See also:
U+4EE4, 令
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EE4

[U+4EE3]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+4EE5]
U+F9A8, 令
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9A8

[U+F9A7]
CJK Compatibility Ideographs
[U+F9A9]

Translingual

Traditional
Simplified
Japanese
Korean

Han character

(radical 9, +3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 人戈弓戈 (OINI), four-corner 80307, composition(G) or ⿱(HTV) or ⿱(JK or U+F9A8))

Derived characters

References

  • KangXi: page 93, character 12
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 387
  • Dae Jaweon: page 198, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 111, character 10
  • Unihan data for U+4EE4

Chinese

trad.
simp. #

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts





References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series () (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
*ren, *reŋ, *reŋs, *reːŋ, *reːŋs
*riːn, *reːŋ
*riːŋ, *reːŋ, *reːŋs
魿 *ɡriŋ, *reːŋ
*mreŋs
*raːŋʔ, *reːŋ, *reːŋʔ
*reŋ, *reːŋ
*reŋʔ
*reŋʔ
*reŋʔ, *reːŋ
*reŋʔ, *reːŋ
*reŋʔ
*reŋs, *reːŋ
*ʔsleŋ
*reːŋ
*reːŋ
*reːŋ
*reːŋ
*reːŋ
*reːŋ
*reːŋ
*reːŋ
*reːŋ
*reːŋ
*reːŋ
*reːŋ
*reːŋ
*reːŋ
*reːŋ
*reːŋ
*reːŋ, *reːŋʔ
*reːŋ
*reːŋ
*reːŋ
*reːŋ
*reːŋ
*reːŋ
*reːŋ
*reːŋ
*reːŋ
*reːŋ
*reːŋ
*reːŋ
*reːŋ
*reːŋ
*reːŋ
*reːŋ

Ideogrammic compound (會意) :  + .

Pronunciation



  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /liŋ⁵¹/
Harbin /liŋ⁵³/
Tianjin /liŋ⁵³/
Jinan /liŋ²¹/
Qingdao /liŋ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /liŋ³¹²/
Xi'an /liŋ⁴⁴/
Xining /liə̃²¹³/
Yinchuan /liŋ¹³/
Lanzhou /lĩn¹³/
Ürümqi /liŋ²¹³/
Wuhan /nin³⁵/
Chengdu /nin¹³/
Guiyang /nin²¹³/
Kunming /lĩ¹/
Nanjing /lin⁴⁴/
Hefei /lin⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /liəŋ⁴⁵/
Pingyao /liŋ³⁵/
Hohhot /lĩŋ⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /liŋ²³/
Suzhou /lin³¹/
Hangzhou /lin¹³/
Wenzhou /leŋ²²/
Hui Shexian /liʌ̃³¹/
Tunxi /lɛ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /lin⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /nin⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /lin²¹/
Hakka Meixian /lin⁵³/
Taoyuan /lin⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /leŋ²²/
Nanning /leŋ²²/
Hong Kong /liŋ²²/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /liŋ³⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /lɛiŋ²⁴²/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /leiŋ⁴⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan) /leŋ³⁵/
Haikou (Min Nan) /leŋ³³/ 使~(俗)

Rime
Character
Reading # 2/5 4/5 5/5
Initial () (37) (37) (37)
Final () (121) (121) (125)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Departing (H) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open Open
Division () III III IV
Fanqie
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/liᴇŋ/ /liᴇŋH/ /leŋH/
Pan
Wuyun
/liɛŋ/ /liɛŋH/ /leŋH/
Shao
Rongfen
/liæŋ/ /liæŋH/ /lɛŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/liajŋ/ /liajŋH/ /lɛjŋH/
Li
Rong
/liɛŋ/ /liɛŋH/ /leŋH/
Wang
Li
/lĭɛŋ/ /lĭɛŋH/ /lieŋH/
Bernard
Karlgren
/li̯ɛŋ/ /li̯ɛŋH/ /lieŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
líng lìng lìng
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 2/3 3/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
líng lìng
Middle
Chinese
‹ ljeng › ‹ ljengH ›
Old
Chinese
/*riŋ/ /*riŋ-s/
English send (a person) issue a command

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 2/5 3/5 5/5
No. 8277 8284 8332
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0 0 0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*reŋ/ /*reŋs/ /*reːŋs/

Definitions

  1. to order; to command
  2. to make (someone do something); to cause; to allow
    Synonyms: (ràng)
       lìngrén   to make someone (do something); to make people [+ adjective]
  3. (historical) governor; magistrate (official title)
  4. good; excellent
  5. time; season
  6. drinking game
  7. (respectful) your
  8. (poem) Short for 小令 (“ditty”).
  9. A surname.
Descendants
Sino-Xenic ():

Pronunciation



Rime
Character
Reading # 3/5
Initial () (37)
Final () (125)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () IV
Fanqie
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/leŋ/
Pan
Wuyun
/leŋ/
Shao
Rongfen
/lɛŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/lɛjŋ/
Li
Rong
/leŋ/
Wang
Li
/lieŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren
/lieŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
líng
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
líng
Middle
Chinese
‹ leng ›
Old
Chinese
/*[r]ˁiŋ/
English 脊令 tsjek.leng (a kind of water bird)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 4/5
No. 8306
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*reːŋ/

Definitions

  1. Used in 令狐 (Línghú).
  2. Used in 令利.
  3. Used in 令俜.
  4. Used in 令星.
  5. Used in 脊令.
  6. Original form of (líng).

Etymology 3

Borrowed from English ream.

Pronunciation


Definitions

  1. Classifier for reams of paper.

Pronunciation



Rime
Character
Reading # 1/5
Initial () (37)
Final () (77)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/liᴇn/
Pan
Wuyun
/liɛn/
Shao
Rongfen
/ljæn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/lian/
Li
Rong
/liɛn/
Wang
Li
/lĭɛn/
Bernard
Karlgren
/li̯ɛn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
lián
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/5
No. 8271
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
2
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*ren/

Definitions

  1. Only used in 令居 (“ancient county in modern Gansu”).

Etymology 5

For pronunciation and definitions of – see (“age; length of time; duration; etc.”).
(This character, , is the second-round simplified form of .)
Notes:

Compounds


Japanese

Kanji

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings

    Compounds

    Etymology 1

    Kanji in this term
    れい
    Grade: 4
    kan’on

    From Middle Chinese (MC liᴇŋ), (MC liᴇŋH), or (MC leŋH).

    The 漢音 (kan'on, literally Han sound) reading, so likely a later borrowing from Middle Chinese.

    Pronunciation

    Noun

    (hiragana れい, rōmaji rei)

    1. an order, command, decree
      Synonyms: 言い付け (iitsuke), 命令 (meirei)
    2. (historical) in ancient China, a regional governor or magistrate
    3. (historical) in the early Meiji period, the forerunner of a 知事 (chiji, prefectural governor)
    4. (historical) in the Kamakura period, the vice-minister of the 政所 (mandokoro, office of financial affairs)
    5. (historical) under the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system, This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
      Synonym: 坊令 (bōrei)
    6. (rare, law, historical) an administrative and civil code developed during the Qin dynasty that was, alongside the (ritsu), spread throughout East Asia especially Japan where it was further revised into the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system

    Affix

    (hiragana れい, rōmaji rei)

    1. act, law, ordinance, rule
    2. law, ordinance, regulation
    3. (historical) high-ranking official or magistrate
    4. (obsolete) admonition, teaching
    5. (rare) excellent, fine, good
    6. honorific prefix added before a term of kinship to show respect to someone else's relative
    Derived terms

    Proper noun

    (hiragana れい, rōmaji Rei)

    1. a female given name

    Etymology 2

    Kanji in this term
    りょう
    Grade: 4
    goon

    /rjau//rjɔː//rjoː/

    From Middle Chinese (MC liᴇŋ), (MC liᴇŋH), or (MC leŋH).

    The 呉音 (goon, literally Wu sound) reading, so likely the initial borrowing from Middle Chinese.

    Pronunciation

    Noun

    (hiragana りょう, rōmaji ryō, historical hiragana りやう)

    1. (law, historical) an administrative and civil code developed during the Qin dynasty that was, alongside the (ritsu), spread throughout East Asia especially Japan where it was further revised into the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system
    Derived terms
    •  (りょうの) () () (Ryō no Gige)

    Affix

    (hiragana りょう, rōmaji ryō, historical hiragana りやう)

    1. order, command, decree
    2. law, ordinance, rule

    Proper noun

    (hiragana りょう, rōmaji Ryō, historical hiragana りやう)

    1. a female given name

    References

    1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

    Korean

    Hanja

    (ryeong) (hangeul , revised ryeong, McCuneReischauer ryŏng, Yale ryeng)

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Vietnamese

    Han character

    (lệnh)

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    References

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