les
English
Alternative forms
Afrikaans
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /lɛs/
Asturian
Catalan
Article
les f pl (masculine plural els, masculine singular el, feminine singular la)
- the; feminine plural definite article
Declension
Derived terms
- crim de lesa humanitat
Related terms
Further reading
- “les” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
Danish
Dutch
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /lɛs/
- Rhymes: -ɛs
audio (file)
Etymology 1
From Middle Dutch lesse, from Latin lēctiō.
Derived terms
- gymles
- gymnastiekles
- lesgeven
- lesrooster
- lessen
- paardrijles
- rijles
- zangles
- zwemles
Descendants
- Afrikaans: les
Etymology 2
See the etymology of the main entry.
French
Etymology
From Old French les, from Latin illōs m and illās f which are the accusative plurals of ille.[1]
Related terms
Number | Person | Gender | Nominative (subject) |
Reflexive | Accusative (direct complement) |
Dative (indirect complement) |
Locative (at) |
Genitive (of) |
Disjunctive (tonic) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | First | — | je, j’ | me, m’ | — | — | moi | ||
Second | — | tu | te, t’ | — | — | toi | |||
Third | Masculine | il | se, s’ | le, l’ | lui | y | en | lui, soi | |
Feminine | elle | la, l’ | elle, soi | ||||||
— | on | — | — | — | — | soi | |||
Plural | First | — | nous | nous | — | — | nous | ||
Second | — | vous | vous | — | — | vous | |||
Third | Masculine | ils | se, s’ | les | leur | y | en | eux, soi | |
Feminine | elles | elles, soi |
References
- Dauzat, Albert; Jean Dubois, Henri Mitterand (1964), “le, la, les”, in Nouveau dictionnaire étymologique (in French), Paris: Librairie Larousse
Further reading
- “les” in le Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).
Galician
German
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /leːs/
Hungarian
Etymology
From Proto-Ugric *läćɜ (“hiding place; lurk”).[1][2] Cognates include Southern Mansi lǟš-', Northern Mansi lāś-.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈlɛʃ]
Audio (file)
Declension
Inflection (stem in -e-, front unrounded harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | les | lesek |
accusative | lest | leseket |
dative | lesnek | leseknek |
instrumental | lessel | lesekkel |
causal-final | lesért | lesekért |
translative | lessé | lesekké |
terminative | lesig | lesekig |
essive-formal | lesként | lesekként |
essive-modal | — | — |
inessive | lesben | lesekben |
superessive | lesen | leseken |
adessive | lesnél | leseknél |
illative | lesbe | lesekbe |
sublative | lesre | lesekre |
allative | leshez | lesekhez |
elative | lesből | lesekből |
delative | lesről | lesekről |
ablative | lestől | lesektől |
Possessive forms of les | ||
---|---|---|
possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
1st person sing. | lesem | leseim |
2nd person sing. | lesed | leseid |
3rd person sing. | lese | lesei |
1st person plural | lesünk | leseink |
2nd person plural | lesetek | leseitek |
3rd person plural | lesük | leseik |
Verb
les
Conjugation
Infinitive | lesni | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Past participle | lesett | |||||||
Present participle | leső | |||||||
Future participle | lesendő | |||||||
Adverbial participle | lesve | |||||||
Potential | leshet | |||||||
1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal | 3rd person sg, 2nd person sg formal |
1st person pl | 2nd person pl informal | 3rd person pl, 2nd person pl formal | |||
Indicative mood | Present | Indefinite | lesek | lesel | les | lesünk | lestek | lesnek |
Definite | lesem én téged/titeket leslek |
lesed | lesi | lessük | lesitek | lesik | ||
Past | Indefinite | lestem | lestél | lesett | lestünk | lestetek | lestek | |
Definite | lestem én téged/titeket lestelek |
lested | leste | lestük | lestétek | lesték | ||
Conditional mood | Present | Indefinite | lesnék | lesnél | lesne | lesnénk | lesnétek | lesnének |
Definite | lesném én téged/titeket lesnélek |
lesnéd | lesné | lesnénk | lesnétek | lesnék | ||
Subjunctive mood | Present | Indefinite | lessek | less or lessél |
lessen | lessünk | lessetek | lessenek |
Definite | lessem én téged/titeket lesselek |
lesd or lessed |
lesse | lessük | lessétek | lessék | ||
Conjugated infinitive | lesnem | lesned | lesnie | lesnünk | lesnetek | lesniük |
Derived terms
- leselkedik
- lesés
References
- Entry #1792 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Research Institute for Linguistics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
- Zaicz, Gábor. Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (’Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN
Icelandic
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /lɛːs/
- Rhymes: -ɛːs
Noun
les n (genitive singular less, nominative plural les)
- (linguistics) lexeme (set of inflected forms taken by a single word)
- (computing) lexeme (individual instance of a continuous character sequence without spaces, used in lexical analysis)
Declension
Synonyms
- (lexeme): flettiorð
Derived terms
- lesgreining
- lesgreinir
See also
- tóki
Interlingua
Usage notes
- Precedes conjugated verbs.
- Can be of mixed gender (not just masculine).
Middle English
Etymology
From Old English lēas (“false, void, loose”), from Proto-Germanic *lausaz (“loose, free”), from Proto-Indo-European *lewH- (“to untie, set free, sever”). Cognate with Middle High German lōs (“loose”), Old Swedish lø̄s (“loose”); a doublet of loos.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /lɛːs/
Noun
les (uncountable)
- falsehood; a lie
- c. 1480, “The Creation”, in The Towneley Plays, line 120-121:
- He is so fayre, withoutten les, He semys full well to sytt on des.
- He is so good, without falsehood; / (so) he's really suited to sit on a dais.
- c. 1480, “The Creation”, in The Towneley Plays, line 158-159:
- We held with hym ther he saide leasse / And therfor have we all unpeasse.
- We stayed with him when he uttered untruth, / and therefore we all feel discord.
- c. 1480, “The Creation”, in The Towneley Plays, line 193-195:
- Ye shall have joye and blis therin / Whils ye will kepe you out of syn, / I say withoutten lese.
- You'll have joy and tranquility within / if you keep yourself out of sin, / I say, without lies.
-
Middle French
Norman
Norman Definite Articles | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
masculine | lé/l' | les/l's |
feminine | la/l' | les/l's |
Pronunciation
Audio (Jersey) (file)
Norwegian Bokmål
Old French
Article
les
Inflection
Serbo-Croatian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /lêːs/
Etymology 1
From Proto-Slavic *lěsъ (“tree, forest”).
Alternative forms
- (Ijekavian) lijȇs
Declension
Etymology 2
From German Löss.
Slovak
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *lěsъ.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈlɛs/
Noun
les m (genitive singular lesa, nominative plural lesy, genitive plural lesov, declension pattern of dub)
Declension
Slovene
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *lěsъ.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈléːs/
- Tonal orthography: lẹ̑s
Declension
singular | dual | plural | |
---|---|---|---|
nominative | lés | lesôva | lesôvi |
accusative | lés | lesôva | lesôve |
genitive | lesá | lesôv | lesôv |
dative | lésu | lesôvoma | lesôvom |
locative | lésu | lesôvih | lesôvih |
instrumental | lésom | lesôvoma | lesôvi |
Spanish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /les/
Pronoun
les
See also
nominative | dative | accusative | disjunctive | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first person | singular | yo | me | mí1 | |||
plural | masculine2 | nosotros | nos | nosotros | |||
feminine | nosotras | nosotras | |||||
second person | singular | tuteo | tú | te | ti1 | ||
voseo | vos | vos | |||||
formal3 | usted | le, se4 | lo/la5 | usted | |||
plural | familiar6 | masculine2 | vosotros | os | vosotros | ||
feminine | vosotras | vosotras | |||||
formal/general3 | ustedes | les, se4 | los/las5 | ustedes | |||
third person | singular | masculine2 | él | le, se4 | lo | él | |
feminine | ella | la | ella | ||||
neuter | ello7 | lo/la5 | ello | ||||
plural | masculine2 | ellos | les, se4 | los | ellos | ||
feminine | ellas | las | ellas | ||||
reflexive | — | se | sí1 |
- Not used with con; conmigo, contigo, and consigo are used instead, respectively
- Like other masculine Spanish words, masculine Spanish pronouns can be used when the gender of the subject is unknown or when the subject is plural and of mixed gender.
- Treated as if it were third-person for purposes of conjugation and reflexivity
- If le or les precedes lo, la, los, or las in a clause, it is replaced with se (e.g., Se lo dije instead of Le lo dije)
- Depending on the implicit gender of the object being referred to
- Used primarily in Spain
- Used only in rare circumstances