1871

1871 (MDCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1871st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 871st year of the 2nd millennium, the 71st year of the 19th century, and the 2nd year of the 1870s decade. As of the start of 1871, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

October 8-October 10: Great Chicago Fire

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
1871 in topic
Humanities
Archaeology – Architecture – Art
Film - Literature – Music - (jazz)
By country
Australia – Belgium – Brazil – Bulgaria – Canada – Denmark – France – Germany – Mexico – New Zealand – Norway – Philippines – Portugal – Russia – South Africa – Spain – Sweden – United Kingdom – United States – Venezuela
Other topics
Rail transport – Science – Sports
Lists of leaders
Sovereign states – State leaders – Territorial governors – Religious leaders
Birth and death categories
Births – Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments – Disestablishments
Works category
Works
1871 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1871
MDCCCLXXI
French Republican calendar79
Ab urbe condita2624
Armenian calendar1320
ԹՎ ՌՅԻ
Assyrian calendar6621
Baháʼí calendar27–28
Balinese saka calendar1792–1793
Bengali calendar1278
Berber calendar2821
British Regnal year34 Vict. 1 – 35 Vict. 1
Buddhist calendar2415
Burmese calendar1233
Byzantine calendar7379–7380
Chinese calendar庚午年 (Metal Horse)
4567 or 4507
    — to —
辛未年 (Metal Goat)
4568 or 4508
Coptic calendar1587–1588
Discordian calendar3037
Ethiopian calendar1863–1864
Hebrew calendar5631–5632
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1927–1928
 - Shaka Samvat1792–1793
 - Kali Yuga4971–4972
Holocene calendar11871
Igbo calendar871–872
Iranian calendar1249–1250
Islamic calendar1287–1288
Japanese calendarMeiji 4
(明治４年)
Javanese calendar1799–1800
Julian calendarGregorian minus 12 days
Korean calendar4204
Minguo calendar41 before ROC
民前41年
Nanakshahi calendar403
Thai solar calendar2413–2414
Tibetan calendar阳金马年
(male Iron-Horse)
1997 or 1616 or 844
    — to —
阴金羊年
(female Iron-Goat)
1998 or 1617 or 845
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1871.
January 18: Proclamation of the German Empire
March 18: The Paris Commune is formed.

Events

January–March

April–June
  • April – The Stockholms Handelsbank is founded.
  • April 4 – The New Jersey Detective Agency is chartered, and the New Jersey State Detectives are initiated.
  • April 10 – In Brooklyn, New York, P.T. Barnum opens his three-ring circus, hailing it as "The Greatest Show on Earth".
  • April 20 – U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signs the Civil Rights Act of 1871.
  • April 24 – Servant girl Jane Clouson is murdered in Eltham, England.
  • May 4 – The first supposedly Major League Baseball game is played in America.
  • May 8 – The first Major League Baseball home run is hit by Ezra Sutton, of the Cleveland Forest Citys.
  • May 10 – The Treaty of Frankfurt is signed, confirming the frontiers between Germany and France. The provinces of Alsace and Lorraine are transferred from France to Germany.
  • May 11 – The first trial in the Tichborne case begins, in the London Court of Common Pleas.
  • May 21
    • French government troops enter Paris to overthrow the Commune, beginning "Bloody Week" (Semaine sanglante).
    • The first rack railway in Europe, the Vitznau–Rigi Railway on Mount Rigi in Switzerland, is opened.
  • May 27 – French government troops massacre 147 Communards from Belleville, at Père-Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.
  • May 28 – Paris Commune falls to French government forces.
  • June 1 – Bombardment of the Selee River Forts: Koreans attack two United States Navy warships.
  • June 10 – United States expedition to Korea: Captain McLane Tilton leads 109 members of the United States Marine Corps in a punitive naval attack on the Han River forts on Ganghwa Island in Korea, resulting in 250 Koreans dying and diplomatic failure to "open up" Korea.
  • June 18 – The Universities Tests Act 1871 removes restrictions limiting access to Oxford, Cambridge and Durham universities to members of the Church of England.
  • June 29 – Trade unions are legalized in the United Kingdom by the Trade Union Act 1871.

July–September
  • July 13 – The first cat exhibition is held at the Crystal Palace of London.
  • July 20
  • July 21–August 26 – The first ever photographs of Yellowstone National Park region are taken by photographer William Henry Jackson, during the Hayden Geological Survey of 1871.
  • July 22 – The foundation stone of the first Tay Rail Bridge is laid;[3] the bridge collapses in a storm eight years later.
  • July 28 – The Annie becomes the first boat ever launched on Yellowstone Lake, in the Yellowstone National Park region.
  • August 7 – Banco de Concepcion, as predecessor of Itau Unibanco, major financial services in South America, founded in Chile.
  • August 9 – One of the few known major hurricanes to strike what becomes the US state of Hawaii causes significant damage on Hawai'i and Maui.[4]
  • August 29 – The abolition of the han system is carried out in Japan.
  • August 31 – Adolphe Thiers becomes President of the French Republic.
  • September 2 – Whaling Disaster of 1871: The Comet, a brig used by whalers, becomes the first of 33 ships to be crushed in the Arctic ice by an early freeze.[5] Remarkably, all 1,219 people on the abandoned ships are rescued without a single loss of life.[6]
  • September 3 – New York City residents, tired of the corruption of the "Tammany Hall" political machine and "Boss" William M. Tweed, its "Grand Sachem", meet to form the 'Committee of Seventy' to reform local politics.[7]

October–December
  • October 5 – The Società degli Spettroscopisti Italiani (now Società Astronomica Italiana) was established in Rome, the first scientific organisation in the world dedicated to astrophysics.
  • October 8 – Four major fires break out on the shores of Lake Michigan in Chicago; Peshtigo, Wisconsin; Holland, Michigan; and Manistee, Michigan. The Great Chicago Fire is the most famous of these, leaving nearly 100,000 people homeless, although the Peshtigo Fire kills as many as 2,500 people, making it the deadliest in United States history.
  • October 11 – Heinrich Schliemann begins the excavation of Troy.[8]
  • October 12 – The Criminal Tribes Act is enacted by the British Raj in India, naming over 160 communities as "Denotified Tribes", allegedly habitually criminal (it will be repealed in 1949, after Indian independence).
  • October 20 – The Royal Regiment of Artillery forms the first regular Canadian army units, when they create two batteries of garrison artillery, which later become the Royal Canadian Artillery.
  • October 24 – Chinese massacre of 1871. In Los Angeles' Chinatown, 18 Chinese immigrants are killed by a mob of 500 men.
  • October 26 – Liberian President Edward James Roye is deposed in a coup d'état.[9]
  • October 27
    • British forces march into the Klipdrift Republic and annex the territory as Griqualand West Colony.
    • Henri, Count of Chambord, refuses to be crowned "King Henry V of France" until France abandons its tricolor, and returns to the old Bourbon flag.
    • Boss Tweed of Tammany Hall is arrested for bribery, ending his grip on New York City.
  • c. November – The South Improvement Company is formed in Pennsylvania by John D. Rockefeller and a group of major United States railroad interests, in an early effort to organize and control the American petroleum industry.
  • November 5 – Wickenburg Massacre: Six men travelling by stagecoach, in the Arizona Territory, are reportedly murdered by Yavapai people.
  • November 7 – The London–Australia telegraph cable is brought ashore at Darwin.[10]
  • November 10 – Henry Morton Stanley, Welsh-born correspondent for the New York Herald, locates missing Scottish explorer and missionary Dr. David Livingstone in Ujiji, near Lake Tanganyika, and greets him by saying, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?"[11]
  • November 17
  • December 10 – German chancellor Otto von Bismarck tries to ban Catholics from the political stage, by introducing harsh laws concerning the separation of church and state.
  • December 19 – The city of Birmingham, Alabama, is incorporated with the merger of three existing towns.
  • December 24 – The opera Aida opens in Cairo, Egypt.
  • December 25 – Reading F.C. is formed as an Association football club in England.
  • December 26 – Thespis, the first of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas, premières. It does modestly well, but the two composers will not collaborate again for four years.

Date unknown
  • In South Africa
    • Gold is discovered at Pilgrim's Creek in the Pilgrim's Rest area.
    • A 83.50 carats (16.700 g) diamond is discovered, resulting in a diamond rush, and the town of New Rush springs up; Colonial Commissioners arrive there on November 17.
  • The Harvard Summer School is founded.
  • Continental AG is founded as Continental-Caoutchouc und Gutta-Percha Compagnie in Hanover, Germany on 8th October.
  • The Shinto shrine of Izumo-taisha in Japan is designated as an Imperial shrine.[12]
  • Modern "neoclassical economics" is initiated by publication of William Stanley Jevons's Theory of Political Economy and Carl Menger's Principles of Economics (Grundsätze der Volkswirtschaftslehre).

Births

January–February
James Weldon Johnson
Friedrich Ebert
Birdie Blye
Heinrich Mann
Christian Morgenstern
Ernst Stromer von Reichenbach

March–April

May–June
  • May 2 – Francis P. Duffy, Canadian-born American Catholic priest (d. 1932)
  • May 6
  • May 7 – Gyula Károlyi, 29th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1947)
  • May 27 – Georges Rouault, French painter, graphic artist (d. 1958)
  • June 5 – Nicolae Iorga, 34th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1940)[17]
  • June 11 – Walter Cowan, British admiral (d. 1956)
  • June 12 – Ernst Stromer, German paleontologist (d. 1952)
  • June 14 – Jacob Ellehammer, Danish inventor (d. 1946)
  • June 17 – James Weldon Johnson, American author, politician, diplomat, critic, journalist, poet, anthologist, educator, lawyer, songwriter and early civil rights activist (d. 1938)
  • June 18 – Edmund Breese, American actor (d. 1936)
  • June 23 – Jantina Tammes, Dutch plant biologist (d. 1947)
  • June 26 – Reginald R. Belknap, United States Navy rear admiral (d. 1959)

July–August
Marcel Proust
Orville Wright
Ernest Rutherford
Pietro Badoglio

September–October

November–December

Date unknown

Deaths

January–June
John Herschel
Samuel Harvey Taylor

July–December
Cristina Trivulzio Belgiojoso
  • July 5 – Cristina Trivulzio Belgiojoso, Italian noble, patriot, writer and journalist (b. 1808)
  • July 6 – Castro Alves, Brazilian poet and playwright (b. 1847)
  • July 15 – Tad Lincoln, youngest son of American President Abraham Lincoln (b. 1853)
  • July 31 – Phoebe Cary, American poet, sister to Alice Cary (b. 1824)
  • August 9 – John Paterson, politician in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly (b. 1831)
  • September 16 – Jan Erazim Vocel, Czech poet, archaeologist, historian and cultural revivalist (b. 1803)
  • September 20 – John Patteson, Anglican bishop, missionary (martyred) (b. 1827)
  • September 21 – Charlotte Elliott, English hymnwriter (b. 1789)
  • September 23 – Louis-Joseph Papineau, Canadian politician (b. 1786)
  • October 4 – Sarel Cilliers, Voortrekker leader, preacher (b. 1801)
  • October 7 – Sir John Burgoyne, British field marshal (b. 1782)
  • October 16 – Martha Hooper Blackler Kalopothakes, American missionary, journalist, translator (b. 1830)
  • October 18 – Charles Babbage, English mathematician, inventor (b. 1791)
  • October 29 – Andrea Debono, Maltese trader and explorer (b. 1821)[21]
  • November 2 – Athalia Schwartz, Danish writer, journalist and educator (b. 1821)
  • November 22 – Oscar James Dunn, Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana (b. 1825)
  • December 21 – Luise Aston, German author, feminist (b. 1814)
  • December 28 – John Henry Pratt, English clergyman, mathematician (b. 1809)

References
  1. "Vores historie". København: Dansk Kvindesamfund. Retrieved January 20, 2020.
  2. "Civil Service Commission", in Landmark Legislation, 1774–2002: Major U.S. Acts and Treaties, ed. by Stephen W. Stathis (Congressional Quarterly Press, 2003) p107
  3. BBC History, July 2011, p12
  4. Businger, Steven; Nogelmeier, M. Puakea; Chinn, Pauline W. U.; Schroeder, Thomas (February 1, 2018). "Hurricane with a History: Hawaiian Newspapers Illuminate an 1871 Storm". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 99 (1): 137–147. Bibcode:2018BAMS...99..137B. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0333.1. S2CID 52996353.
  5. Joesting, Edward (1988). Kauai: The Separate Kingdom. University of Hawaii Press. p. 171.
  6. Taliaferro, John (2007). In a Far Country: The True Story of a Mission, a Marriage, a Murder, and the Remarkable Reindeer Rescue of 1898. PublicAffairs. p. 179.
  7. Snay, Mitchell (2011). Horace Greeley and the Politics of Reform in Nineteenth-Century America. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 172.
  8. Schliemann, Heinrich (1881). Ilios. New York: Harper. p. 21. Retrieved January 20, 2020.
  9. Dunn, Elwood D.; Beyan, Amos J.; Burrowes, Carl Patrick (2000). Historical Dictionary of Liberia. Scarecrow Press. p. 90. ISBN 9781461659310.
  10. "1871 Java – Port Darwin Cable". History of the Atlantic Cable & Undersea Communications. November 5, 2014. Archived from the original on January 5, 2015. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
  11. Stanley, Henry Morton (1872). "XI. Through Uhawendi, Uvinza, and Uhha, to Ujiji". How I Found Livingstone: Travels, Adventures, and Discoveries in Central Africa; Including Four Months' Residence with Dr. Livingstone (1984 ed.). London: Sampson Low, Marston, Low, and Searle. p. 412. ISBN 9780705415132.
  12. Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. p. 125.
  13. Manuel Gondra; Carlos E. Castañeda; Jack Autrey Dabbs (1952). Calendar of the Manuel E. Gondra Manuscript Collection, the University of Texas Library. Editorial Jus. p. xv.
  14. Roskill, Captain Stephen Wentworth (1980). Admiral of the Fleet Earl Beatty – The Last Naval Hero: An Intimate Biography. London: Collins. p. 20. ISBN 0-689-11119-3.
  15. Solé, Carlos A (1989). Latin American writers. New York: Scribner. p. 431. ISBN 9780684185972.
  16. Wroe, David (December 18, 2009). "Rosa Luxemburg Murder Case Reopened". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
  17. Victor Iova, "Tabel cronologic", in N. Iorga, Istoria lui Mihai Viteazul, Vol. I, Editura Minerva, Bucharest, 1979, pp. xxvii. OCLC 6422662
  18. Mir Shamsur Rahman (2012). "Panni, Wazed Ali Khan". In Islam, Sirajul; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. Retrieved October 23, 2022.
  19. "Virginia Fábregas". Rotonda de las Personas Ilustres. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  20. "Hautausmaita". Hautausmaita (in Finnish). Retrieved May 24, 2021.
  21. "Prominent Sengleans". Senglea Local Council. Archived from the original on February 16, 2020.
  • Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia...for 1871 (1873), comprehensive collection of facts online edition
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