words, the use of the ela palatal will provide an alternate form or the preferred form. Thus il- and legible can combine to form either illegible or il·legible, while il- and letrat (“literate”) combine only as illetrat (“illiterate”) in Standard Catalan, although il·letrat is a common, but still illiterate, misspelling.
Derived terms
Category Catalan words prefixed with il- not found
Choctaw
Prefix
il- (before consonants ī-, class I first-person plural)
Inflection
person markers | class I | class II | class III | class N | imperative | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+s | +C | +V | +C/i | +a/o | +C | +V | +C | +V | +C | +V | |||
first-person | singular | initial | -li | sa- | si- | a- | am- | ak- | n/a | ||||
medial | -sa- | -sam- | |||||||||||
paucal | ī- | il- | pi- | pi- | pim- | kī- | kil- | ||||||
plural | hapi- | hapi- | hapim- | ||||||||||
second-person | singular | is- | ish- | chi- | chi- | chim- | chik- | ∅ | |||||
plural | has- | hash- | hachi- | hachi- | hachim- | hachik- | ho- | oh- | |||||
third-person | ∅ | ∅ | i- | im- | ik- |
Irish
Etymology 1
From Old Irish il (“much, many”), from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁- (compare Ancient Greek πολύς (polús, “much”)).
Prefix
il- (Lenites except with d, s, t)
- multiple, poly-, multi-
- miscellaneous
- Synonyms: ilghnéitheach, ilchineálach, éagsúil
- sundry
- composite
Derived terms
► <a href='/wiki/Category:Irish_words_prefixed_with_il-' title='Category:Irish words prefixed with il-'>Irish words prefixed with il-</a>
- il-eitneach (“multi-ethnic”)
- il-leabhrach (“voluminous”)
- il-leannánachas (“promiscuity”)
- il-leibhéil (“multi-layered, multilevel”)
- il-loscadh (“holocaust”)
- il-mhíchumas (“multiple disability”)
Mutation
Irish mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
Radical | Eclipsis | with h-prothesis | with t-prothesis |
il- | n-il- | hil- | t-il- |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
Further reading
- "il-" in Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla, An Gúm, 1977, by Niall Ó Dónaill.
- Entries containing “il-” in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm, 1959, by Tomás de Bhaldraithe.
- Entries containing “il-” in New English-Irish Dictionary by Foras na Gaeilge.
Maltese
Alternative forms
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɪl/
Usage notes
- The article (in all forms) connects to the following word with a hyphen:
- Before an initial vowel, including before the vocalic letters għ and h, the i of the article is always dropped. This does not happen before q [ʔ], however:
- Before an initial consonant cluster beginning with a nasal or liquid, i.e. the letters l, m, n, r + another consonant, an i is prefixed to the word and the article thus becomes l-:
- The same also usually happens before an initial s, x, ż + an obstruent, i.e. a consonant other than j, l, m, n, r, w. This rule is somewhat similar to the Italian impure s, but it is applied with variation:
- Otherwise, before coronal consonants except ġ, the l of the article is generally assimilated. This means that before the letters ċ, d, n, r, s, t, x, z, ż, the article will have the according forms iċ-, id-, in-, ir-, is-, it-, ix-, iz-, iż-:
- Apart from ġ and the cases where an i is prefixed, there is another exception to this assimilation, namely that ad-hoc nominalisations of particles and the like are usually not assimilated:
- In the context of a sentence, the i of the article is not only dropped when the following word begins with a vowel, but also when the preceding word ends with a vowel:
- Rajna l-mara. ― We saw the woman.
- Hence, even the assimilated forms of the article can be reduced to ċ-, d-, n-, r-, s-, t-, x-, z-, ż-:
- Rajna x-xemx. ― We saw the sun.
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