Piperacillin/tazobactam

Piperacillin/tazobactam
Bottle of piperacillin/tazobactam
Combination of
PiperacillinUreidopenicillin antibiotic
TazobactamBeta-lactamase inhibitor
Names
Trade namesTazocin, Zosyn, others[1]
Clinical data
Drug classAntibiotic
Main usesPelvic inflammatory disease, intra-abdominal infection, pneumonia, cellulitis, sepsis[2]
Side effectsHeadache, trouble sleeping, rash, nausea, constipation, diarrhea[2]
WHO AWaReUnlinkedWikibase error: ⧼unlinkedwikibase-error-statements-entity-not-set⧽
Pregnancy
category
  • US: B (No risk in non-human studies)
    Routes of
    use    		Intravenous infusion
    Defined daily dose14 gram[3]
    External links
    AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
    MedlinePlusa694003
    Legal
    Legal status
    • AU: S4 (Prescription only)
    • US: ℞-only

    Piperacillin/tazobactam, sold under the brand names Tazocin among others, is a combination medication containing the antibiotic piperacillin and the β-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam.[2] The combination has activity against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa.[2] It is used to treat pelvic inflammatory disease, intra-abdominal infection, pneumonia, cellulitis, and sepsis.[2] It is given by injection into a vein.[4]

    Common adverse effects include headache, trouble sleeping, rash, nausea, constipation, and diarrhea.[2] Serious adverse effects include Clostridium difficile infection and allergic reactions including anaphylaxis.[2] Those who are allergic to other β-lactam are more likely to be allergic to piperacillin/tazobactam.[2] However, those who are allergic to penicillin G are not more likely to be allergic to piperacillin.[5] Use in pregnancy or breastfeeding appears to generally be safe.[6] It usually results in bacterial death through blocking their ability to make a cell wall.[2]

    Piperacillin/tazobactam was approved for medical use in the United States in 1993.[2] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[7] It is available as a generic medication.[4] The wholesale cost in the developing world, as of 2015, is about US$11 per day.[8] In the United Kingdom, as of 2015, this amount costs the NHS about 38.70 pounds per day.[4]

    Medical uses

    It is in the 'watch' group of the WHO AWaRe Classification.[9]

    Its main uses are in intensive care medicine (pneumonia, peritonitis), some diabetes-related foot infections, and empirical therapy in febrile neutropenia (e.g., after chemotherapy). The drug is administered intravenously every 6 or 8 hr, typically over 3–30 min. It may also be administered by continuous infusion over four hours. Prolonged infusions are thought to maximize the time that serum concentrations are above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the bacteria implicated in infection.

    Piperacillin-tazobactam is recommended by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence as first line therapy for the treatment of bloodstream infections in neutropenic cancer patients.[10]

    For β-lactam antipseudomonal antibiotics, including piperacillin/tazobactam, prolonged intravenous infusion is associated with lower mortality than bolus intravenous infusion in persons with sepsis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.[11]

    Dosage

    The typical dose is 3.375 g every six hours.[2] The defined daily dose is 14 gram (by injection).[3]

    Side effects

    The most common side effect is diarrhea (7–11%).[12] Another adverse effect is inhibition of platelets (thrombocytopenia).[13]

    Society and culture

    Trade names

    Apart from Tazocin and Zosyn, the drug is marketed in various countries under other trade names such as Tazact, Biopiper TZ, Brodactam, Piptaz, Maxitaz, Kilbac, Trezora, Du-Tazop, Tazopen, Sytaz, Tazin, and Inzalin TZ.

    2017 shortage

    Various sources have referred to a shortage of the drug since May 2017, citing various reasons, including an earthquake in China and other issues at the major production facility in 海正 (Hisun); increased demand; withdrawal of funding by a major pharmaceutical company.[14][15]

    References

    1. ↑ "Tazocin". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
    2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Piperacillin Sodium and Tazobactam Sodium". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
    3. 1 2 "WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index". www.whocc.no. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
    4. 1 2 3 British national formulary : BNF 69 (69 ed.). British Medical Association. 2015. p. 373. ISBN 9780857111562.
    5. ↑ "Allergy to various beta-lactam antibiotics". EMCrit Project. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
    6. ↑ "Piperacillin / tazobactam (Zosyn) Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
    7. ↑ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
    8. ↑ "Single Drug Information". International Medical Products Price Guide. Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
    9. ↑ Zanichelli, Veronica; Sharland, Michael; Cappello, Bernadette; Moja, Lorenzo; Getahun, Haileyesus; Pessoa-Silva, Carmem; Sati, Hatim; van Weezenbeek, Catharina; Balkhy, Hanan; Simão, Mariângela; Gandra, Sumanth; Huttner, Benedikt (1 April 2023). "The WHO AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) antibiotic book and prevention of antimicrobial resistance". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 101 (4): 290–296. doi:10.2471/BLT.22.288614. ISSN 0042-9686. Archived from the original on 7 May 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
    10. ↑ Neutropenic Sepsis: Prevention and Management of Neutropenic Sepsis in Cancer Patients - National Library of Medicine - PubMed Health. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Guidance. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (UK). 2012. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28.
    11. ↑ Vardakas KZ, Voulgaris GL, Maliaros A, Samonis G, Falagas ME (January 2018). "Prolonged versus short-term intravenous infusion of antipseudomonal β-lactams for patients with sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials". Lancet Infect Dis. 18 (1): 108–120. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30615-1. PMID 29102324.
    12. ↑ "Piperacillin and Tazobactam Sodium". Merck Manual Professional. Archived from the original on November 20, 2010.
    13. ↑ Rousan TA, Aldoss IT, Cowley BD Jr, Curtis BR, Bougie DW, Aster RH, George JN (January 2010). "Recurrent acute thrombocytopenia in the hospitalized patient: Sepsis, DIC, HIT, or antibiotic-induced thrombocytopenia". American Journal of Hematology. 85 (1): 71–74. doi:10.1002/ajh.21536. PMC 4410979. PMID 19802882.
    14. ↑ "Drug Shortages › Piperacillin Tazobactam Injection". Drugs.com. 10 July 2017. Archived from the original on 17 July 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
    15. ↑ "Major shortage forces doctors to ration important antibiotic". RT.com. 1 July 2017. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
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