1863

1863 (MDCCCLXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1863rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 863rd year of the 2nd millennium, the 63rd year of the 19th century, and the 4th year of the 1860s decade. As of the start of 1863, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
1863 in topic
Humanities
Archaeology – Architecture – Art
Film - Literature – Music - (jazz)
By country
Australia – Belgium – Brazil – Bulgaria – Canada – Denmark – France – Germany – Mexico – New Zealand – Norway – Philippines – Portugal – Russia – South Africa – Spain – Sweden – United Kingdom – United States – Venezuela
Other topics
Rail transport – Science – Sports
Lists of leaders
Sovereign states – State leaders – Territorial governors – Religious leaders
Birth and death categories
Births – Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments – Disestablishments
Works category
Works
1863 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1863
MDCCCLXIII
Ab urbe condita2616
Armenian calendar1312
ԹՎ ՌՅԺԲ
Assyrian calendar6613
Baháʼí calendar19–20
Balinese saka calendar1784–1785
Bengali calendar1270
Berber calendar2813
British Regnal year26 Vict. 1 – 27 Vict. 1
Buddhist calendar2407
Burmese calendar1225
Byzantine calendar7371–7372
Chinese calendar壬戌年 (Water Dog)
4559 or 4499
    — to —
癸亥年 (Water Pig)
4560 or 4500
Coptic calendar1579–1580
Discordian calendar3029
Ethiopian calendar1855–1856
Hebrew calendar5623–5624
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1919–1920
 - Shaka Samvat1784–1785
 - Kali Yuga4963–4964
Holocene calendar11863
Igbo calendar863–864
Iranian calendar1241–1242
Islamic calendar1279–1280
Japanese calendarBunkyū 3
(文久３年)
Javanese calendar1791–1792
Julian calendarGregorian minus 12 days
Korean calendar4196
Minguo calendar49 before ROC
民前49年
Nanakshahi calendar395
Thai solar calendar2405–2406
Tibetan calendar阳水狗年
(male Water-Dog)
1989 or 1608 or 836
    — to —
阴水猪年
(female Water-Pig)
1990 or 1609 or 837
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1863.

Events
January 8: First Transcontinental Railroad

January–March
  • January 1 – Abraham Lincoln signs the Emancipation Proclamation during the third year of the American Civil War, making the abolition of slavery in the Confederate states an official war goal. It proclaims the freedom of 3.1 million of the nation's four million slaves and immediately frees 50,000 of them, with the rest freed as Union armies advance.[1]
  • January 2 – Lucius Tar Painting Master Company (Teerfarbenfabrik Meirter Lucius), as predecessor of Hoechst, as chemical manufacturing brand on worldwide, founded in suburb Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
  • January 4 – The New Apostolic Church, a Christian and chiliastic church, is established in Hamburg, Germany.
  • January 7 – In the Swiss canton of Ticino, the village of Bedretto is partly destroyed and 29 killed, by an avalanche.[2]
  • January 8
    • The Yorkshire County Cricket Club is founded at the Adelphi Hotel, in Sheffield, England.
      Jan.11: Battle of Arkansas Post.
    • American Civil War – Second Battle of Springfield
  • January 10 – The first section of the London Underground Railway (Paddington to Farringdon Street) opens officially.[3]
  • January 11
    • American Civil War – Battle of Arkansas Post: General John McClernand and Admiral David Dixon Porter capture the Arkansas River for the Union.
    • In the Swiss Canton Ticino, the roof of the church of Sant'Antonio in Locarno collapses under the weight of snow, killing 47.[2]
  • January 15 – French intervention in Mexico: French forces bombard Veracruz.
  • January 21 – Adam Opel founds Opel AG.
  • January 22 – The January Uprising breaks out in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus. The aim of the national movement is to liberate the Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth from Russian occupation.
  • January 29 – American Indian Wars – Bear River Massacre: The United States Army, led by General Patrick Edward Connor, massacres Chief Bear Hunter and forces of the Shoshone, in the Idaho Territory.
  • January 31 – Jules Verne's first adventure novel, Five Weeks in a Balloon (Cinq semaines en ballon), is published in Paris.
February 7: HMS Orpheus sinks.

April–June
  • April 14 – The Treaty of Huế is signed between Vietnam and the French Empire.
  • April 17–May 2 – American Civil War – Grierson's Raid: Union cavalrymen are ambushed, while crossing the Tickfaw River in Mississippi.
  • April 20 – American Civil War: The Battle of Washington ends inconclusively in Beaufort County, North Carolina.
  • April 21
    • Ayyam-i butun: Bahá'u'lláh begins a 12-day stay in the Najibiyyih gardens, Baghdad (now known as the Garden of Ridván) during which he declares his station as He whom God shall make manifest. This date is celebrated in the Baháʼí Faith as the festival of Ridván.[6]
    • January Uprising: The Polish peasant army, now led by Zygmunt Sierakowski, achieves its first victory over the Russian army, near Raguva.
  • April 30 – Battle of Camarón in Mexico: 65 soldiers of the French Foreign Legion fight 2,000 Mexicans.
May 17: Manet's Le déjeuner sur l'herbe exhibited.
  • May 1–4 – American Civil War – Battle of Chancellorsville: General Robert E. Lee defeats Union forces with 13,000 Confederate casualties, among them Stonewall Jackson (fatally wounded by friendly fire), and 17,500 Union casualties.
  • May 8
    • The Granadine Confederation becomes the United States of Colombia, under President Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera.
    • January Uprising: The Polish insurgent army is defeated by the Russians near Gudiškis.
  • May 14 – American Civil War – Battle of Jackson, Mississippi: Union General Ulysses S. Grant defeats Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston, opening the way for the siege of Vicksburg.
  • May 17
    • After a 2-month siege, the French army of Bazaine takes Puebla, Mexico.
    • The opening of Salon des Refusés in Paris draws attention to paintings by avant-garde artists, notably Manet's Le Déjeuner sur l’herbe.
  • May 18 – American Civil War: The siege of Vicksburg begins (ends July 4, when 30,189 Confederate men surrender).
  • May 21
    • American Civil War: The siege of Port Hudson, Louisiana, by Union forces begins.
    • The General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists is formed in Battle Creek, Michigan.
  • May 23 – Ferdinand Lassalle founds the Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein (General German Workers' Association, ADAV), the first socialist workers party in Germany.
  • May 28 – American Civil War – The 54th Massachusetts, the first African-American regiment, leaves Boston to fight for the Union.
  • May 31 – The first Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe horse race is held.
  • June 7 – French intervention in Mexico: French forces enter Mexico City.
  • June 9 – American Civil War: The Battle of Brandy Station, Virginia, ends inconclusively.
  • June 12 – The Arts Club is founded by Charles Dickens, Frederic Leighton and others in Hanover Square, London.
  • June 13 – Samuel Butler's dystopian article "Darwin among the Machines" is published (under the pen name Cellarius) in The Press newspaper in Christchurch, New Zealand; it will be incorporated into his novel Erewhon (1872).
  • June 14 – American Civil War – Second Battle of Winchester: A Union garrison is defeated by the Army of Northern Virginia, in the Shenandoah Valley town of Winchester, Virginia.
  • June 17 – American Civil War: The Battle of Aldie in the Gettysburg Campaign ends inconclusively.
  • June 20 – West Virginia is admitted as the 35th U.S. state.

July–September
July: Battle of Gettysburg.

October–December
  • October 3 – U.S. President Abraham Lincoln proclaims a national Thanksgiving Day, to be celebrated on the final Thursday in November.
  • October 5 – The Brooklyn, Bath and Coney Island Rail Road starts operations in Brooklyn, New York; this is now the oldest right-of-way on the New York City Subway, the largest rapid transit system in the United States, and one of the largest in the world.
  • October 14 – American Civil War – Battle of Bristoe Station: Confederate General Robert E. Lee's forces fail to drive the Union army out of Virginia.
  • October 15 – American Civil War: The Confederate submarine H. L. Hunley sinks during a test, killing Horace Lawson Hunley (its inventor) and a crew of seven.[7]
  • October 26–29 – The Resolutions of the Geneva International Conference are signed by sixteen countries meeting in Geneva agreeing to form the International Red Cross.
    October: Red Cross
  • October 29 – American Civil War – Battle of Wauhatchie: Forces under Union General Ulysses S. Grant, having fought through the night, ward off a Confederate attack led by General James Longstreet. Union forces thus open a supply line into Chattanooga, Tennessee.[13]
  • November 4 – Hector Berlioz's opera Les Troyens is performed for the first time, at the Théâtre Lyrique in Paris.[14]
  • November 15 – King Christian IX of Denmark succeeds his distant cousin Frederick VII, giving rise to the beginning of the Second Schleswig-Holstein crisis.
  • November 16 – American Civil War – Battle of Campbell's Station: Near Knoxville, Tennessee, Confederate troops led by General James Longstreet unsuccessfully attack Union forces under General Ambrose Burnside.
  • November 17 – American Civil War – Siege of Knoxville: Confederate forces led by General James Longstreet place Knoxville, Tennessee, under siege (the two-week-long siege and an attack are unsuccessful).
  • November 18 – King Christian IX of Denmark signs the November Constitution, which declares Schleswig to be part of Denmark, regarded by the German Confederation as a violation of the London Protocol of 1852, leading to the German–Danish war of 1864.
  • November 19 – American Civil War: U. S. President Abraham Lincoln delivers the Gettysburg Address, at the military cemetery dedication ceremony in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
  • November 23 – American Civil War – Battle of Chattanooga III: Union forces led by General Ulysses S. Grant reinforce troops at Chattanooga, Tennessee, and counter-attack Confederate troops.
  • November 24 – American Civil War – Battle of Lookout Mountain: Near Chattanooga, Tennessee, Union forces under General Ulysses S. Grant capture Lookout Mountain, and begin to break the Confederate siege of the city, led by General Braxton Bragg.
  • November 25 – American Civil War – Battle of Missionary Ridge: At Missionary Ridge in Tennessee, Union forces led by General Ulysses S. Grant break the siege of Chattanooga, by routing Confederate troops under General Braxton Bragg.
  • November 26 – American Civil War – Mine Run: Union forces under General George Meade position against troops led by Confederate General Robert E. Lee (Meade's forces can not find any weaknesses in the Confederate lines, and give up trying after five days).
  • November 27 – American Civil War: Confederate cavalry leader John Hunt Morgan and several of his men escape the Ohio state prison, and return safely to the South.
  • December 1 – The first steam-operated passenger railway opens in New Zealand, at Christchurch in South Island.[15]
  • December 6 – C.S.A.C. Fides Quadrat Intellectum, the First Reformed student society, is founded at the Theologische Universiteit Kampen (Broederweg), in Kampen, the Netherlands.
  • December 8 – The Church of the Company Fire in Santiago, Chile, kills between 2,000 and 3,000 people.
  • December 15
    • Romania opens its first mountain railway (from Anina to Oravița).
    • Gerard Adriaan Heineken, 22, buys the brewery 'De Hooiberg' ("The Haystack") in Amsterdam.
  • December 19 – Linoleum is patented in the United Kingdom.[3]

Date unknown
  • The Second Anglo-Ashanti war begins.
  • Bartolomé Mitre secretly backs the revolt of Venancio Flores, against the Uruguayan Blanco government.
  • The Chōshū Five leave Japan secretly to study at University College London, which is part of the ending of sakoku.
  • Douglas becomes the capital of the Isle of Man, after its parliament (Tynwald) moves its chambers from Castletown.
  • The first outbreak of phylloxera on the European mainland is observed, in the vineyards of the southern Rhône region of France.
  • The recipe for the herbal liqueur Bénédictine is devised by Alexandre Le Grand in Fécamp, France.
  • Richard Owen publishes the first description of a fossilised bird, Archaeopteryx.[3]
  • The Winged Victory of Samothrace is found at Samothrace by Charles Champoiseau. Made c. 190 BC, it will be displayed in the Louvre, Paris.
  • Colmar Treasure is discovered

Births

January–March
Helen Dortch Longstreet

April–June
  • April 15 – Ida Freund, Austrian-born chemist and educator (d. 1914)
  • April 18 – Count Leopold Berchtold, Austro-Hungarian foreign minister (d. 1942)
  • April 20 – Helen Dortch Longstreet, American social advocate, librarian, and newspaper woman (d. 1962)
  • April 28 – Josiah Thomas, Australian politician (d. 1933)
  • April 29
  • May 18 – Ehrhard Schmidt, German admiral (d. 1946)
  • May 21 – Archduke Eugen of Austria, Austrian field marshal (d. 1954)
  • May 24 – George Grey Barnard, American sculptor (d. 1938)
  • May 29 – Arthur Mold, English cricketer (d. 1921)
  • June 2 – Felix Weingartner, Austrian conductor (d. 1942)
  • June 13 – Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon, English fashion designer (d. 1942)
  • June 17 – Charles Michael, Duke of Mecklenburg, head of the House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (d. 1934)

July–September
Hugo Winckler
Amélie Rives Troubetzkoy
Henry Ford
Carlos I of Portugal

October–December
Edvard Munch

Date unknown
  • Fanny Huntington Runnells Poole, American book reviewer (d. 1940)
  • Kate Tyrrell, Irish sailor, shipping company owner, captain of the Denbighshire Lass (d. 1921)
  • Ibrahim Ujani, Bengali qari and teacher (d. 1943)[17]

Deaths

January–June
Antonio Valero de Bernabé

July–December
Eugène Delacroix
Jacob Grimm

In fiction

References
  1. Foner, Eric (2010). The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery. New York: Norton. pp. 239–42. ISBN 978-0-393-06618-0.
  2. Resoconto del Comitato cantonale di Soccorso intorno ai sussidi raccolti e distribuiti pei danni cagionati dalle nevi nel gennaio 1863. Lugano: Tip. Cantonale. 1864.
  3. Everett, Jason M., ed. (2006). "1863". The People's Chronology. Thomson Gale.
  4. Boissier, Pierre (1985). History of the International Committee of the Red Cross. Volume I: From Solferino to Tsushima. Geneva: Henry Dunant Institute. ISBN 2-88044-012-2.
  5. Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
  6. Smith, Peter (2000). "Ridvan". A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp. 296–297. ISBN 1-85168-184-1.
  7. Chaffin, Tom (2008). The H. L. Hunley: the Secret Hope of the Confederacy. New York: Hill and Wang. ISBN 978-0-8090-9512-4.
  8. Letters Patent annexing the Northern Territory to South Australia, 1863 Archived June 1, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. National Archives of Australia.
  9. Olavi Junnila (1986). "Autonomian rakentaminen ja kansallisen nousun aika". Suomen historia 5 (in Finnish). Helsinki: Weilin + Göös. p. 151. ISBN 951-35-2494-9.
  10. Nolan, Daniel J. (2011). Clippers: the ships that shaped the world. Bray: Malbay Publishing. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-908726-00-1.
  11. IL: Keltaristilippumme! Suomen lipuksi oli tyrkyllä monenlaisia yritelmiä - katso kuvat (in Finnish)
  12. CommunicationSolutions/ISI, "Railroad — Western Railroad Company", North Carolina Business History, 2006, accessed 1 Feb 2010
  13. Cozzens, Peter. The Shipwreck of Their Hopes: The Battles for Chattanooga. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994. ISBN 0-252-01922-9. Page 100.
  14. Robert Ignatius Letellier (April 16, 2010). Opéra-Comique: A Sourcebook. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 139. ISBN 978-1-4438-2168-1.
  15. Marshall, John (1989). The Guinness Railway Book. Enfield: Guinness Books. ISBN 0-8511-2359-7. OCLC 24175552.
  16. "Pierre, baron de Coubertin | Biography, Olympics, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
  17. Nizampuri, Ashraf Ali (2013). The Hundred (Bangla Mayer Eksho Kritishontan) (1st ed.). Salman Publishers. p. 29. ISBN 112009250-7.
  18. "IGNACIO COMONFORT" (in Spanish). Presidency de la Republica de Mexico. Archived from the original on May 30, 2019. Retrieved May 30, 2019.

further reading
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