1868

1868 (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1868th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 868th year of the 2nd millennium, the 68th year of the 19th century, and the 9th year of the 1860s decade. As of the start of 1868, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
1868 in topic
Humanities
Archaeology – Architecture – Art
Film - Literature – Music - (jazz)
By country
Australia – Belgium – Brazil – Bulgaria – Canada – Denmark – France – Germany – Mexico – New Zealand – Norway – Philippines – Portugal – Russia – South Africa – Spain – Sweden – United Kingdom – United States – Venezuela
Other topics
Rail transport – Science – Sports
Lists of leaders
Sovereign states – State leaders – Territorial governors – Religious leaders
Birth and death categories
Births – Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments – Disestablishments
Works category
Works
1868 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1868
MDCCCLXVIII
Ab urbe condita2621
Armenian calendar1317
ԹՎ ՌՅԺԷ
Assyrian calendar6618
Baháʼí calendar24–25
Balinese saka calendar1789–1790
Bengali calendar1275
Berber calendar2818
British Regnal year31 Vict. 1 – 32 Vict. 1
Buddhist calendar2412
Burmese calendar1230
Byzantine calendar7376–7377
Chinese calendar丁卯年 (Fire Rabbit)
4564 or 4504
    — to —
戊辰年 (Earth Dragon)
4565 or 4505
Coptic calendar1584–1585
Discordian calendar3034
Ethiopian calendar1860–1861
Hebrew calendar5628–5629
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1924–1925
 - Shaka Samvat1789–1790
 - Kali Yuga4968–4969
Holocene calendar11868
Igbo calendar868–869
Iranian calendar1246–1247
Islamic calendar1284–1285
Japanese calendarKeiō 4 / Meiji 1
(明治元年)
Javanese calendar1796–1797
Julian calendarGregorian minus 12 days
Korean calendar4201
Minguo calendar44 before ROC
民前44年
Nanakshahi calendar400
Thai solar calendar2410–2411
Tibetan calendar阴火兔年
(female Fire-Rabbit)
1994 or 1613 or 841
    — to —
阳土龙年
(male Earth-Dragon)
1995 or 1614 or 842
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1868.

Events

January–March
January 3: Emperor Meiji.
  • January 2 – British Expedition to Abyssinia: Robert Napier leads an expedition to free captive British officials and missionaries.[1]
  • January 3 – The 15-year-old Mutsuhito, Emperor Meiji of Japan, declares the Meiji Restoration, his own restoration to full power, under the influence of supporters from the Chōshū and Satsuma Domains, and against the supporters of the Tokugawa shogunate, triggering the Boshin War.[2][3]
  • January 5 – Paraguayan War: Brazilian Army commander Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias enters Asunción, Paraguay's capital. Some days later he declares the war is over. Nevertheless, Francisco Solano López, Paraguay's president, prepares guerrillas to fight in the countryside.
  • January 7 – The Arkansas constitutional convention meets in Little Rock.
  • January 9 – Penal transportation from Britain to Australia ends, with arrival of the convict ship Hougoumont in Western Australia, after an 89-day voyage from England. There are 62 Fenians among the transportees.
  • January 10 – Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu declares the emperor's declaration "illegal", and prepares to attack Kyoto.
  • January 27–31 – Battle of Toba–Fushimi: forces of the Tokugawa shogunate and the allied pro-Imperial forces of the Chōshū, Satsuma and Tosa Domains clash near Fushimi, Kyoto, ending in a decisive victory for the Imperial forces (although in the January 28 naval Battle of Awa, the Shogunate is victorious against Satsuma).
  • February – Foreign ministers meeting in Hyōgo are persuaded to recognise the restored Emperor Meiji of Japan, with promises that harbours will be open in accordance with international treaties.[4]
  • February 13 – The British War Office sanctions the formation of what becomes the Army Post Office Corps.
  • February 16 – In New York City the Jolly Corks organization is renamed the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks (BPOE).
  • February 19 – In the Passage of Humaitá, a Brazilian naval force succeeds in dashing past a Paraguayan fortress on the River Paraguay, considered by some the turning point in the Paraguayan War.
  • February 24
  • March – French geologist Louis Lartet discovers the first identified skeletons of Cro-Magnon, the first early modern humans (early Homo sapiens sapiens), at Abri de Crô-Magnon, a rock shelter at Les Eyzies, Dordogne, France.
  • March 12
    • Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke of Edinburgh, is shot in the back in Sydney, Australia, at a fundraising event for the Sydney Sailors Home, by Irishman Henry James O'Farrell. The prince survives and quickly recovers; O'Farrell is executed on April 21, despite attempts by the prince to gain clemency for him.
    • Basutoland is proclaimed a British Protectorate, becoming independent in 1966 as Lesotho.
  • March 23 – The University of California is founded in Oakland, California, when the Organic Act is signed into California law.
  • March 24 – The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company is formed, in New York City.
  • March 27 – The Lake Ontario Shore Railroad Company is organized in Oswego, New York.
  • March – The first transnational women's organization, Association internationale des femmes, is founded.

April–June
  • April 1 – The Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute is established in Hampton, Virginia.
  • April 7 – The Charter Oath, drawn up by his councilors, is promulgated at the enthronement of the Emperor Meiji of Japan, promising deliberative assemblies and an end to feudalism.[5]
  • April 9 – Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia massacres at least 197 of his own people at Magdala. These are prisoners incarcerated, for the most part, for very trivial offenses, and are killed for requesting bread and water.
  • April 9–13 – Battle of Magdala: A British-Indian task force under Robert Napier inflicts 700 deaths and a crushing defeat on the army of Emperor Tewodros II; the British and Indians suffer 30 wounded, two of whom die subsequently. Tewodros commits suicide and Magdala is captured, ending the British Expedition to Abyssinia.
  • April 11 – July – Fall of Edo: The Japanese city surrenders to Emperor Meiji. Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu submits to the Emperor.
  • April 29 – General William Tecumseh Sherman brokers the Treaty of Fort Laramie, between the federal government of the United States and the Plains Indians.
  • May 10–14 – Boshin War – Battle of Utsunomiya Castle, Japan: Forces of the Emperor Meiji resist the retreating troops of the Tokugawa shogunate.
  • May 16, May 26 – President Andrew Johnson is twice acquitted during his impeachment trial, by one vote in the United States Senate.
  • May 26 – Fenian bomber Michael Barrett becomes the last person publicly hanged in the United Kingdom.
  • May 29 – The Parliament of the United Kingdom passes the Capital Punishment Amendment Act, thus ending public hanging.
  • May 30 – Memorial Day is observed in the United States for the first time (it was proclaimed on May 5 by General John A. Logan).
  • May 31
    • Thomas Spence declares himself president of the Republic of Manitobah in Canada; he soon alienates the locals.
    • The first popular bicycle race is held at Parc de Saint-Cloud, Paris.
  • June – Tītokowaru's War breaks out in the South Taranaki District of New Zealand's North Island between the Ngāti Ruanui Māori tribe and the New Zealand Government.
  • June 1 – The Treaty of Bosque Redondo is signed, allowing the Navajo to return to their lands in Arizona and New Mexico.
  • June 2 – The first Trades Union Congress is held in Manchester, England.
  • June 10 – Mihailo Obrenović, Prince of Serbia is assassinated in Košutnjak, Belgrade.
  • June 20 – Fort Fred Steele is established to protect what is at this time the western terminus of the Union Pacific Railway, near modern-day Sinclair, Wyoming.

July–September
July 25: Wyoming Territory.

October–December
  • October 1 – Chulalongkorn starts to rule in Siam.
  • October 6 – The City of New York grants Mount Sinai Hospital a 99-year lease for a property on Lexington Avenue and 66th Street, for the sum of $1.00.
  • October 10 – Carlos Manuel de Céspedes declares a revolt against Spanish rule in Cuba, in an event known as El Grito de Yara or the Ten Years' War, initiating a war that lasts ten years (Cuba ultimately loses the war at a cost of 400,000 lives and widespread destruction).
  • October 20
    • English astronomer Norman Lockyer observes and names the D3 Fraunhofer line in the solar spectrum, and concludes that it is caused by a hitherto unidentified element, which he later names helium.[9]
    • Pedro Figueredo creates the Cuban national anthem, El Himno de Bayamo.
  • October 23 – The current Japanese era name is changed to the Meiji period. The 265-year-long Edo period ends.
  • October 25 – The Uspenski Cathedral, designed by Aleksey Gornostayev, is inaugurated in Helsinki, Finland.[10]
  • October 28 – Thomas Edison applies for his first patent, the electric vote recorder.
  • November 2 – Time zone: New Zealand officially adopts a standard time, to be observed nationally.
  • November 3 – U.S. presidential election, 1868: Republican Ulysses S. Grant defeats Democrat Horatio Seymour.
November 27: Battle of Washita River.
  • November 7 – The Battle of Moturoa, New Zealand ends in a British defeat, due to an underestimate of Tītokowaru and his fortifications. Heavy casualties for the colonial army and light casualties for the Māori defenders.
  • November 27 – American Indian Wars – Battle of Washita River: In the early morning, United States Army Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer leads an attack on a band of Cheyenne living on reservation land with Chief Black Kettle, killing 103 Cheyenne.
  • December 4 – Battle of Hakodate begins in Japan.
  • December 4 – Thomas Humber invented the safety bicycle.
  • December 6 – Paraguayan War – Battle of Ytororó or Itororó: Field-Marshal Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias leads 13,000 Brazilian troops against a Paraguayan fortified position of 5,000 troops.
  • December 9 – The world's first traffic signal lights are installed at the junction of Great George Street and Bridge Street in the London Borough of Westminster.[11]
  • December 24 – The Greek Presidential Guard is established as the royal escort by King George I.
  • December 25 – U.S. President Andrew Johnson grants unconditional pardon to all Civil War rebels.

Date unknown
  • Louis Arthur Ducos du Hauron patents methods of color photography.[12]
  • Thomas Henry Huxley discovers what he thinks is primordial matter and names it bathybius haeckelii (he admits his mistake in 1871).[13]
  • The Académie Julian, a major art school in Paris, France that admits women, is established.
  • Brisbane Grammar School is founded, providing the opportunity for secondary education for the first time in the colony of Brisbane in Australia.
  • Maryland School for the Deaf is established.
  • The Dortmunder Actien Brauerei is founded in Germany.
  • Herrenhäuser Brewery is established in Hanover, Germany.
  • Tata Group is founded by Jamsetji Tata as a trading company in India.
  • Scottish merchant Thomas Blake Glover develops Japan's first coal mine on Hashima Island.
  • The Roman Catholic Diocese of Tucson is established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Arizona in 1868, taking its territory from the former Diocese of Santa Fe. The Diocese of Tucson is canonically erected on May 8, 1897.
  • The population of Japan reaches c. 30 million.

Births

January–March
Felix Hoffmann
Countess Markiewicz

April–June
Nicholas II of Russia
John L. Hines
Robert Falcon Scott
Karl Landsteiner
Miklós Horthy

July–September
  • July 2 – Traian Moșoiu, Romanian general and politician (d. 1932)
  • July 4 – Henrietta Swan Leavitt, American astronomer (d. 1921)[26]
  • July 12 – Stefan George, German poet (d. 1933)
  • July 14 – Gertrude Bell, English archaeologist, writer, spy and administrator (d. 1926)[27]
  • July 15 – Nobuyoshi Mutō, Japanese field marshal and ambassador (d. 1933)
  • July 17 – Mikhail Bakhirev, Russian admiral (d. 1920)
  • July 19 – Florence Foster Jenkins, American socialite and amateur operatic soprano (d. 1944)[28]
  • July 20 – Patriarch Miron of Romania, 38th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1939)
  • July 24 – Princess Srivilailaksana The Princess of Suphanburi daughter of King Chulalongkorn of Siam and Chao Chom Manda Pae Bunnag (d.1904)
  • July 28 – Theodor Wulf, German physicist and Jesuit (d. 1946)
  • August 5 – Oskar Merikanto, Finnish composer (d. 1924)
  • August 6 – Paul Claudel, French poet, dramatist and diplomat (d. 1955)[29]
  • August 7 – Martin Wetzer, Finnish general (d. 1954)
  • August 10 – Hugo Eckener, German dirigible engineer, Commander of Graf Zeppelin I (d. 1954)
  • August 23 – Edgar Lee Masters, American poet, biographer and dramatist (d. 1950)
  • August 26 – Charles Stewart, Premier of Alberta (d. 1946)
  • September 1 – Henri Bourassa, Canadian politician and publisher (d. 1952)
  • September 6 – Heinrich Häberlin, Swiss politician, member of the Federal Council (d. 1947)
  • September 17 – James Alexander Calder, Canadian politician (d. 1956)
  • September 22 – John T. Raulston, American state judge (Scopes Monkey Trial) (d. 1956)

October–December
John Nance Garner
Mary Brewster Hazelton
Arturo Alessandri
Fritz Haber

Deaths

January–June
John Crawfurd

July–December
Gioachino Rossini
Adah Isaacs Menken
Mongkut

References
  1. Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
  2. Satow, Ernest (1921). A Diplomat in Japan: the inner history of the critical years in the evolution of Japan when the ports were opened and the monarchy restored. London: Seeley, Service.
  3. Jansen, Marius B. (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674003347.
  4. Polak, Christian (2001). Soie et lumières: l'âge d'or des échanges franco-japonais (des origines aux années 1950). Tokyo: Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie Française du Japon. p. 75.
  5. Keene, Donald (2002). Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852-1912. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-231-12340-2. OCLC 46731178
  6. Rice, Daniel (2011). "The 'Uniform Rule' and its exceptions: a history of Congressional naturalization legislation" (PDF). Ozark Historical Review. 40. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
  7. Kochhar, R. K. (1991). "French astronomers in India during the 17th –19th centuries". Journal of the British Astronomical Association. 101 (2): 95–100. Bibcode:1991JBAA..101...95K.
  8. "Nagodba". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009.
  9. Hampel, Clifford A. (1968). The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp. 256–268. ISBN 0-442-15598-0.
  10. "Katedraalin historia". Helsingin Ortodoksinen Seurakunta (in Finnish). Retrieved October 25, 2021.
  11. "The man who gave us traffic lights". Nottingham: BBC. July 2009. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
  12. Coe, Brian (1978). Colour Photography: the first hundred years 1840-1940. London: Ash & Grant. ISBN 0-904069-24-9.
  13. Ley, Willy (1959). Exotic Zoology. New York: Viking Press.
  14. Philip James Bone (1914). The Guitar and Mandolin: Biographies of Celebrated Players and Composers. Schott. p. 243.
  15. William Henry Kautt; William Kautt (1999). The Anglo-Irish War, 1916-1921: A People's War. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-275-96311-8.
  16. The Crisis Publishing Company, Inc. (November 1980). The Crisis. The Crisis Publishing Company, Inc. p. 399.
  17. "Robert A. Millikan - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org.
  18. Frank Marshall Borras (1967). Maxim Gorky, the Writer: An Interpretation. Oxford. p. ix.
  19. E. J. Freeman (1995). Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac. University of Glasgow French and German Publications. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-85261-467-9.
  20. Laura Paola Pellegrini (April 27, 2012). Le Fantôme de l'Opéra by Gaston Leroux: The novel's evolution and its theatrical and cinematic adaptations in the twentieth century. LED Edizioni Universitarie. p. 20. ISBN 978-88-7916-584-6.
  21. Alexander Wasil Benko (1991). Emperor Alexander the First of Russia: A Sketch. A.W. Benko. p. 88.
  22. Robert Falcon Scott. In the Hands of a Child. p. 7.
  23. Douglas Percy Bliss (1978). Charles Rennie Mackintosh and Glasgow School of Art: Furniture in the School Collection. The School. p. 7.
  24. Von Engel, A. (1957). "John Sealy Edward Townsend. 1868-1957". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 3: 256–272. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1957.0018.
  25. Rous, P. (1947). "Karl Landsteiner. 1868–1943". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 5 (15): 294–324. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1947.0002. JSTOR 769085. S2CID 161789667.
  26. Lamb, Gregory M. (July 5, 2005). "Before computers, there were these humans..." Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
  27. Alan Myers (1995). Myers' Literary Guide: The North East. Mid Northumberland Arts Group. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-85754-199-1.
  28. Nicholas Martin; Jasper Rees (May 5, 2016). Florence Foster Jenkins. Pan Macmillan. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-5098-2469-4.
  29. Paul Claudel (1964). The Correspondence, 1899-1926, Between Paul Claudel and André Gide. Beacon Press. p. 242.
  30. Livro de Registo de Baptismos 1869 (folha 15 v.), Paróquia de Santa Maria do Castelo, Tavira - Arquivo Distrital de Faro
  31. Born, Max, Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld, 1868–1951, Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society Volume 8, Number 21, pp. 274–296 (1952)
  32. Goran, Morris (1967). The Story of Fritz Haber. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-8061-0756-1. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
  33. Eleanor H Porter (September 2018). Pollyanna : Om Illustrated Classics. Om Books International. p. 117. ISBN 978-93-80070-87-2.
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  35. Gordon, Margaret Maria (1881). The home life of sir David Brewster. D. Douglas. pp. 231–236. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
  36. John Guy Porter; Patrick Moore (1967). Yearbook of Astronomy. W. W. Norton. p. 47.
  37. William Harbutt Dawson (1888). German Socialism and Ferdinand Lassalle: A Biographical History of German Socialistic Movements During this Century. S. Sonnenschein. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-598-44389-2.
  38. BBC Music Magazine. BBC Magazines. 2000. p. 45.
  39. Edwin Legrand Sabin (January 1, 1935). Kit Carson Days, 1809-1868: Adventures in the Path of Empire. U of Nebraska Press. p. 800. ISBN 0-8032-9238-4.
  40. The Statistician and Economist: 1st-23d Issue 1876-1905/06. L.P. McCarty. 1876. p. 133.
  41. Franceschetti, Donald (1999). Biographical encyclopedia of mathematicians. New York: Marshall Cavendish. p. 377. ISBN 9780761470717.
  42. Edward Ledger (1874). The Era Almanack, Dramatic & Musical. Era. p. 2.
  43. Day, Lance (1996). Biographical dictionary of the history of technology. London New York: Routledge. p. 1345. ISBN 9781134650194.
  • "American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1868". American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year. New York: D. Appleton and Company. 8: 14 v. 1871. hdl:2027/coo.31924106392040. + via Google Books
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