1320s
The 1320s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1320, and ended on December 31, 1329.
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Events
1320
January–December
- January 20 – Duke Wladyslaw Lokietek becomes king of Poland.
- April 6 – The Scots reaffirm their independence, by signing the Declaration of Arbroath.
- September 9 – Battle of Saint George: The Byzantines under Andronikos Asen ambush and defeat the forces of the Principality of Achaea, securing possession of Arcadia.
Date unknown
- Ghiyas al-Din Tughlaq founds the Tughlaq Dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.
- The Venetian Arsenal is rebuilt, as the Arsenal Nuovo.
- The Second Shepherds' Crusade begins.
- Dante's Quaestio de Aqua et Terra is published.
- In England, many horses die of a disease called "Ffarsine".[1]
- The Byzantine governor in the Morea, Andronikos Asen, captures the Frankish castles of Akova, Karytaina and St. George, securing control over Arcadia and Cynuria.
1321
January–December
- c. May–June – Leper scare: Rumours that lepers (acting on the orders of Jews bribed by Moors) are attempting to poison the Christian population spread throughout southern France.
- August 14 – King Edward II of England reluctantly agrees to demands from his barons to send Hugh le Despenser, 1st Earl of Winchester, and his son Hugh Despenser the Younger into exile.[2]
- October 29 – King Stephen Uroš II Milutin of Serbia dies. His son Stephen Constantine claims the throne, but Constantine's younger half-brother Stephen Uroš III Dečanski succeeds.
Date unknown
- The Byzantine civil war of 1321–28 begins, when Andronikos III Palaiologos initiates an uprising against Andronikos II Palaiologos.[3]
- A bad harvest brings famine in Europe.
- The Anatolian beylik of Teke is established.
- Gračanica monastery in Kosovo is rebuilt by the Serbian king Stefan Milutin.
- Spitakavor Monastery is completed in Armenia.
- The University of Florence is established.[4]
- The Kebra Negast is translated from Arabic to Ge'ez, according to its colophon.
1322
January–December
- January 6 – Stephen Uroš III Dečanski is crowned King of Serbia, having defeated his half-brother Stefan Konstantin in battle.
- February 13
- The central tower of Ely Cathedral in England falls, on the night of February 12th-13th.
- The Dalmatian house of Keglević (generatio Percal) is mentioned in a document for the first time.
- March 10 – Despenser War - Battle of Burton Bridge: Edward II of England drives off rebel forces.
- March 16 – Battle of Boroughbridge: Edward II of England defeats several rebellious barons.
- June 24 – Jews are expelled from France for the third time.
- September 28 – Battle of Mühldorf: Bavaria defeats Austria.
- October 8 – Mladen II Šubić of Bribir, defeated in the battle of Bliska, is arrested by the Parliament.
- October 14 – First War of Scottish Independence - Battle of Old Byland: Robert the Bruce of Scotland defeats English troops in North Yorkshire.
1323
January–December
- March 6 – Treaty of Paris: Louis I, Count of Flanders relinquishes his claim to Zeeland.
- May 30 – Edward II makes a 13-year truce with Scotland.
- July 18 – Thomas Aquinas is canonized.[5]
- August 12 – The Treaty of Nöteborg between Sweden and the Novgorod Republic is signed, regulating the border for the first time.
Date unknown
- The first Great Black Death epidemic spreads through the southern parts of Asia, killing 50 million people by 1353.
- Lithuania: In the Letters of Gediminas, Vilnius is named as the capital city.
- Remains of the Lighthouse of Alexandria (one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World) are toppled by the third of a series of earthquakes.
- Malietoafaiga ordered cannibalism to be abolished in Tutuila, now known as American Samoa.
- A conflict between Ingeborg of Norway, and the regencies of her son in Sweden and Norway, ends with the diminution of her power.
1324
- 23 March – Pope John XXII excommunicates German king Louis IV, as Louis had not sought papal approval during his conflict with Frederick the Fair. Louis in turn declares the pope a heretic, because of John's opposition against the view of Christ's absolute poverty held by some Franciscans.
Date unknown
- Marsilius of Padua writes his defence of the secular state, Defensor pacis.
- Emperor Musa I of Mali arrives in Cairo on his hajj to Mecca, accompanied by an entourage numbering in the thousands, and with hundreds of pounds of gold. This display of wealth garners the Mali Empire a place on European maps in 1395. On his return journey, he peacefully annexes Timbuktu. He is said to have told the Arabic historian Al-Umari that "his predecessors had launched two expeditions from West Africa to discover the limits of the Atlantic Ocean."
1325
January–December
- January 7 – Afonso IV becomes King of Portugal.
- February – Muhammad bin Tughluq succeeds his father Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, as Sultan of Delhi.
- July – War of the Bucket breaks out: Modena makes incursions into the territory of Bologna.
- November 15 – Battle of Zappolino: Modena defeats Bologna.
Date unknown
- The town of Bolu is conquered by the Ottoman Empire.
- Ibn Battuta begins his travels.
- Mansa Musa completes his pilgrimage to Mecca.
- Recognized year of the founding of the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan on a small island in Lake Texcoco by the Mexica. It becomes Mexico City in 1521.
1326
January–December
- January 21 – The foundation of Oriel College, the University of Oxford's fifth oldest (still surviving) college, is confirmed by royal charter.
- February 10–March 11 – Raid on Brandenburg: Allied forces of the Kingdom of Poland, led by Władysław I the Elbow-high, and of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, led by the pagan Gediminas, raid Louis V of Germany's Margraviate of Brandenburg (within the Holy Roman Empire), with the sanction of Pope John XXII.
- April 19 – A peace treaty in the Flemish peasant revolt, 1323-1328, is ratified.
- June 3 – The Treaty of Novgorod delineates the border between Russia and Norway in Finnmark.
- August 27 – A marriage contract is drawn up between Prince Edward (the future Edward III of England) and Philippa of Hainault, guaranteeing that the wedding will take place within two years.[6]
- September 24 – England is invaded by Isabella of France and Roger Mortimer.[7]
- October – Ibn Battuta reaches Mecca.
Date unknown
- Orhan I succeeds Osman I, on the throne of the Ottoman Empire.
- Ingeborg of Norway is deposed from political power in Sweden.
- The use of the word "cannon" is first recorded in reference to a firearm.
- Clare College, the University of Cambridge's second oldest (still surviving) college, is founded.
1327
January–December
- January 25 – The 14-year-old Edward III is proclaimed King of England, after his mother Isabella has engineered the abdication of his imprisoned father Edward II of England, on January 20, effective January 25. Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer rule as regents (the coronation takes place February 1).
- April 6 (Good Friday) – Tuscan writer Petrarch sees a woman he names Laura in the church of Sainte-Claire d'Avignon, which awakes in him a lasting passion. He writes a series of sonnets and other poems in Italian dedicated to her, which are collected into Il Canzoniere, an influential model for Renaissance culture.
- June 14 – A peace treaty is signed between Norway and Sønderjylland.
- June 21 – Ingeborg of Norway marries her lover Knud Porse, but is deposed from political power in Norway.
- November – Alfonso IV of Aragon begins his reign.
Date unknown
- English abbot Richard of Wallingford describes the construction of an astronomical clock in his Tractatus Horologii Astronomici.
- Grand Canal (China), which ran from Hangzhou to Beijing over a distance of 1800 km, was completed.[8]
1328
- January 24 – Philippa of Hainault marries King Edward III of England a year after his coronation.[9] The marriage produces ten children, the eldest of whom is Edward the Black Prince.
- May 1 – Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton: England recognises Scotland as an independent nation, after the Wars of Scottish Independence.
- May 12 – Antipope Nicholas V is consecrated at St. Peter's Basilica in Rome by the bishop of Venice.
- May 26 – William of Ockham secretly leaves Avignon, under threat from Pope John XXII.
- May 29 – King Philip VI of France is crowned, founding the House of Valois, after the death of King Charles IV of France, who has no sons to inherit.
- August 23 – Battle of Cassel: French troops stop an uprising of Flemish farmers.
- Undated – The Augustiner-Bräu is first recorded as the brewery of an Augustinian monastery at Munich.[10]
1329
January–December
- February 1 – King John of Bohemia (of the Teutonic Order) captures Medvėgalis, an important fortress of the pagan Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and baptizes 6,000 of its defenders.
- February 18 – Amda Seyon I, Emperor of Ethiopia, begins his campaigns in the southern Muslim provinces (possibly in 1332).
- March 27 – Pope John XXII condemns some teachings of Meister Eckhart as heretical.
- April – Antipope Nicholas V is excommunicated by Pope John XXII.
- June 6 – Edward III of England pays homage to Philip VI of France for Aquitaine.
- June 7 – David II becomes King of Scots at age 5; he will rule Scotland for nearly 42 years.
- June 10 – Braganstown massacre, County Louth, Ireland: Over 160 are killed.
- June 11 – Battle of Maltepe (Pelekanon): Ottoman Turks defeat the Byzantine Empire.
Date unknown
- Aimone of Savoy becomes Count of Savoy.
- Construction begins on the Archcathedral Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary and Saint Andrew in Frombork, Poland.
- Amberg, Germany, passes to the House of Wittelsbach.
- Michael of Cesena is deposed as General of the Franciscans.
- Stefan Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia defeats Stephen II, Ban of Bosnia.
- Wiesbaden is granted the right of coinage by Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
Significant people
Births
1320
- April 8 – King Peter I of Portugal (d. 1367)
- date unknown
- Blanka of Namur, queen consort of Sweden (d. 1363)
- Chen Youliang, founder of the Great Han regime (d. 1363)
- John Hawkwood, English mercenary (d. 1394)
- Iolo Goch, Welsh poet (d. 1398)
- Shams al-Dīn Abū Abd Allāh al-Khalīlī, Arab astronomer (d. 1380)
- Lalleshwari, Hindu poet (d. 1392)
- Louis of Taranto (d. 1362)
- Michael Panaretos, chronicler of Trebizond (d. 1390)
- Nissim of Gerona, Talmudist and authority in Jewish law (d. 1380)
- Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (d. 1398)
- Rudolph, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1346)
- Ukhaantu Khan, Emperor Huizong of Yuan, emperor of the Yuan Dynasty (d. 1370)
- William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester (d. 1404)
- probable
- Bertrand du Guesclin, Breton knight (d. 1380)
- King Valdemar IV of Denmark (d. 1375)
- John Wycliffe, English reformer (d. 1384)
- approximate date
- Turisanus, Florentine physician
1321
- February 5 – John II, Marquess of Montferrat (d. 1372)
- July 5 – Joan of The Tower, queen consort of Scotland (d. 1362)
- August 29 – John of Artois, Count of Eu, French soldier (d. 1387)
- date unknown
- James I, Count of Urgell
- Khwaja Bande Nawaz, Sufi saint (d. 1422)
- probable – Emperor John III of Trebizond (d. 1362)
1322
- January 11 – Emperor Kōmyō of Japan (d. 1380)
- February 12 – John Henry, Margrave of Moravia (d. 1375)
- June 24 – Joanna, Duchess of Brabant (d. 1406)
- date unknown
1323
- February 9 – Margaret of Brabant, Countess of Flanders (d. 1380)
- Charles, Duke of Durazzo, Neapolitan noble (d. 1348)
- Bernabò Visconti, Lord of Milan, Italian soldier and statesman (d. 1385)
- Latest likely date – Constanza Manuel, queen consort of Castile (d. 1345)
1324
- March 5 – King David II of Scotland (d. 1371)[11]
- date unknown
- probable – Manuel II, Emperor of Trebizond (d. 1333)
1325
- May 12 – Rupert II, Elector Palatine (d. 1398)
- date unknown
- John Wycliffe, English "Morning star of the Reformation" (d. 1384)
- Hafiz al-Iraqi, Islamic scholar (d. 1403)
- Inês de Castro, lover of King Pedro I of Portugal (d. 1355)
- Margaret the Barefooted, Italian saint (d. 1395)
- Matthew Kantakouzenos, Emperor of Byzantium
- Pandolfo II Malatesta, Italian condottiero (d. 1373)
- probable – Francesco Landini, Florentine organist and composer (d. 1397)
1326
- March 5 – King Louis I of Hungary (d. 1382)[12]
- March 30 – Ivan II of Russia, Grand Duke of Muscovy (d. 1359)[13]
- May 1 – Rinchinbal Khan, Emperor Ningzong of Yuan (d. 1332)
- May 8 – Joanna I of Auvergne, queen consort of France (d. 1360)
- June 29 – Murad I, Ottoman sultan (d. 1389)
- date unknown
- Olivier de Clisson (The Butcher), French soldier (d. 1407)
- Robert of Durazzo, Neapolitan nobleman (d. 1356)
- Prince Narinaga, Japanese Shōgun (d. in either 1337 or 1344, the sources are contradictory)
- Imagawa Sadayo, Japanese poet and soldier (d. 1420)
- Isaac ben Sheshet, Spanish Talmudic authority (d. 1408)
- probable
1327
- June – Malatesta Ungaro, Italian condottiero (d. 1372)
- October 30 – Andrew, Duke of Calabria (d. 1345)
- date unknown
- probable – William Douglas, 1st Earl of Douglas, Scottish nobleman (d. 1384)
1328
- April 1 – Blanche of France, Duchess of Orléans (d. 1393)
- May 7 – Louis VI the Roman, Duke of Bavaria and Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1365)
- June 25 – William de Montagu, 2nd Earl of Salisbury, English military leader (d. 1397)
- September 29 – Joan of Kent, princess of Wales, spouse of Edward the Black Prince (d. 1385)
- October 9 – King Peter I of Cyprus (d. 1369)
- October 21 – Hongwu Emperor of China (d. 1398)
- November 11 – Roger Mortimer, 2nd Earl of March, English military leader (d. 1360)
- November 25 – Antipope Benedict XIII, born Pedro Martínez de Luna (d. 1423)
- date unknown
1329
- September 26 – Anne of Bavaria, queen consort of Bohemia (d. 1353)
- November 22 – Elisabeth of Meissen, Burgravine consort of Nuremberg (d. 1375)
- November 29 – John I, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1340)
- date unknown
- Fairuzabadi, Persian Arab lexicographer (d. 1414)
- Prince Lazar of Serbia (d. 1389)
- Philip II, Prince of Taranto (d. 1374)
- Hosokawa Yoriyuki, Japanese samurai (d. 1392)
Deaths
1320
- January 12 – John Dalderby, Bishop of Lincoln[14]
- January 21 – Árni Helgason, Icelandic bishop (b. c. 1260)
- February 7 – Jan Muskata, Bishop of Kraków (b. 1250)
- March 1 – Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan, Emperor Renzong of Yuan (b. 1286)
- May 29 – Pope John VIII of Alexandria, Coptic pope
- July 20 – King Oshin of Armenia (b. 1282)
- October 12 – Michael IX Palaiologos, Byzantine co-emperor (b. 1277)
- October 31 – Ricold of Monte Croce, Italian Dominican missionary (b. 1242)
- date unknown
- probable – Geoffrey of Paris, French chronicler
1321
- January 12 or 1322 – Maria of Brabant, queen consort of Philip III of France (b. 1256)
- January 13 – Bonacossa Borri, Lady of Milan (b. 1254)
- February 25 – Beatrice d'Avesnes, consort of Henry VI, Count of Luxembourg
- March 18 – Matthew III Csák, Hungarian oligarch (b. c.1260/5)
- April 8 – Thomas of Tolentino, Italian Franciscan missionary, martyred (b. c. 1255)
- April 17 – Infanta Blanche of Portugal, daughter of King Afonso III of Portugal and Urraca of Castile (b. 1259)
- April 27 – Nicolò Albertini, Italian cardinal statesman (b. c. 1250)
- May 31 – Birger, King of Sweden (b. 1280)
- July 1 – María de Molina, queen consort of Castile (b. c. 1265)
- September 14 – Dante Alighieri, Italian poet (b. 1265)[15]
- October 29 – Stefan Milutin, King of Serbia (b. c. 1253)
- November 9 – Walter Langton, bishop of Lichfield and treasurer of England (b. 1243)
- date unknown
- Marianus III of Arborea, Giudice
- Mubarak Khan, Khilji regent, murdered
- Reginald of Burgundy, Count of Montbéliard
- Witte van Haemstede, Dutch prince (b. 1280/2)
- probable – Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi, Arab mathematician (b. 1256)
1322
- January 3 – King Philip V of France (b. 1293)
- January 10 – Petrus Aureolus, scholastic philosopher
- March 16 – Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford, English soldier (b. 1276)
- March 22 – Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, English politician (b. 1278)
- April 14 – Bartholomew de Badlesmere, 1st Baron Badlesmere, English soldier (b. 1275)
- April 20 – Blessed Simon Rinalducci, Italian Augustinian friar
- April 22 – Francis of Fabriano, Italian writer (b. 1251)
- August 10 – John of La Verna, Italian ascetic (b. 1259)
- August 25 – Beatrice of Silesia, queen consort of Germany (b. c. 1292)
- September 14 – Joan of Lusignan, Dame de Lusignan (approximate date)
- September 17 – Robert III, Count of Flanders (b. 1249)
- December 3 – Maud Chaworth, Countess of Leicester (b. 1282)
- date unknown
- Ma Duanlin, Chinese historian (b. 1245)
- Bertha van Heukelom, Dutch heroine
- Theodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria, emperor of Bulgaria
- Zhao Mengfu, Chinese scholar, painter and calligrapher (b. 1254)
1323
- March 3 – Andrew Harclay, 1st Earl of Carlisle, English military leader
- August – Isabella of Burgundy, Queen of Germany (b. 1270)
- September 4 – Gegeen Khan, Emperor Yingzong of Yuan (b. 1303)
- October 16 – Amadeus V, Count of Savoy (b. 1249)
- date unknown
- King Andrew of Galicia, with his brother Leo II
- King Leo II of Galicia, with his brother Andrew (both died fighting Mongol-Tatars) (possibly Lithuanians)
1324
Emperor Go-Uda
- January 8 or January 9 – Marco Polo, Italian explorer (b. 1254)
- February 11 – Karl von Trier, Grand Master of the Teutonic Order
- March 26 – Marie de Luxembourg, Queen of France (b. 1304) (carriage accident)
- June 23 – Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (b. c.1275)
- July 16 – Emperor Go-Uda of Japan (b. 1265)
- August 16 or August 17 – Irene of Brunswick, Empress of Constantinople (b. c. 1293)
- August 31 – Henry II of Jerusalem (b. 1271)
- November 1 – John de Halton, Bishop of Carlisle
- November 3 – Petronilla de Meath, Irish servant and suspected witch (burned at stake)
- date unknown
1325
- January 7 – King Dinis of Portugal (b. 1261)
- April 3 – Nizamuddin Auliya, Sufi saint (b. 1238)
- June 6 or July 6 – Ismail I, Sultan of Granada (b. 1279) (assassinated)
- November 21 – Yury of Moscow, Prince of Moscow and Vladimir
- December 16 – Charles, Count of Valois, son of Philip III of France (b. 1270)
- date unknown
- Amir Khusrow, Persian language poet (b. 1253)
- Francis of Mayrone, French philosopher (b. c. 1280)
- Saint Nikodim I, Serbian archbishop
- Princess Joguk, Korean princess (b. 1308)
- Thomas de Dundee, Bishop of Ross
1326
- January 18 – Robert FitzWalter, 1st Baron FitzWalter, English baron (b. 1247)
- February 28 – Leopold I, Duke of Austria (b. 1290)
- March 26 – Alessandra Giliani, Italian anatomist (b. c. 1307)
- April 29 – Blanche of Burgundy, former queen consort of France (b. c. 1296)
- May 31 – Maurice de Berkeley, 2nd Baron Berkeley, English rebel baron (b. 1271)
- July 29 – Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster (b. 1259)
- October 15 – Walter de Stapledon, English bishop (b. 1261)
- October 27 – Hugh le Despenser, 1st Earl of Winchester (executed; b. 1262)
- November 17 – Edmund FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Arundel, English politician (b. 1285)
- November 25 – Prince Koreyasu, Japanese shōgun (b. 1264)
- November 24 – Hugh the younger Despenser, English knight (executed; b. 1286)
- December 20 – Peter, Metropolitan of Moscow
- December 28 – Sir David II Strathbogie, Earl of Atholl, Constable of Scotland, and Chief Warden of Northumberland
- date unknown
1327
- January 16 – Nikephoros Choumnos, Byzantine scholar and statesman (b. 1250 or 1255)
- January 29 – Adolf, Count Palatine of the Rhine (b. 1300)
- March 15 – Albert of Schwarzburg, German grand preceptor of the Knights Hospitaller
- April 9 – Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland (b. 1293)
- May 28 – Robert Baldock, Lord Privy Seal and Lord Chancellor of England
- May 29 – Jens Grand, Danish archbishop (b. c. 1260)
- July 4 – Stefano Visconti, Milanese nobleman
- August 25 – Demasq Kaja, Ilkhanate member of the Chobanid Family
- September 1 – Foulques de Villaret, French Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller
- September 21 – King Edward II of England (murdered; b. 1284)[16]
- September 26 – Cecco d'Ascoli, Italian encyclopaedist, physician and poet (b. 1257)
- October 20 – Teresa d'Entença, Countess of Urgell (b. 1300)
- October 27 – Elizabeth de Burgh, queen of Robert the Bruce[17]
- November – Chupan, Chobanid prince of the Ilkhanate
- November 2 or November 5 – King James II of Aragon (b. 1267)
- December 19 – Agnes of France, Duchess of Burgundy
- date unknown
- Thomas Cobham, Bishop of Worcester
- Constantine I of Imereti
- David of Hrodna, Lithuanian military leader
- Vital du Four, French theologian (b. 1260)
- Walter Reynolds, Archbishop of Canterbury
- Sir Richard de Exeter, Anglo-Irish knight
- probable – Bartholomew of Lucca, Italian historian
1328
- February 1 – King Charles IV of France (b. 1294)[18]
- August 15 – Yesün Temür, emperor of the Yuan dynasty (b. 1293)
- August 23 – Nicolaas Zannekin, Flemish peasant leader (in the battle of Cassel)[19]
- September 26 – Ibn Taymiyyah, Islamic scholar and philosopher of Harran (b. 1263)[20]
- October 12 (or 13) – Clementia of Hungary, Queen consort of France and Navarre (b. 1293)[21]
- November 16 – Prince Hisaaki, Japanese shōgun (b. 1276)
- date unknown
- Meister Eckhart, German theologian (b. 1260)
- Andronikos Angelos Palaiologos, Byzantine nobleman and governor (b. ca. 1282)
1329
- January 17 – Saint Roseline, Carthusian nun (b. 1263)
- April 21 – Frederick IV, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1282)
- May 9 – John Drokensford, Bishop of Bath and Wells
- May 31 – Albertino Mussato, Italian statesman and writer (b. 1261)
- June 7 – Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland (b. 1274)
- August 30 – Khutughtu Khan, Emperor Mingzong of Yuan, emperor of the Yuan dynasty and the Mongol Empire (b. 1300)
- October 27 – Mahaut, Countess of Artois (b. 1268)
- date unknown
- Walter Herok, Bishop of Aberdeen
- Michael of Imereti
- Oshin of Korikos, regent of Armenia (assassinated)
- Edward, Count of Savoy (b. 1284)
- Maol Íosa IV, Earl of Strathearn
References
- Stratton, J.M. (1969). Agricultural Records. John Baker. ISBN 0-212-97022-4.
- Mortimer, Ian (2010). The Greatest Traitor. Vintage Books. p. 109. ISBN 9780099552222.
- Kohn, George Childs (2013). Dictionary of Wars. Routledge. p. 84. ISBN 9781135954949.
- "Italian". The University of Edinburgh. Archived from the original on January 16, 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
- Hampden, Renn Dickson (1848). "The Life of Thomas Aquinas: A Dissertation of the Scholastic Philosophy of the Middle Ages". Encyclopædia Metropolitana. London: John J. Griffin & Co. p. 54.
- "Edward III marriage contract auctioned". BBC History Magazine. BBC (May 2019): 13.
- "BBC - Radio 4 - This Sceptred Isle - Isabella and Mortimer". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
- "How to Downsize a Transport Network: The Chinese Wheelbarrow". LOW-TECH MAGAZINE.
- Putnam, George P.; Perkins, F. B., eds. (1878). "Queens of England". The World's Progress: A Dictionary of Dates. G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 555.
- "Historie". Augustiner-Bräu München. Retrieved 2019-04-13.
- "David II | king of Scotland". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
- "Louis I | king of Hungary". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
- "Ivan II | Russian prince". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
- Childs, Wendy R. (February 3, 2005). Vita Edwardi Secundi. Clarendon Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-19-151530-9.
- "Dante Alighieri | Biography, Poems, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
- "Edward II of England: Biography on Undiscovered Scotland". www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
- "Undiscovered Scotland: Timeline of Scottish History: 1300 to 1350". www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
- Robin Neillands (2001). The Hundred Years War. Psychology Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-415-26131-9.
- TeBrake, William H. (1993). A Plague of Insurrection: Popular Politics and Peasant Revolt in Flanders, 1323-1328. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3241-0.
- Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Ḥalīm Ibn Taymīyah (2009). Kitab Al-Iman: Book of Faith. The Other Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-967-5062-29-2.
- Plantagenet Ancestry: A Study In Colonial And Medieval Families, 2nd Edition, 2011. Douglas Richardson. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-4610-4513-7.
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