1866

1866 (MDCCCLXVI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1866th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 866th year of the 2nd millennium, the 66th year of the 19th century, and the 7th year of the 1860s decade. As of the start of 1866, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
1866 in topic
Humanities
Archaeology – Architecture – Art
Film - Literature – Music - (jazz)
By country
Australia – Belgium – Brazil – Bulgaria – Canada – Denmark – France – Germany – Mexico – New Zealand – Norway – Philippines – Portugal – Russia – South Africa – Spain – Sweden – United Kingdom – United States – Venezuela
Other topics
Rail transport – Science – Sports
Lists of leaders
Sovereign states – State leaders – Territorial governors – Religious leaders
Birth and death categories
Births – Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments – Disestablishments
Works category
Works
1866 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1866
MDCCCLXVI
Ab urbe condita2619
Armenian calendar1315
ԹՎ ՌՅԺԵ
Assyrian calendar6616
Baháʼí calendar22–23
Balinese saka calendar1787–1788
Bengali calendar1273
Berber calendar2816
British Regnal year29 Vict. 1 – 30 Vict. 1
Buddhist calendar2410
Burmese calendar1228
Byzantine calendar7374–7375
Chinese calendar乙丑年 (Wood Ox)
4562 or 4502
    — to —
丙寅年 (Fire Tiger)
4563 or 4503
Coptic calendar1582–1583
Discordian calendar3032
Ethiopian calendar1858–1859
Hebrew calendar5626–5627
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1922–1923
 - Shaka Samvat1787–1788
 - Kali Yuga4966–4967
Holocene calendar11866
Igbo calendar866–867
Iranian calendar1244–1245
Islamic calendar1282–1283
Japanese calendarKeiō 2
(慶応２年)
Javanese calendar1794–1795
Julian calendarGregorian minus 12 days
Korean calendar4199
Minguo calendar46 before ROC
民前46年
Nanakshahi calendar398
Thai solar calendar2408–2409
Tibetan calendar阴木牛年
(female Wood-Ox)
1992 or 1611 or 839
    — to —
阳火虎年
(male Fire-Tiger)
1993 or 1612 or 840
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1866.
June 20: Start of the Third Italian War of Independence
July 3: Battle of Königgrätz

Events

January–March
  • January 1
    • Fisk University, a historically black university, is established in Nashville, Tennessee.
    • The last issue of the abolitionist magazine The Liberator is published.
  • January 6 – Ottoman troops clash with supporters of Maronite leader Youssef Bey Karam,[1] at St. Doumit in Lebanon; the Ottomans are defeated.
  • January 12
    • The Royal Aeronautical Society is formed as The Aeronautical Society of Great Britain in London, the world's oldest such society.
    • British auxiliary steamer SS London (1864) sinks in a storm in the Bay of Biscay, on passage from the Thames to Australia, with the loss of 244 people, and only 19 survivors.
  • January 18 – Wesley College, Melbourne, is established.
  • January 26 – Volcanic eruption in the Santorini caldera begins.
  • February 7 – Battle of Abtao: A Spanish naval squadron fights a combined Peruvian-Chilean fleet, at the island of Abtao, in the Chiloé Archipelago of southern Chile.
  • February 13 – The first daylight bank robbery in United States history during peacetime takes place in Liberty, Missouri. This is considered to be the first robbery committed by Jesse James and his gang, although James's role is disputed.
  • February 26 – The Calaveras Skull is discovered in California. Purported to be evidence of humans in North America during the Pliocene epoch, it turns out to be a hoax.
  • February 28 – The month concludes without having a full moon.
  • March 13 – The United States Congress overwhelmingly passes the Civil Rights Act of 1866, the first federal legislation to protect the rights of African-Americans; U.S. President Andrew Johnson vetoes the bill on March 27, and Congress overrides the veto on April 9.[2]
  • March 31 – A total lunar eclipse occurs.

April–June
May 16: U.S. nickel coin approved.
  • May 10 – London bank Overend, Gurney and Company collapses, precipitating Panic of 1866.
  • May 16 – The United States Congress approves the minting of a nickel 5-cent coin (nickel), eliminating its predecessor, the half dime.
  • May 24 – Battle of Tuyutí: 32,000 soldiers of the Triple Alliance defeat 24,000 Paraguayan soldiers few miles north of the Paraná, Argentina, in the Paraguayan War, with 16,000 casualties.
  • May 26 – First production of the comic opera Cox and Box by F. C. Burnand and Arthur Sullivan at Moray Lodge, Kensington
  • May 30 – Bedrich Smetana's comic opera The Bartered Bride premiered in Prague.[3]
  • June 2 – Fenian forces skirmish with Canadian militia at the battles of Ridgeway and Fort Erie.
  • June 5 – Calculations indicate Pluto (not known at this time) reaches its only aphelion (furthest point from the Sun) between 1618 and August 2113.
  • June 8 – The Parliament of Canada meets for the first time in Ottawa.
  • June 11 – The Agra High Court is established (later shifted to the Allahabad High Court).
  • June 14 – The Austro-Prussian War begins when the Austrians and most of the medium German states declare war on Prussia.
  • June 20 – The Kingdom of Italy declares war on Austria.
  • June 22 – In Sweden, the Riksdag of the Estates votes to replace itself by an elected two-chamber Riksdag.
  • June 27–29 – Battle of Langensalza: The Prussians defeat the Hanoverian army.

July–September
July 27: Atlantic Cable completed
  • July 27 – The SS Great Eastern successfully completes laying the transatlantic telegraph cable between Valentia Island, Ireland, and Heart's Content, Newfoundland, permanently restoring a communications link.
  • July 28 – The Metric Act of 1866 becomes law and legalizes the standardization of weights and measures in the United States.
  • August 23 – The Treaty of Prague ends the Austro-Prussian War. The Duchy of Limburg leaves the German Confederation.
  • September – The Great Tea Race of 1866 ends in London, narrowly won by the clipper ship Taeping.
  • September 22 – Paraguay successfully defends Curupayty against the Triple Alliance in the Paraguayan War, killing more than 5,000 while sustaining just about 50 casualties.

October–December
Alfred Nobel invents dynamite in 1866
  • October 12 – The Treaty of Vienna ends the war between Austria and Italy; it formalizes the annexation of Venetia by Italy.
  • October 14 – French troops under the command of Rear Admiral Pierre-Gustave Roze land at Ganghwa Island, Korea, as part of a punitive expedition against that kingdom for the execution of French Jesuit priests. It is the first military contact between Korea and a Western force.
  • October 22 – The office of State President of the South African Republic is created by constitutional amendment approved at a session of the Volksraad.[4]
  • November 7 – The Ruse–Varna railway line (the first railway in Bulgaria) officially opens.
  • December 12– Oaks explosion: The worst mining disaster in England kills 383 miners and rescuers.
  • December 18 – The College of Wooster is founded in Ohio.[5]

Date unknown
  • Federalist revolts occur in Argentina.
  • Alfred Nobel invents dynamite in Germany.
  • Foundation of the predecessors of Nestlé S.A., the Anglo-Swiss Milk Company and Farine Lactée Henri Nestlé.
  • The Minneapolis Milling Company, predecessor of General Mills, builds its own mills.
  • Marcus Jastrow arrives in the United States to become rabbi of Congregation Rodeph Shalom in Philadelphia.
  • The recommendations of the state Girls' School Committee of 1866 result in a series of progressive reforms in women's rights in Sweden.
  • The Famine of 1866–68 begins in Finland.
  • Erasmus Jacobs discovers the 21.25 carats (4.250 g) Eureka Diamond near Hopetown on the banks of the Orange River in the Cape of Good Hope.
  • Magirus Kommamditist, as predecessor of a major worldwide commercial vehicles manufacturing brand, Iveco, is founded in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

Births

January–March
Frank Tudor
Emilia Broomé
Matthew Charlton

April–June
Butch Cassidy
Anne Sullivan

July–September
H. G. Wells
La Goulue
Thomas Hunt Morgan
Wassily Kandinsky
  • July 6 – Charles Mangin, French general (d. 1925)
  • July 9 – Macklyn Arbuckle, American actor (d. 1931)
  • July 13 – La Goulue, French dancer (d. 1929)
  • July 25 – Frederick Blackman, English plant physiologist (d. 1947)
  • July 27 – António José de Almeida, 6th President of Portugal and 64th Prime Minister of Portugal (d. 1929)
  • July 28 – Beatrix Potter, English children's author (Peter Rabbit and Jemima Puddle-Duck) (d. 1943)
  • August 2 – Adrien de Gerlache, Belgian naval officer and explorer (d. 1934)
  • August 4 – Gheorghe Mărdărescu, Romanian general and politician (d. 1938)
  • August 6 – Chief Thunderbird, Native American actor (d. 1946)
  • August 8 – Matthew Henson, African-American explorer (d. 1955)
  • August 12 – Jacinto Benavente, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1954)
  • August 14 – Dmitry Merezhkovsky, Russian novelist, poet and religious thinker (d. 1941)
  • September 1

October–December
Sun Yat-sen
Ramsay MacDonald

Date unknown
  • William M. Dalton, American Old West outlaw (d. 1894)

Deaths

January–June
  • January (date unknown) – Thomas Baldwin Marsh, American religious leader (b. 1799)
  • January 16 – Phineas Quimby, American physician (b. 1802)
  • January 19 – Harriet Ludlow Clarke, British artist
  • January 23 – Thomas Love Peacock, English satirist (b. 1785)
  • January 31 – Friedrich Rückert, German poet, translator and professor of Oriental languages (b. 1788)
  • February 25 – Sarah Ann Gill, Barbadian national heroine (b. 1795)
  • March 4 – Alexander Campbell, Irish/U.S. founder of the Disciples of Christ (b. 1788)
  • March 6 – William Whewell, English scientist, philosopher and historian of science (b. 1794)
  • March 20 – Rikard Nordraak, Norwegian composer (b. 1842)
  • March 21 – Nadezhda Durova, first female Russian military officer (b. 1783)
  • March 24 – Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily, Queen of France (b. 1782)[7]
  • March 28 – Solomon Foot, American politician (b. 1802)
  • March 29 – John Keble, British churchman (b. 1792)
  • April 1 – Elizabeth Jesser Reid, English social reformer, founder of Bedford College (b. 1789)
  • April 4 – William Dick, founder of Edinburgh Veterinary College (b. 1793)
  • April 5 – Thomas Hodgkin, British physician (b. 1798)
  • April 7 – Johann Sedlatzek, German flautist (b. 1789)
  • April 12 – Peter Hesketh-Fleetwood, English Member of Parliament and developer (b. 1801)
  • May 13 – Nikolai Brashman, Russian mathematician of Czech origin (b. 1796)
  • May 29 – Winfield Scott, American general and presidential candidate (b. 1786)
  • June 7 – Chief Sealth, Native American for whom Seattle is named (b. c. 1786)
  • June 17 – Lewis Cass, American military officer, politician, and statesman (b. 1782)

July–December
Bernhard Riemann
  • July 20 – Bernhard Riemann, German mathematician (b. 1826)
  • July 25 – Floride Calhoun, Second Lady of the United States (b. 1792)
  • July 29 – Madame Clicquot Ponsardin, French champagne producer (b. 1777)
  • August 1 – John Ross, long-serving principal chief of the Cherokee Nation, of natural causes, in Washington D. C. (born 1790 in Cherokee Nation East).
  • August 6 – Christian Eric Fahlcrantz, Swedish writer (b. 1790)
  • August 20 – Maria De Mattias, Italian Catholic saint (b. 1805)
  • August 29 – Tokugawa Iemochi, 14th shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan (b. 1846)
  • September 4 – Theresa Pulszky, European author (b. 1819)
  • September 30 – Per Gustaf Svinhufvud af Qvalstad, Swedo-Finnish treasurer of Tavastia province, manor host, and paternal grandfather of President P. E. Svinhufvud (b. 1804)[8][9]
  • October 13 – Celadon Leeds Daboll, American merchant and inventor (b. 1818)
  • October 18 – Manuel Bulnes, Chilean general and politician, President of Chile (b. 1799)
  • November 11 – Agustín Jerónimo de Iturbide y Huarte, Prince Imperial of Mexico (b. 1807)
  • November 14 – King Miguel I of Portugal (b. 1802)
  • November 26 – Jean-Jacques Willmar, Luxembourg politician (b. 1792)
  • December 1 – George Everest, Welsh geodesist (b. 1790)
  • December 21 – William J. Fetterman, United States Army officer (b. 1835?)[10]
  • December 21 – Mercedes Marín del Solar, Chilean poet, reform educator (b. 1804)

Date unknown
  • Du Bois Agett, early settler of Western Australia (b. 1796)

References
  1. "Youssef KARAM, I b. May 1823 d. 7 Apr 1889: Ehden Family Tree". www.ehdenfamilytree.com. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
  2. "Civil Rights Act of 1866", in Encyclopedia of African American History, Volume 1, Leslie Alexander, ed. (ABC-CLIO, 2010) p699.
  3. Tyrrell, John. "The Bartered Bride (Prodaná nevěsta)". In Macy, Laura (ed.). Grove Music Online. (subscription required)
  4. Archontology.org: A Guide for Study of Historical Offices, South African Republic (Transvaal): Heads of State: 1857–1877 (Accessed on 14 April 2017)
  5. "Fast Facts". The College of Wooster. Archived from the original on April 19, 2013. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
  6. "James J. Corbett | American boxer". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved August 8, 2021.
  7. "Marie-Amélie de Bourbon | queen of France | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved September 6, 2022.
  8. Taulut: Peter Gustaf Svinhufvud af Qvalstad & Ulrica Charlotta von Kraemer (in Finnish)
  9. PEHR EVIND SVINHUFVUD (1861—1944), 1ST REGENT OF FINLAND (1918), 3RD PRESIDENT OF FINLAND (1931—1937)
  10. McDermott, John D. (Spring 1991). "Price of Arrogance: The Short and Controversial Life of William Judd Fetterman". Annals of Wyoming by Wyoming State Historical Society. 63 (2): 42–53.
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