1778
1778 (MDCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1778th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 778th year of the 2nd millennium, the 78th year of the 18th century, and the 9th year of the 1770s decade. As of the start of 1778, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
| 1778 by topic |
|---|
| Arts and science |
|
| Countries |
|
| Lists of leaders |
|
| Birth and death categories |
|
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
|
| Works category |
|
| Gregorian calendar | 1778 MDCCLXXVIII |
| Ab urbe condita | 2531 |
| Armenian calendar | 1227 ԹՎ ՌՄԻԷ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6528 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1699–1700 |
| Bengali calendar | 1185 |
| Berber calendar | 2728 |
| British Regnal year | 18 Geo. 3 – 19 Geo. 3 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2322 |
| Burmese calendar | 1140 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7286–7287 |
| Chinese calendar | 丁酉年 (Fire Rooster) 4474 or 4414 — to — 戊戌年 (Earth Dog) 4475 or 4415 |
| Coptic calendar | 1494–1495 |
| Discordian calendar | 2944 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1770–1771 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5538–5539 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1834–1835 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1699–1700 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4878–4879 |
| Holocene calendar | 11778 |
| Igbo calendar | 778–779 |
| Iranian calendar | 1156–1157 |
| Islamic calendar | 1191–1192 |
| Japanese calendar | An'ei 7 (安永７年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1703–1704 |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 11 days |
| Korean calendar | 4111 |
| Minguo calendar | 134 before ROC 民前134年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 310 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2320–2321 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阴火鸡年 (female Fire-Rooster) 1904 or 1523 or 751 — to — 阳土狗年 (male Earth-Dog) 1905 or 1524 or 752 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1778.
June 28: Battle of Monmouth
Events
January–March
- January 18 – Third voyage of James Cook: Captain James Cook, with ships HMS Resolution and HMS Discovery, first views Oahu then Kauai in the Hawaiian Islands of the Pacific Ocean, which he names the Sandwich Islands.
- February 5 –
- South Carolina becomes the first state to ratify the Articles of Confederation.
- General John Cadwalader shoots and seriously wounds Major General Thomas Conway in a duel after a dispute between the two officers over Conway's continued criticism of General George Washington's leadership of the Continental Army.[1]
- February 6 – American Revolutionary War – In Paris, the Treaty of Alliance and the Treaty of Amity and Commerce are signed by the United States and France, signaling official French recognition of the new republic.
- February 23 – American Revolutionary War – Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben arrives at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania and begins to train the American troops.
- March 6–October 24 – Captain Cook explores and maps the Pacific Northwest coast of North America, from Cape Foulweather (Oregon) to the Bering Strait.
- March 10 – American Revolutionary War – George Washington approves the dishonorable discharge of Lieutenant Frederick Gotthold Enslin, for "attempting to commit sodomy, with John Monhort a soldier".
April–June
- April 7 – Former British Prime Minister William Pitt, delivers his last speech to Parliament, and speaks to the House of Lords "passionately but incoherently against the granting of independence" to the American colonies, but collapses during the debate, and dies five weeks later.[2]
- April 12 – King George III appoints the five-member Carlisle Peace Commission to present peace terms to negotiate an end to the rebellion of Britain's 13 American colonies.[3]
- April 30 – The 1,800 feet (550 m) long Hudson River Chain, designed to prevent British ships from moving up the river toward West Point, New York is stretched across the river and anchored by an engineering team under the direction of Captain Thomas Machin.[4]
- May 12 – Heinrich XI, Prince Reuss of Greiz is elevated to Prince of the Principality of Reuss-Greiz by Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor – it is during Heinrich XI's rule in 1778, that the first appearance of the national colors of modern Germany are present on a flag that closely resembles the modern Flag of Germany, to occur anywhere within what today comprises Germany.
- May 30 – Benedict Arnold signs the U.S. Oath of Allegiance at Valley Forge.[5]
- June 24 – A total solar eclipse takes place across parts of North America, from Texas to Virginia.
- June 28 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Monmouth: George Washington's Continental Army battles British general Sir Henry Clinton's army to a draw, near Monmouth County, New Jersey.
- June – The Anglo-French War (1778–83) begins.
July–September
- July 3 – American Revolutionary War – The Battle of Wyoming takes place near Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, ending in a terrible defeat for the local colonists.[6]
- July 4 – American Revolutionary War – George Rogers Clark takes Kaskaskia.
- July 10 – Louis XVI of France declares war on the Kingdom of Great Britain.
- July 27 – American Revolutionary War – First Battle of Ushant – British and French fleets fight to a standoff.
- August 3 – The La Scala Opera House opens in Milan, with the première of Antonio Salieri's Europa riconosciuta.
- August 26 – Triglav, at 2,864 metres (9,396 ft) above sea level the highest peak of Slovenia, is ascended for the first time by four men: Luka Korošec, Matevž Kos, Štefan Rožič, and Lovrenc Willomitzer, on Sigmund Zois' initiative.
- August 29 – American Revolutionary War – The tactically inconclusive Battle of Rhode Island takes place, after which the Continental Army abandons its position on Aquidneck Island.
- September – The Massachusetts Banishment Act, providing punishment for Loyalists, is passed.
- September 7 – American Revolutionary War – Invasion of Dominica: The French capture the British fort there, before the latter is aware that France has entered the war in the Franco-American alliance.
- September 17 – The Treaty of Fort Pitt is signed, the first formal treaty between the United States and a Native American tribe (the Lenape or Delaware).
- September 19 – The Continental Congress passes the first budget of the United States.
October–December
- October 12 – The Continental Congress advises the 13 member states to suppress "theatrical entertainments, horse-racing, gaming, and such other diversions as are productive of idleness, dissipation, and general depravity of principles and manners."[1]
- November 11 – American Revolutionary War: Cherry Valley massacre – British forces and their Iroquois allies attack a fort and the village of Cherry Valley, New York, killing 14 soldiers and 30 civilians.
- November 26
- In the Hawaiian Islands, Captain James Cook becomes the first European to land on Maui.
- New Jersey becomes the second state to agree to the Articles of Confederation.[1]
- December 10 – John Jay of New York is chosen as the sixth President of the Continental Congress.[1]
Undated
- The first settlement is made in the area of what is now Louisville, Kentucky, by 13 families under Colonel George Rogers Clark.
- Phillips Academy is founded by Samuel Phillips Jr.
- The term thoroughbred is first used in the United States, in an advertisement in a Kentucky gazette, to describe a New Jersey stallion called Pilgarlick.
- Thomas Kitchin's The Present State of the West-Indies: Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe is published in London.[7]
- The city of Ulaanbaatar was settled at its present location, having functioned as a mobile monastic settlement since 1639.
Births
January–April
- January 1
- January 3 – Antoni Melchior Fijałkowski, Polish Catholic bishop (d. 1861)
- January 4
- January 5 – Charles-Guillaume Étienne, French writer (d. 1845)
Thomas Lincoln
- January 6 – Thomas Lincoln, Farmer, Carpenter (d. 1851)
- January 7 – Anthony Todd Thomson, British dermatologist (d. 1849)
- January 9 – Thomas Brown, Scottish metaphysician (d. 1820)
- January 10 – Teodoro Sánchez de Bustamante, Argentine politician (d. 1851)
- January 11 – Agathon Jean François Fain, French historian (d. 1837)
- January 12 – William Herbert, British politician (d. 1847)
- January 13 – Sir Isaac Goldsmid, 1st Baronet, British financier and one of the leading figures in the Jewish emancipation in the United Kingdom (d. 1859)
- January 15 – Joseph Adamy, Nassauian politician (d. 1849)
- January 16
- January 17
- January 18 – George Bellas Greenough, British geologist (d. 1855)
- January 20 – Louis Antoine François Baillon, French naturalist, collector (d. 1855)
- January 21 – Jeremiah O'Brien, American politician (d. 1858)
- January 23 – Alire Raffeneau Delile, French botanist (d. 1850)
- January 24 – Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, England (d. 1820)
- January 25 – Matsudaira Norihiro, Japanese daimyō who ruled the Nishio Domain (d. 1839)
- January 26
- January 27
- January 28 – James Tallmadge, Jr., American politician (d. 1853)
- January 29 – John Williams, Tennessee politician (d. 1837)
- January 31 – Franz Anton von Kolowrat-Liebsteinsky, Austrian statesman (d. 1861)
- February 1 – Joseph Richardson, American politician (d. 1871)
- February 2 – Mary Anne Talbot, British wartime cross-dresser (d. 1808)
- February 3
- February 4 – Augustin Pyramus de Candolle, Swiss botanist (d. 1841)
- February 5 – Jan Nepomucen Umiński, Polish general (d. 1851)
- February 6 – Ugo Foscolo, Italian writer, revolutionary and poet (d. 1827)[8]
- February 13 – William P. Van Ness, United States federal judge (d. 1826)
- February 14 – Fernando Sor, Spanish musician (d. 1839)
- February 16
- February 19
- February 22
- February 25 – José de San Martín, Argentine general (d. 1850)
- March 1
- March 2
- March 3
- March 4
- Sir Henry Bunbury, 7th Baronet, British Army general (d. 1860)
- Robert Emmet, Irish rebel (d. 1803)
- Florestano Pepe, Italian general (d. 1851)
- March 6
- March 8 – Jean-Toussaint Arrighi de Casanova, French soldier, diplomat (d. 1853)
- March 10
- Hugh Hornby Birley, leading Manchester Tory, reputed to have led the fatal charge of the Manchester and Salford Yeomanry, at the Peterloo Massacre (d. 1845)
- Anthony Van Egmond, Canadian rebel (d. 1838)
- March 19 – Edward Pakenham, Irish-born British general (d. 1815)
- March 22
- March 23 – Paul Traugott Meissner, Austrian chemist (d. 1864)
- March 24
- March 25 – Sophie Blanchard, French aeronaut (d. 1819)
- March 26 – Edward Blakeney, British Army officer (d. 1868)
- March 28 – Ludvig Stoud Platou, Norwegian politician (d. 1833)
- March 30 – Robert Moore, American politician (d. 1831)
- March 31 – Coenraad Jacob Temminck, Dutch zoologist (d. 1858)
- April 1 – Benjamin Jacob, British musician (d. 1829)
- April 3 – Pierre Bretonneau, French physician (d. 1862)
- April 7 – John J. Ely, Member of the New Jersey General Assembly (d. 1852)
- April 9
.jpg.webp)
William Hazlitt
- April 10
- April 12 – John Strachan, Bishop of Toronto (d. 1867)
- April 14 – George Philipp Ludolf von Beckedorff, prominent Prussian Catholic convert, parliamentarian (d. 1858)
- April 15
- April 18
- April 19 – Elizabeth Wynne Fremantle, main author of the extensive Wynne Diaries, wife of Royal Navy officer Thomas Fremantle (1765–1819) (d. 1857)
- April 23 – John Harvey, British Army general (d. 1852)
- April 24 – John Graham, soldier notable for founding Grahamstown (d. 1821)
- April 27 – Henry Drury, English educator (d. 1841)
- April 28 – Adriaan van der Hoop, Dutch banker, politician (d. 1854)
- April 29 – Thomas Bateman, British physician, pioneer in the field of dermatology (d. 1821)
- April 30 – Arvid David Hummel, Swedish entomologist (d. 1836)
May–August
- May 2 – Nathan Bangs, American Methodist theologian (d. 1862)
- May 3 – Samuel Freeze, Canadian politician (d. 1844)
- May 6 – Henry Phillpotts, English bishop (d. 1869)
- May 8 – Marie-Louise Coidavid, Queen of the Kingdom of Haiti (1811–20) as the spouse of Henri I of Haiti (d. 1851)
- May 9 – Eli Ayers, Liberian politician (d. 1822)
- May 10 – William Ladd, American activist (d. 1841)
- May 12
- May 13 – Honoré V, Prince of Monaco (d. 1841)
- May 17 – Benjamin Bowring, English watchmaker (d. 1846)
- May 18
- May 19
- May 25 – Claus Harms, German clergyman, theologian (d. 1855)
- May 29 – Charles Kemeys Kemeys Tynte, British politician (d. 1860)
- May 30 – Richard Skinner, American politician (d. 1833)
- May 31 – Horatio Seymour, American politician (d. 1857)
- June 2 – Jean Julien Angot des Rotours, French colonial governor (d. 1844)
- June 4 – Martin Parmer, American politician (d. 1850)
- June 6 – Edmund Varney, American politician (d. 1847)
- June 7 – David Willson, Canadian Quaker minister (d. 1866)
- June 11 – John Robison, British inventor (d. 1843)
- June 13 – Frederick Louis, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (d. 1819)
- June 14 – John Cushing Aylwin, United States naval officer (War of 1812) (d. 1813)
Harry Croswell
- June 16
- June 17
- June 19 – Robert Allen, Tennessee politician (d. 1844)
- June 20 – Jean Baptiste Gay, vicomte de Martignac, moderate royalist French statesman, during the Bourbon Restoration (1814–30) under King Charles X (d. 1832)
- June 22 – George Percy, 5th Duke of Northumberland, British politician (d. 1867)
- June 23 – Richard W. Meade, American merchant and art collector (d. 1828)
- June 26 – Mariya Svistunova, lady-in-waiting at the Russian Court (d. 1866)
- June 27 – Sir John Astley, 1st Baronet, British politician (d. 1842)
- June 28
- July 2 – Daniel Wilson, Bishop of Calcutta (d. 1858)
- July 3 – Carl Ludvig Engel, German architect (d. 1840)
- July 6 – Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent, French scientist (d. 1846)
- July 7 – Beau Brummell, English man of fashion (d. 1840)[11]
- July 10
- July 11 – Timothy Fuller, American politician (d. 1835)
- July 12 – Maria Dalle Donne, Bolognese physician (d. 1842)
- July 13 – Samuel Stevens, Jr., American politician (d. 1860)
- July 15
- July 17 – Benjamin Isaacs, Connecticut politician (d. 1846)
- July 19
- July 20 – Joshua Tetley, British brewer (d. 1859)
- July 28 – Charles Stewart, American naval commander (d. 1869)
- July 30
- August 2 – Georg Anton Rollett, Austrian naturalist (d. 1842)
- August 5 – Otto Christian Blandow, German bryologist (d. 1810)
- August 8 – John Bonfoy Rooper, British landowner, MP (d. 1855)
Friedrich Ludwig Jahn
September–December
- September 2 – Louis Bonaparte, sibling of Napoleon Bonaparte I, French army general, King of Holland (d. 1846)[13]
- September 7 – José Bernardo Sánchez, Spanish missionary (d. 1833)
- September 8 – George Heneage Lawrence Dundas, British Royal Navy admiral (d. 1834)
Clemens Brentano
- September 9 – Clemens Brentano, German poet, novelist (d. 1842)[14]
- September 10 – Joshua Lawrence, American Baptist minister (d. 1843)
- September 12 – William Davidson, American politician (d. 1857)
- September 14
- September 15 – Augustin Caron, Canadian politician (d. 1862)
- September 19
- September 20
- James Mann, 5th Earl Cornwallis of Great Britain (d. 1852)
- Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, Russian admiral (d. 1852)
- September 21 – Carl Ludwig Koch, German entomologist (d. 1857)
- September 24 – Michał Gedeon Radziwiłł, Polish-Lithuanian noble (d. 1850)
- September 25
- September 26 – Jonathan Fisk, American politician (d. 1832)
- September 27
- September 28
- September 29
- October 5
- October 7
- October 8 – Hyacinthe-Louis de Quélen, French Catholic bishop (d. 1839)
- October 9
- October 13 – William Marks, American politician (d. 1858)
- October 14 – Francis Fane, British Royal Navy admiral (d. 1844)
- October 19 – Valentine Blacker, Irish-born Surveyor General of India (d. 1826)
- October 22 – Javier de Burgos, Spanish writer, politician and jurist (d. 1849)[15]
- October 23 – Kittur Chennamma, Indian queen regnant (d. 1829)
- October 26 – Charles Grant, 1st Baron Glenelg, British politician (d. 1866)
- October 28 – Ezekiel Blomfield, British minister (d. 1818)
- October 29 – William Creighton, Jr., United States federal judge (d. 1851)
- October 30 – Benjamin Ames, American politician (d. 1835)
- October 31
- November 1
- James R. Caldwell, United States Navy officer (d. 1804)
- Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden, King of Sweden (d. 1837)
- November 3 – Karlo Lanza, Dalmatian politician (d. 1834)
Giovanni Battista Belzoni
- November 5
- November 8 – Joseph Signay, Canadian Catholic bishop (d. 1850)
- November 11 – Nils Astrup, Norwegian politician (d. 1835)
- November 14
- Heinrich Gottlieb Tzschirner, German theologian (d. 1828)
- Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Austrian composer, virtuoso pianist (d. 1837)
- November 15
- November 16 – Johann Joseph von Prechtl, Austrian technologist (d. 1854)
- November 18 – Lord William Stuart, British politician (d. 1814)
- November 19 – Charles de Salaberry, Canadian politician (d. 1829)
- November 21
- November 22 – Aurora Wilhelmina Koskull, Swedish lady-in-waiting, politically active salonist (d. 1852)
- November 23
- November 24 – Salusbury Pryce Humphreys, British Royal Navy officer during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, and the War of 1812 (d. 1845)
- November 25
- November 26
- November 28
- November 29 – Hryhorii Kvitka-Osnovianenko, Ukrainian writer, journalist, and playwright (d. 1843)[16]
- November 30 – Andrés Guazurary, Argentine general (d. 1825)
- December 6 – Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, French chemist (d. 1850)
- December 7 – Franz Naegele, German obstetrician (d. 1851)
- December 9 – Vicente González Moreno, Spanish general (d. 1839)
- December 10 – Antonio Francesco Orioli, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1852)
- December 13
- December 15
- December 16
- December 17
- Humphry Davy, English physicist, chemist (d. 1829)[17]
- William Munroe, American cabinet maker (d. 1861)
- Juan Martín de Veramendi, Governor of Mexican Texas (d. 1833)
Joseph Grimaldi
- December 18 – Joseph Grimaldi, English actor and comedian (d. 1837)[18]
- December 19 – Marie Thérèse of France, eldest child of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette (d. 1851)
- December 20 – Thomas P. Grosvenor, American politician (d. 1817)
- December 21 – Anders Sandøe Ørsted, Danish politician (d. 1860)
- December 22 – James Haldane Stewart, British priest (d. 1854)
- December 23 – François de Robiano, Belgian politician (d. 1836)
- December 24
- December 25 – Caleb Atwater, American politician (d. 1867)
- December 27 – Antoine François Eugène Merlin, French general (d. 1854)
- December 28
- December 29
Deaths
- January 10 – Carl Linnaeus, Swedish botanist (b. 1707)
- February 18 – Joseph Marie Terray, French statesman (b. 1715)
- February 20 – Laura Bassi, Italian physicist and academic (b. 1711)
- February 27 – Alexander Murray of Elibank, fourth son of Alexander Murray (b. 1712)
- March 5 – Thomas Arne, English composer of Rule, Britannia! (b. 1710)
- March 7 – Charles De Geer, Swedish industrialist and entomologist (b. 1720)
- March 13 – Charles le Beau, French historian (b. 1701)
- April 8 – Pieter Teyler van der Hulst, Dutch businessman (b. 1702)
- April 22 – James Hargreaves, English weaver, carpenter, and inventor (b. 1720)
- May 8 – Lorenz Christoph Mizler, German music historian, polymath (b. 1711)
- May 11 – William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham, Prime Minister of Great Britain (b. 1708)
- May 12 – Paul-Joseph Le Moyne de Longueuil, seigneur and colonial army officer in New France, governor of Trois-Rivières (b. 1701)
- May 16 – Robert Darcy, 4th Earl of Holderness, English diplomat and politician (b. 1718)
_-001.jpg.webp)
- May 30
- June 12 – Philip Livingston, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1716)
- June 16 – Konrad Ekhof, German actor (b. 1720)
- June 19 – Francesca Cuzzoni, Italian operatic soprano (b. 1696)
- June 24 – Pieter Burman the Younger, Dutch philologist (b. 1714)
.jpg.webp)
- July 3
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Swiss philosopher (b. 1712)[21]
- Bathsheba Spooner, American murderer (b. c. 1746)
- July 3 – Anna Maria Mozart, Austrian mother to the Mozarts (b. 1720)
- July 4 – Ebenezer Kinnersley, American scientist (b. 1711)
- August 5 – Charles Clémencet, French historian (b. 1703)
- August 7 – Sir Thomas Cave, 5th Baronet of England (b. 1712)
- August 12 – Peregrine Bertie, 3rd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, British general, politician (b. 1714)
- October 1 – Washington Shirley, 5th Earl Ferrers, British Royal Navy admiral (b. 1722)
- October 6 – George Hay, British politician (b. 1715)
- October 11 – Saliha Sultan, daughter of Ottoman Sultan (b. 1715)
- October 24 – Henry Ernest of Stolberg-Wernigerode, German politician, provost and author (b. 1716)
- November 9
- November 11 – Anne Steele, English hymnwriter and essayist (b. 1717)[23]
- November 20 – Francesco Cetti, Italian Jesuit scientist (b. 1726)
- December 26 – Pedro Antonio de Cevallos, Spanish military Governor of Buenos Aires (1757–1766) (b. 1715)
- December 30 – Constantine, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg (b. 1716)
- date unknown – Thomas Johnson, English furniture maker (b. 1714)
References
- Harper's Encyclopaedia of United States History from 458 A. D. to 1909, ed. by Benson John Lossing and, Woodrow Wilson (Harper & Brothers, 1910) p166
- "Pitt, William (The Elder; Ear of Chatham)", by Philip Woodfine, in British Political Leaders: A Biographical Dictionary, ed. by Keith Laybourn (ABC-CLIO, 2001) p264
- Barry Alan Shain, The Declaration of Independence in Historical Context (Yale University Press, 2014) p657
- Raymond C. Houghton, A Revolutionary War Road Trip on US Route 9 (Cyber Haus, 2003) pp37-38
- "Benedict Arnold".
- Harrison Wick; Luzerne Country Historical Society (2011). Luzerne County. Arcadia Publishing. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-7385-7378-6.
- "The Present State of the West-Indies: Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe". World Digital Library. 1778. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
- Francesco Flamini (1907). A History of Italian Literature (1265-1907). National Alumni. p. 306.
- Carol Eaton Hevner; Rembrandt Peale (1985). Rembrandt Peale, 1778-1860, a Life in the Arts: An Exhibition at The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, February 22, 1985 to June 28, 1985. Historical Society of Pennsylvania. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-910732-19-2.
- Alexander IRELAND (1868). List of the writings of William Hazlitt and Leigh Hunt, chronologically arranged, with notes ... p. 46.
- Chase's Calendar of Events 2019: The Ultimate Go-to Guide for Special Days, Weeks and Months. Rowman & Littlefield. September 30, 2018. p. 312. ISBN 978-1-64143-264-1.
- Jay Kinsbruner (1968). Bernardo O'Higgins. Twayne Publishers. p. 21.
- Scholastic Library Publishing (2006). Encyclopedia Americana. Scholastic Library Pub. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-7172-0139-6.
- Scholastic Library Publishing (2006). Encyclopedia Americana. Scholastic Library Pub. p. 505. ISBN 978-0-7172-0139-6.
- The Men of the Time: Or, Sketches of Living Notables ... Redfield. 1852. p. 72.
- Ivan Katchanovski; Zenon E. Kohut; Bohdan Y. Nebesio; Myroslav Yurkevich (July 11, 2013). Historical Dictionary of Ukraine. Scarecrow Press. p. 298. ISBN 978-0-8108-7847-1.
- John Ayrton Paris (June 2, 2011). The Life of Sir Humphry Davy. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-108-07318-9.
- Albert Edward Wilson (1946). Pantomime Pageant: A Procession of Harlequins, Clowns, Comedians, Principal Boys, Pantomime-writers, Producers and Playgoers. S. Paul & Company Limited. p. 21.
- "¿Sabes quién fué José de la Borda Sánchez?" [Do you know who José de la Borda Sánchez was?] (in Spanish). Mineria en Linea. November 21, 2018. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
- Peter Gay, The Enlightenment – An Interpretation, Volume 2: The Science of Freedom, Wildwood House, London, 1973, pp. 88–89.
- Charles Henry Dobinson (1969). Jean-Jacques Rousseau: His Thought and Its Relevance Today. Methuen. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-416-15210-4.
- Benjamin Burges Moore (1962). Giovanni Battista Piranesi. p. 26.
- Robert J. Morgan (October 2010). Near to the Heart of God: Meditations on 366 Best-Loved Hymns. Revell. p. 324. ISBN 978-0-8007-3395-7.
Further reading
- John Blair; J. Willoughby Rosse (1856). "1778". Blair's Chronological Tables. London: H.G. Bohn. hdl:2027/loc.ark:/13960/t6349vh5n – via Hathi Trust.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.