食
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Translingual
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Stroke order | |||
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Han character
食 (radical 184, 食+0, 9 strokes, cangjie input 人戈日女 (OIAV), four-corner 80732, composition ⿱人良)
- Kangxi radical #184, ⾷.
Derived terms
- Index:Chinese radical/食
References
- KangXi: page 1415, character 29
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 44014
- Dae Jaweon: page 1939, character 10
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 7, page 4440, character 1
- Unihan data for U+98DF
Chinese
Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 食 | |||||||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | ||
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu Slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Characters in the same phonetic series (食) (Zhengzhang, 2003) | |
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Old Chinese | |
飤 | *ljɯɡs |
食 | *lɯɡs, *ɦljɯɡ |
蝕 | *ɦljɯɡ |
飾 | *hljɯɡ |
飭 | *l̥ʰɯɡ |
Pictogram (象形) : a mouth over a bowl of rice on a stand. While the current form is 人+良, the lower part (bowl of rice on a stand) is cognate to 皀, not to 良 or 艮. This is more visible in the form 𠊊.
Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *lɯɡs, *ɦljɯɡ) : phonetic 亼 (OC *zub) + semantic 皀; see 𠊊.
Pronunciation
- Shaojiang Min (Jiangle): ʃi8
Definitions
食
- (Cantonese, Hakka, Min) to eat; to have a meal; to take in
- (Hakka, Min) to drink
- 食酒愛食竹葉青。 [Hakka, trad.]
- From: 食酒歌
- Sṳ̍t-chiú oi sṳ̍t chuk-ya̍p-chhiâng. [Pha̍k-fa-sṳ]
- If you're drink wine, you have to drink Zhuyeqing (three-year-old Shaoxing wine).
食酒爱食竹叶青。 [Hakka, simp.]
- (Cantonese, Hakka, Min) to smoke
- (Cantonese, chess, etc.) to capture
- † meal; food
- † edible
- † Alternative form of 蝕/蚀 (shí, “to eat away; to erode”).
- † Alternative form of 蝕/蚀 (shí, “eclipse (of the Sun or Moon)”).
Usage notes
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 喝 (“to drink”) [map] | ||
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Variety | Location | Words |
Classical Chinese | 飲 | |
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 喝 | |
Mandarin | Beijing | 喝 |
Taiwan | 喝 | |
Jinan | 喝 | |
Xi'an | 喝 | |
Wuhan | 喝, 呵, 汩 | |
Chengdu | 吃, 呵 | |
Yangzhou | 喝, 吃 | |
Hefei | 喝 | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 飲, 呷 |
Hong Kong | 飲, 呷 | |
Taishan | 飲 | |
Yangjiang | 呷, 吃 | |
Gan | Nanchang | 喫 |
Hakka | Meixian | 食, 啜 |
Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 食, 啉, 飲 | |
Liudui (S. Sixian) | 食, 啉, 飲 | |
Hsinchu (Hailu) | 食, 啉, 飲 | |
Dongshi (Dabu) | 食, 啉, 飲 | |
Hsinchu (Raoping) | 食, 啉, 飲 | |
Yunlin (Zhao'an) | 啉, 食 | |
Jin | Taiyuan | 喝 |
Min Bei | Jian'ou | 啜, 食 |
Min Dong | Fuzhou | 啜 |
Min Nan | Xiamen | 啉, 食, 哈 |
Quanzhou | 啉, 食, 哈 | |
Zhangzhou | 啉, 食 | |
Taipei | 啉 | |
Kaohsiung | 啉 | |
Tainan | 啉, 呵, 食, 灌 | |
Taichung | 啉 | |
Hsinchu | 啉, 哈 | |
Lukang | 啉 | |
Sanxia | 啉 | |
Yilan | 啉, 呵, 食 | |
Kinmen | 啉 | |
Magong | 食, 啉 | |
Penang | 啉 | |
Singapore | 啉 | |
Philippines (Manila) | 啉 | |
Chaozhou | 食, 啉 | |
Wu | Shanghai | 吃, 喝 |
Suzhou | 吃, 呷, 呼 | |
Wenzhou | 呷, 吃 | |
Xiang | Changsha | 吃 |
Shuangfeng | 吃, 呵 |
Compounds
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Pronunciation
Etymology 3
simp. and trad. |
食 | |
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variant forms | 吃 呷 噍 |
Unlikely to be related to Etymology 1 (Norman, 1991, Klöter, 2005, Fuehrer and Yang, 2014). Kwok (2018) reconstructs Proto-Southern-Min *tsiaʔ⁸, and tentatively reconstructs Proto-Min *dziak. Schuessler (2007) suggests it derives from 嚼 (OC Later Han: *dziak).
Pronunciation
Definitions
食
Usage notes
- This etymon is often taken as the vernacular counterpart to Etymology 1.
Etymology 4
simp. and trad. |
食 | |
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variant forms | 饁/馌 |
From 饁 (OC *ɢrab), via Proto-Min *jiap or *jiat (Norman, 1991, Schuessler, 2007).
Usage notes
- This etymon is often taken as the vernacular counterpart to Etymology 1.
Pronunciation
References
- “Entry #5589”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.
Japanese
Readings
- Go-on: い (i); じ (ji); じき (jiki, Jōyō, uncommon)
- Kan-on: い (i); し (shi); しょく (shoku, Jōyō)
- Kun: くう (kuu, 食う, Jōyō); くらう (kurau, 食らう, Jōyō); たべる (taberu, 食べる, Jōyō); はむ (hamu, 食む); すく (suku, 食く); おし (oshi, 食し); おす (osu, 食す); たぐ (tagu, 食ぐ); たぶ (tabu, 食ぶ); うか (uka, 食); うけ (uke, 食); け (ke, 食); し (shi, 食)
Compounds
Etymology 1
Unbound apophonic form uke.
Etymology 2
uka + i → uke2 → uke. Bound apophonic form 食 (uka).
Etymology 3
Cognate with 笥 (ke).