Empagliflozin

Empagliflozin
Names
Trade namesJardiance, others
Other namesBI-10773
IUPAC name
  • (2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-[4-Chloro-3-[[4-[(3S)-oxolan-3-yl]oxyphenyl]methyl]phenyl]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol
Clinical data
Drug classSodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor[1]
WHO AWaReUnlinkedWikibase error: ⧼unlinkedwikibase-error-statements-entity-not-set⧽
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: D[2]
  • US: N (Not classified yet)[2]
    Routes of
    use    		By mouth
    Defined daily dose17.5 mg[3]
    External links
    AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
    MedlinePlusa614043
    Legal
    License data
    Legal status
    • UK: POM (Prescription only) [4][5]
    • US: ℞-only
    • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
    Chemical and physical data
    FormulaC23H27ClO7
    Molar mass450.91 g·mol−1
    3D model (JSmol)
    SMILES
    • C1COCC1OC2=CC=C(C=C2)CC3=C(C=CC(=C3)C4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)Cl
    InChI
    • InChI=1S/C23H27ClO7/c24-18-6-3-14(23-22(28)21(27)20(26)19(11-25)31-23)10-15(18)9-13-1-4-16(5-2-13)30-17-7-8-29-12-17/h1-6,10,17,19-23,25-28H,7-9,11-12H2/t17-,19+,20+,21-,22+,23-/m0/s1
    • Key:OBWASQILIWPZMG-QZMOQZSNSA-N

    Empagliflozin, sold under the brand name Jardiance among others, is a medication used together with diet and exercise to treat type 2 diabetes.[1][6] It is less preferred than metformin and sulfonylureas.[7] It may be used together with other medications such as metformin or insulin.[1][6] It is not recommended for type 1 diabetes.[1] It is taken by mouth.[1]

    Common side effects include urinary tract infections, fungal infections of the groin, and joint pains.[1] Rarer but more serious side effects include a skin infection of the groin called Fournier's gangrene and a form of diabetic ketoacidosis with normal blood sugar levels.[1][8] Use in pregnancy and breastfeeding is not recommended.[7] Use is not recommended in those with significant kidney disease, though it may help slow the progression of mild kidney problems.[1][6] Empagliflozin is an inhibitor of the sodium glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2), and works by increasing sugar lost in the urine.[1]

    Empagliflozin was approved for medical use in the US and in the European Union in 2014.[1][9][10][11] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[12] A month supply in the UK costs the NHS about GB£36.59 as of 2019.[7] In the US, the wholesale cost of this amount is about US$442.[13] In 2017, it was the 228th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than two million prescriptions.[14][15]

    Medical use

    Type 2 diabetes

    Empagliflozin is used in combination with proper diet and exercise to help people with type 2 diabetes lower their blood sugar levels.[16] It can be used alongside other medications for type 2 diabetes such as metformin, sulfonylureas, and insulin.[17] When compared to a placebo, empagliflozin led to a drop of 0.7% in hemoglobin A1c, a long-term marker of blood glucose levels.[18]

    Weight and blood pressure

    Empagliflozin causes moderate reductions in blood pressure and body weight. These effects are likely due to the excretion of glucose in the urine and a slight increase in urinary sodium excretion.[19][18] In clinical trials, patients taking empagliflozin lost an average of 2% of their baseline body weight.[20] A higher percentage of people taking empagliflozin achieved weight loss greater than 5% from their baseline.[18] The medication reduced systolic blood pressure by 3 to 5 millimeters of mercury (mmHg).[18] The effects on blood pressure and body weight are generally viewed as favorable, as many patients with type 2 diabetes have high blood pressure or are overweight or obese.[21][22]

    Heart and kidney disease

    SGLT2 inhibitors, including empagliflozin, appear to reduce the likelihood of hospitalization for heart failure or progression of chronic kidney disease in persons with type 2 diabetes. Empagliflozin may reduce the likelihood of death due to cardiovascular causes in people with type 2 diabetes who have known cardiovascular disease.[23][24][25] One concern regarding the trial on which these claims are based is that the different arms received different amounts of other medications; thus, the reduced risk cannot necessarily be attributed to empaglifozin.[26] In some countries it has also been approved to reduce the risk of death from cardiovascular causes in people with type 2 diabetes and heart disease.[25]

    Treatment guidelines

    Guidelines by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) recommend SGLT-2 inhibitors like empagliflozin as second-line medications after metformin for type 2 diabetes in people with heart failure or chronic kidney disease.[6] For type 2 diabetes with established cardiovascular disease, the guidelines recommend either a SGLT-2 inhibitor or a GLP-1 agonist as second-line medications after metformin. In all other type 2 diabetes cases, SGLT-2 inhibitors like empagliflozin can be appropriate second-line options if blood glucose control or weight loss are treatment priorities. They are less appropriate if cost is a major factor.[6]

    In the United Kingdom empagliflozin is typically only recommended together with metformin if a sulfonylurea cannot be taken.[17]

    Type 1 diabetes

    Empagliflozin is not recommended for type 1 diabetes.[1] One trial studied its use in addition to insulin in people with type 1 diabetes.[27] The medications delivered modest improvements in blood glucose control and body weight but were associated with an increased risk of diabetic ketoacidosis, a dangerous complication of diabetes.[27] Empagliflozin is not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in type 1 diabetes.[16]

    Dosage

    The defined daily dose is 17.5 mg by mouth.[3]

    Side effects

    Common

    • Empagliflozin increases the risk of genital fungal infections. The risk is highest in people with a prior history of genital fungal infections.[18]
    • Urinary tract infections (UTIs) may be more common with empagliflozin. Certain individual clinical trials have demonstrated an increase risk but cumulative data across multiple trials show no increase in UTI risk.[20][18][21]
    • Empagliflozin reduces systolic and diastolic blood pressure and can increase the risk of low blood pressure, which can cause fainting and/or falls.[18] The risk is higher in older people, people taking diuretics, and people with reduced kidney function.[18]
    • Slight increases in LDL cholesterol can be seen with empagliflozin, in the range of 2% to 4% from baseline.[18]

    Serious

    • Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a rare but potentially life-threatening condition, may occur more commonly with empagliflozin and other SGLT-2 inhibitors.[28][29] While DKA is usually associated with elevated blood glucose levels, in people taking SGLT-2 inhibitors DKA may be seen with uncharacteristically normal blood glucose levels, a phenomenon called euglycemic ketoacidosis.[28] The absence of elevated blood glucose levels in people on an SGLT-2 inhibitor may make it more difficult to diagnose DKA. The risk of empagliflozin-associated DKA may be higher in the setting of illness, dehydration, surgery, and/or alcohol consumption.[28] It is also seen in type 1 diabetes who take empagliflozin, which notably is an unapproved or "off-label" use of the medication.[29] To lessen the risk of developing ketoacidosis (a serious condition in which the body produces high levels of blood acids called ketones) after surgery, the FDA has approved changes to the prescribing information for SGLT2 inhibitor diabetes medicines to recommend they be stopped temporarily before scheduled surgery. Empagliflozin should each be stopped at least three days before scheduled surgery.[30] Symptoms of ketoacidosis include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, tiredness, and trouble breathing.[30]
    • Fournier's gangrene, a rare but serious infection of the groin, occurs more commonly in people taking empaglflozin and other SGLT-2 inhibitors.[8][1] Symptoms include feverishness, a general sense of malaise, and pain or swelling around the genitals or in the skin behind them. The infection progresses quickly and urgent medical attention is recommended.[8]
    • Empagliflozin can increase people' risk of low blood sugar when it is used together with a sulfonylurea or insulin.[31] When used by itself or in addition to metformin it does not appear to increase the risk of hypoglycemia.[21]

    Contraindications

    Mechanism of action

    Empagliflozin is an inhibitor of the sodium glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2), which is found almost exclusively in the proximal tubules of nephronic components in the kidneys. SGLT-2 accounts for about 90 percent of glucose reabsorption into the blood. Blocking SGLT-2 reduces blood glucose by blocking glucose reabsorption in the kidney and thereby excreting glucose (i.e., blood sugar) via the urine.[32][33][34]

    History

    It was developed by Boehringer Ingelheim and Eli Lilly and Company. It is also available as the combination empagliflozin/linagliptin, empagliflozin/metformin, or empagliflozin/linagliptin/metformin.

    Regulatory status

    As of May 2013, Boehringer and Lilly had submitted applications for marketing approval to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).[35] The drug was approved in Europe in May 2014,[11] and was approved by the FDA in August 2014.[9][36] The FDA required four postmarketing studies: a cardiovascular outcomes trial, two studies in children, and a toxicity study in animals related to the pediatric trials.[36]

    Society and culture

    Cost

    A month supply in the UK costs the NHS about GB£36.59 as of 2019.[7] In the US, the wholesale cost of this amount is about US$442.[13] In 2017, it was the 228th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than two million prescriptions.[14][15]

    • Empagliflozin costs (US)
      Empagliflozin costs (US)
    • Empagliflozin prescriptions (US)
      Empagliflozin prescriptions (US)

    References

    1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Empagliflozin Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. AHFS. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
    2. 1 2 "Empagliflozin (Jardiance) Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 30 August 2018. Archived from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
    3. 1 2 "WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index". www.whocc.no. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
    4. ↑ "Jardiance 10 mg film-coated tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". (emc). Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
    5. ↑ "Jardiance 25 mg film-coated tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". (emc). 23 October 2019. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
    6. 1 2 3 4 5 Davies MJ, D'Alessio DA, Fradkin J, Kernan WN, Mathieu C, Mingrone G, Rossing P, Tsapas A, Wexler DJ, Buse JB (December 2018). "Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)". Diabetologia. 61 (12): 2461–2498. doi:10.1007/s00125-018-4729-5. PMID 30288571.
    7. 1 2 3 4 British national formulary: BNF 76 (76 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 2018. p. 691. ISBN 9780857113382.
    8. 1 2 3 "FDA warns about rare occurrences of a serious infection of the genital area with SGLT2 inhibitors for diabetes". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 9 February 2019. Archived from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
    9. 1 2 "Drug Approval Package: Jardiance (empagliflozin) Tablets NDA #204629". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 8 September 2014. Archived from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
    10. ↑ "Jardiance: FDA-Approved Drugs". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Archived from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
    11. 1 2 "Jardiance EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
    12. ↑ World Health Organization (2023). The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/371090. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
    13. 1 2 "NADAC". Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. 27 February 2019. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
    14. 1 2 "The Top 300 of 2020". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
    15. 1 2 "Empagliflozin - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
    16. 1 2 3 4 5 "Jardiance- empagliflozin tablet, film coated". DailyMed. 22 January 2020. Archived from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
    17. 1 2 "Empagliflozin in combination therapy for treating type 2 diabetes". NICE. Guidance and guidelines. 25 March 2015. Archived from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
    18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Empagliflozin (Jardiance) National Drug Monograph" (PDF). VA Pharmacy Benefits Management Services, Medical Advisory Panel, and VISN Pharmacist Executives. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
    19. ↑ Verma S, McMurray JJ (October 2018). "SGLT2 inhibitors and mechanisms of cardiovascular benefit: a state-of-the-art review". Diabetologia. 61 (10): 2108–2117. doi:10.1007/s00125-018-4670-7. PMID 30132036.
    20. 1 2 Zimmermann J (December 2016). "Empagliflozin (Jardiance) for type 2 diabetes mellitus". American Family Physician. 94 (12): 1014–1015. PMID 28075091. Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
    21. 1 2 3 Anderson JE, Wright EE, Shaefer CF (February 2017). "Empagliflozin: Role in treatment options for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus". Diabetes Therapy. 8 (1): 33–53. doi:10.1007/s13300-016-0211-x. PMC 5306110. PMID 27837465.
    22. ↑ "Obesity and overweight fact sheet" (PDF). World Health Organization. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 January 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
    23. ↑ Zelniker TA, Wiviott SD, Raz I, Im K, Goodrich EL, Bonaca MP, Mosenzon O, Kato ET, Cahn A, Furtado RH, Bhatt DL, Leiter LA, McGuire DK, Wilding JP, Sabatine MS (January 2019). "SGLT2 inhibitors for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials". Lancet. 393 (10166): 31–39. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32590-X. PMID 30424892.
    24. ↑ Usman MS, Siddiqi TJ, Memon MM, Khan MS, Rawasia WF, Talha Ayub M, Sreenivasan J, Golzar Y (March 2018). "Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors and cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis". European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 25 (5): 495–502. doi:10.1177/2047487318755531. PMID 29372664.
    25. 1 2 "FDA approves Jardiance to reduce cardiovascular death in adults with type 2 diabetes" (Press release). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 6 December 2016. Archived from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
    26. ↑ "EMPA-REG Outcome trial: What does it mean?" (PDF). Therapeutics Initiative. July–August 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 March 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
    27. 1 2 Riddle MC, Cefalu WT (December 2018). "SGLT Inhibitors for Type 1 Diabetes: An obvious choice, or too good to be true?". Diabetes Care. 41 (12): 2444–2447. doi:10.2337/dci18-0041. PMID 30459245. Archived from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
    28. 1 2 3 Rosenstock J, Ferrannini E (September 2015). "Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: A predictable, detectable, and preventable safety concern with SGLT2 inhibitors". Diabetes Care. 38 (9): 1638–1642. doi:10.2337/dc15-1380. PMID 26294774.
    29. 1 2 Handelsman Y, Henry RR, Bloomgarden ZT, Dagogo-Jack S, DeFronzo RA, Einhorn D, Ferrannini E, Fonseca VA, Garber AJ, Grunberger G, LeRoith D, Umpierrez GE, Weir MR (June 2016). "American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Position Statement on the Association of Sglt-2 Inhibitors and Diabetic Ketoacidosis". Endocrine Practice. 22 (6): 753–762. doi:10.4158/EP161292.PS. PMID 27082665.
    30. 1 2 "FDA revises labels of SGLT2 inhibitors for diabetes to include warning". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 19 March 2020. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
    31. ↑ "Empagliflozin in combination therapy for treating type 2 diabetes". NICE. 25 March 2015. Archived from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
    32. ↑ Abdul-Ghani MA, DeFronzo RA (September 2008). "Inhibition of renal glucose reabsorption: A novel strategy for achieving glucose control in type 2 diabetes mellitus". Endocrine Practice. 14 (6): 782–790. doi:10.4158/ep.14.6.782. PMID 18996802.
    33. ↑ Nair S, Wilding JP (January 2010). "Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors as a new treatment for diabetes mellitus". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 95 (1): 34–42. doi:10.1210/jc.2009-0473. PMID 19892839.
    34. ↑ Bays H (March 2009). "From victim to ally: The kidney as an emerging target for the treatment of diabetes mellitus". Current Medical Research and Opinion. 25 (3): 671–681. doi:10.1185/03007990802710422. PMID 19232040.
    35. ↑ Tucker, Miriam E. (May 7, 2013). "First details of empagliflozin trials follow US and EU filings". Medscape Medical News. Archived from the original on 18 June 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
    36. 1 2 Mechatie, Elizabeth (August 1, 2014). "FDA approves empagliflozin for adults with type 2 diabetes". Clinical Endocrinology News Digital Network. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
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