il
Translingual
Azerbaijani
Other scripts | |
---|---|
Cyrillic | ил |
Roman | il |
Perso-Arabic |
Etymology
From Proto-Turkic *yïl (“year”)[1]. Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰘𐰃𐰞 (yïl)[2].
Declension
nominative | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
mənim (“my”) | ilim | illərim |
sənin (“your”) | ilin | illərin |
onun (“his/her/its”) | ili | illəri |
bizim (“our”) | ilimiz | illərimiz |
sizin (“your”) | iliniz | illəriniz |
onların (“their”) | ili or illəri | illəri |
accusative | ||
singular | plural | |
mənim (“my”) | ilimi | illərimi |
sənin (“your”) | ilini | illərini |
onun (“his/her/its”) | ilini | illərini |
bizim (“our”) | ilimizi | illərimizi |
sizin (“your”) | ilinizi | illərinizi |
onların (“their”) | ilini or illərini | illərini |
dative | ||
singular | plural | |
mənim (“my”) | ilimə | illərimə |
sənin (“your”) | ilinə | illərinə |
onun (“his/her/its”) | ilinə | illərinə |
bizim (“our”) | ilimizə | illərimizə |
sizin (“your”) | ilinizə | illərinizə |
onların (“their”) | ilinə or illərinə | illərinə |
locative | ||
singular | plural | |
mənim (“my”) | ilimdə | illərimdə |
sənin (“your”) | ilində | illərində |
onun (“his/her/its”) | ilində | illərində |
bizim (“our”) | ilimizdə | illərimizdə |
sizin (“your”) | ilinizdə | illərinizdə |
onların (“their”) | ilində or illərində | illərində |
ablative | ||
singular | plural | |
mənim (“my”) | ilimdən | illərimdən |
sənin (“your”) | ilindən | illərindən |
onun (“his/her/its”) | ilindən | illərindən |
bizim (“our”) | ilimizdən | illərimizdən |
sizin (“your”) | ilinizdən | illərinizdən |
onların (“their”) | ilindən or illərindən | illərindən |
genitive | ||
singular | plural | |
mənim (“my”) | ilimin | illərimin |
sənin (“your”) | ilinin | illərinin |
onun (“his/her/its”) | ilinin | illərinin |
bizim (“our”) | ilimizin | illərimizin |
sizin (“your”) | ilinizin | illərinizin |
onların (“their”) | ilinin or illərinin | illərinin |
References
- Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*jɨl”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
- Abuseitova, M. Kh; Bukhatuly, B., editors (2008), “𐰖𐰃𐰞”, in TÜRIK BITIG: Ethno Cultural Dictionary, Language Committee of Ministry of Culture and Information of Republic of Kazakhstan
Bunak
Further reading
- A. Schapper, J. Huber, A. van Engelenhoven, The Historical Relation of the Papuan Languages of Timor and Kisar, Language and Linguistics in Melnesia, Special Issue : On the History, Contact and Classification of Papuan languages (2012) pp. 194-242
Faroese
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French
Etymology
From Middle French il, from Old French il, from Vulgar Latin *illī, which is derived from Classical Latin ille.[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /il/
audio (file) - Homophone: île
- Rhymes: -il
Related terms
Number | Person | Gender | Nominative (subject) |
Reflexive | Accusative (direct complement) |
Dative (indirect complement) |
Locative (at) |
Genitive (of) |
Disjunctive (tonic) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | First | — | je, j’ | me, m’ | — | — | moi | ||
Second | — | tu | te, t’ | — | — | toi | |||
Third | Masculine | il | se, s’ | le, l’ | lui | y | en | lui, soi | |
Feminine | elle | la, l’ | elle, soi | ||||||
— | on | — | — | — | — | soi | |||
Plural | First | — | nous | nous | — | — | nous | ||
Second | — | vous | vous | — | — | vous | |||
Third | Masculine | ils | se, s’ | les | leur | y | en | eux, soi | |
Feminine | elles | elles, soi |
References
- Dauzat, Albert; Jean Dubois, Henri Mitterand (1964), chapter IL, in Nouveau dictionnaire étymologique (in French), Paris: Librairie Larousse
Further reading
- “il” in le Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).
Icelandic
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Etymology
From Old Norse il, from Proto-Germanic *iljō.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɪːl/
- Rhymes: -ɪːl
Noun
il f (genitive singular iljar, nominative plural iljar)
Declension
f-s1 | singular | plural | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | |
nominative | il | ilin | iljar | iljarnar |
accusative | il | ilina | iljar | iljarnar |
dative | il | ilinni | iljum | iljunum |
genitive | iljar | iljarinnar | ilja | iljanna |
Derived terms
- frá hvirfli til ilja
Ido
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /il/
See also
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Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | Possessive | Nominative | Possessive | ||||
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | ||||
First person | me | mea | mei | ni | nia | nii | |
Second person | Formal | vu | vua | vui | vi | via | vii |
Familiar | tu | tua | tui | ||||
Third person | Masculine | ilu, il | ilua | ilui | ili | ilia | ilii |
Feminine | elu, el | elua | elui | eli | elia | elii | |
Neuter | olu, ol | olua | olui | oli | olia | olii | |
Pangender | lu | lua | lui | li | lia | lii | |
Reflexive | su | sua | sui | su | sua | sui | |
Indefinite | onu, on | onua | onui | onu, on | onua | onui | |
Notes | |||||||
The possessive plurals are seldom used. | |||||||
The shortened forms are preferred. | |||||||
The pangendered forms are preferred to the gendered or neuter forms in most scenarios. |
Interlingua
Pronoun
il
- personal pronoun used with impersonal verbs
- Il ha multe arbores illac.
- There are many trees there.
Usage notes
Optional.
Irish
Etymology 1
From Old Irish il, from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁-.
Adjective
il (genitive singular masculine il, genitive singular feminine ile, plural ile, comparative ile)
- (literary) many
Adjective
il (genitive singular masculine il, genitive singular feminine ile, plural ile, comparative ile)
- Alternative form of oll (“great; huge, vast, immense”)
Declension
Mutation
Irish mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
Radical | Eclipsis | with h-prothesis | with t-prothesis |
il | n-il | hil | not applicable |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
Further reading
- "il" in Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla, An Gúm, 1977, by Niall Ó Dónaill.
- Entries containing “il” in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm, 1959, by Tomás de Bhaldraithe.
- Entries containing “il” in New English-Irish Dictionary by Foras na Gaeilge.
Italian
Etymology
From the older form lo, via an intermediate form l, from Latin illum, ultimately from ille. The initial i is a svarabhakti vowel added to the form l in order to make the pronunciation easier.[1]
Pronunciation
IPA(key): /il/
Article
Italian Definite Articles | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
masculine | il lo/l' |
i gli |
feminine | la/l' | le |
il m sg (plural i)
References
- Patota, Giuseppe (2002) Lineamenti di grammatica storica dell'italiano (in Italian), Bologna: il Mulino, →ISBN, pages 123, 124
Maltese
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɪl/
Usage notes
- Before the letters ċ, d, n, r, s, t, x, ż and z the l assimilates, resulting in the following forms:
- The article (in all forms) connects to the following word with a hyphen.
- il-mara ― the woman
- il-futur ― the future
- ix-xemx ― the sun
- The initial i of the article is dropped before vowels, including before h- and għ-, but not before q- [ʔ].
- l-iben ― the son
- l-għasfur ― the bird
- il-qalb ― the heart
- Even before a consonant, the i is dropped when the preceding word ends in a vowel.
- Rajna l-film. ― We saw the film.
- Rajna x-xemx. ― We saw the sun.
- The article forms contractions with certain prepositions.
- mal-mara ― with the woman
- tax-xemx ― of the sun
Middle French
Etymology
From Old French il.
Old French
Etymology
From Vulgar Latin *illī, from Latin ille.
Pronoun
il
- he (third-person masculine singular subject pronoun)
- they (third-person masculine plural subject pronoun)
- circa 1170, Wace, Le Roman de Rou:
- S'il vos poent ataindre, ja vos areient tué.
- If they could range you, they would have already killed you.
-
Old Irish
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁-; cognate with Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 (filu, “much”), Ancient Greek πολύς (polús, “much”), Sanskrit पुरु (puru, “much”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [il]
Adjective
il
- much, many (usually as the first member of a compound, usually governs a plural noun)
- cosin taidbse il ― with much ostentation
- Is amlid do·rigéni Dia corp duini ó il-ballaib. ― Thus God has made man's body of many members.
- Is ferr precept oldaas labrad il-béelre. ― Preaching is better than speaking many languages.
- trissam mrechtrad inna n-il-briathar ― through the variation of the many words
Inflection
This adjective needs an inflection-table template.
Mutation
Old Irish mutation | ||
---|---|---|
Radical | Lenition | Nasalization |
il | unchanged | n-il |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
Old Norse
Declension
feminine | singular | plural | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | |
nominative | il | ilin | iljar | iljarnar |
accusative | il | ilina | iljar | iljarnar |
dative | il | ilinni | iljum | iljunum |
genitive | iljar | iljarinnar | ilja | iljanna |
References
il in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press
Swedish
Tzotzil
Alternative forms
- 'il
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʔil/
References
- Laughlin, Robert M. [et al.] (1988) The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of Santo Domingo Zinacantán, vol. I. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.