Carnivoramorpha

Carnivoramorpha ("carnivoran-like forms") is a clade of placental mammals of clade Pan-Carnivora from mirorder Ferae, that includes the modern order Carnivora and its extinct stem-relatives.[4][5]

Carnivoramorpha
Temporal range: early Paleocene to present
Diversity of Carnivoramorpha
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Mirorder: Ferae
Clade: Pan-Carnivora
Clade: Carnivoramorpha
Wyss & Flynn, 1993[1]
Subgroups
Synonyms
  • Carnivora (Rose, 2012)[2]
  • Carnivoramoepha (Matsui & Kimura, 2022)[3]
  • Carnivoramomorpha (Wyss & Flynn, 1993)

General characteristics

The common feature for members of this clade is the presence of the carnassial teeth. The carnassial teeth of the Carnivoramorpha are upper premolar P4 and lower molar m1.[6]

Comparison of carnassial teeth of a carnivoran (wolf), a hyaenodontid (Hyaenodon) and an oxyaenid (Oxyaena)
skull of wolf

Classification and phylogeny

Traditional classification

  • Clade: Carnivoramorpha (Wyss & Flynn, 1993) [Carnivora + all basal clades to Carnivora, but without Creodonts]

Revised classification

Recent phylogenetic studies indicate that the superfamily Miacoidea and family Miacidae are paraphyletic, with "miacids" being more closely related to carnivorans than to viverravids. In 2010 Flynn, Finarelli & Spaulding named a new clade Carnivoraformes within Carnivoramorpha, containing carnivorans and "miacids" but not viverravids.[7] The authors defined Carnivoraformes as the clade containing Carnivora and all taxa that are more closely related to Carnivora (represented by Canis lupus) than to viverravids (represented by Viverravus gracilis).

  • Clade: Carnivoramorpha (Wyss & Flynn, 1993)
    • Clade: Carnivoraformes (Flynn, 2010) [= Clade "A"]
      • Genus: †Africtis (Mattingly, 2020)
      • Genus: †Dawsonicyon (Spaulding, Flynn & Stucky, 2010)
      • Genus: †Miacis (Cope, 1872)
      • (unranked): Clade "B"
        • Family: †Quercygalidae (Kretzoi, 1945)
        • (unranked): †Gracilocyon/Oodectes clade
        • Genus: †Messelogale (Springhorn, 2000)
        • Genus: †Miocyon (Matthew, 1909)
        • Genus: †Simamphicyon (Viret, 1942)
        • Genus: †Uintacyon (paraphyletic genus) (Leidy, 1872)
        • Genus: †Xinyuictis (Zheng, 1975)
        • Genus: †Zodiocyon (Tong & Wang, 2006)
      • (unranked): Clade "C"
        • Genus: †Dormaalocyon (Solé, 2014)
        • (unranked): †Vulpavus clade
        • Incertae sedis:
          • "Miacis" deutschi (Gingerich, 1983)
          • "Miacis" exiguus (Matthew & Granger, 1915)
      • (unranked): Clade "D"
        • Order: Carnivora (Bowdich, 1821) (carnivorans) [= Clade "E"]
        • Genus: †Ceruttia (Tomiya, 2013)
        • Genus: †Harpalodon (Marsh, 1872)
        • Genus: †Lycarion (Matthew, 1909)
        • Genus: †Neovulpavus (Wortman, 1901)
        • Genus: †Procynodictis (Wortman & Matthew, 1899)
        • Genus: †Prodaphaenus (Wortman & Matthew, 1899)
        • Genus: †Tapocyon (Stock, 1934)
        • Genus: †Walshius (Tomiya, 2013)
        • Incertae sedis:
          • "Miacis" gracilis (Clark, 1939)
          • "Miacis" hargeri (Wortman, 1901)
          • "Miacis" invictus (Matthew & Granger, 1925)
          • "Miacis" lushiensis (Chow, 1975)
      • Incertae sedis:
        • "Miacis" boqinghensis (Huang, 1999)
        • "Miacis" hookwayi (Stock, 1934)
        • "Miacis" latidens (Matthew & Granger, 1915)
        • "Miacis" petilus (Gingerich, 1983)
        • Carnivoraformes undet. Genus A (Tomiya, 2013)
        • Carnivoraformes undet. Genus B (Tomiya, 2013)
      • ichnotaxa of Carnivoraformes:
        • Ichnogenus: †Falcatipes (Sargeant & Langston, 1994)
    • Superfamily: †Viverravoidea (Wortman & Matthew, 1899)
    • Incertae sedis:
      • Genus: †Ravenictis (Fox & Youzwyshyn, 1994)
      • "Sinopa" insectivorus (Cope, 1872)
      • Carnivoramorpha sp. [UALVP 31176] (Fox & Youzwyshyn, 1994)
      • Carnivoramorpha sp. [UALVP 50993 & UALVP 50994] (Fox, Scott & Rankin, 2010)
      • Carnivoramorpha sp. [USNM 538395] (Rose, 2012)

Phylogenetic tree

The phylogenetic relationships of Carnivoramorpha are shown in the following cladogram:[7][8][9][10][11][12]

 Pan-Carnivora 

Oxyaenodonta

 Hyaenodonta 

Altacreodus

Tinerhodon

 ? 

Wyolestidae

 ? 

Simidectes

Hyaenodonta (sensu stricto)

 sensu lato 
 Carnivoramorpha 
 Viverravidae 
 Viverravoidea 

Viverravidae (sensu stricto)

 ? 

Ravenictis

 ? 

Carnivoramorpha sp. (UALVP 50993 & UALVP 50994)

 sensu lato 
 ? 

Carnivoramorpha sp. (UALVP 31176)

 ? 

Carnivoramorpha sp. (USNM 538395)

 ? 

"Sinopa" insectivorus

 Carnivoraformes 
 Clade "B" 

Eogale

"Miacis" sp. (CM 67873 & CM 77299)

Gracilocyon igniculus

Gracilocyon winkleri

Gracilocyon solei

Gracilocyon

Gracilocyon sp. (Jibou, Romania)

Gracilocyon rosei

Gracilocyon rundlei

Paramiacis

Paroodectes

 Oodectes jepseni 

 Oodectes 

 Oodectes herpestoides 

 Oodectes proximus 

 Oodectes pugnax 

 Uintacyon hookeri 

 Uintacyon rudis 

 Uintacyon 

 Uintacyon massetericus 

 Uintacyon vorax 

 Uintacyon asodes 

 Uintacyon edax 

 Uintacyon acutus 

 Uintacyon jugulans 

 Uintacyon gingerichi 

Xinyuictis

Zodiocyon

Miocyon

Simamphicyon

 Uintacyon sp. (USGS 1983) 

Messelogale

Quercygalidae

 Clade "C" 

Palaearctonyx

 (†Phlaodectes) 

Vulpavus ovatus

Vulpavus profectus

Vulpavus australis

Vulpavus canavus

Vulpavus completus

Vulpavus

Vulpavus farsonensis

Vulpavus palustris

Vassacyon

Dormaalocyon

"Miacis" exiguus

"Miacis" deutschi

Africtis

 ? 

Carnivoraformes undet. Genus B

Dawsonicyon

"Miacis" boqinghensis

"Miacis" hookwayi

"Miacis" latidens

"Miacis" petilus

 ? 

Carnivoraformes undet. Genus A

Miacis

 Clade "D" 

Lycarion

"Miacis" hargeri

 ? 

Ceruttia

"Miacis" invictus

"Miacis" lushiensis

Neovulpavus

Harpalodon

Procynodictis

Prodaphaenus

 ? 

Walshius

"Miacis" gracilis

Tapocyon

Carnivora (sensu stricto)

 (Carnivora [sensu lato]) 
Altacreodus/Tinerhodon
clade
Gracilocyon/Oodectes
clade
Vulpavus clade

See also

References

  1. Wyss, A. R. & Flynn, J. J. (1993.) “A Phylogenetic Analysis and Definition of the Carnivora.” in "Mammal Phylogeny – Placentals", Szalay, F. S., M. J. Novacek and M. C. McKenna (eds.). ISBN 978-0-387-97853-6
  2. K. D. Rose, A. E. Chew, R. H. Dunn, M. J. Kraus, H. C. Fricke and S. P. Zack (2012.) "Earliest Eocene mammalian fauna from the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum at Sand Creek Divide, southern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming." University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 36:1-122
  3. Matsui, K.; Kimura, Y. (2022). "A "Mammalian-like" Pycnodont Fish: Independent Acquisition of Thecodont Implantation, True Vertical Replacement, and Carnassial Dentitions in Carnivorous Mammals and a Peculiar Group of Pycnodont Fish". Life. 12 (2): Article 250. Bibcode:2022Life...12..250M. doi:10.3390/life12020250. PMC 8878644. PMID 35207537.
  4. Bryant, H.N., and M. Wolson (2004) “Phylogenetic Nomenclature of Carnivoran Mammals.” First International Phylogenetic Nomenclature Meeting. Paris, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle
  5. Solé, Floréal; Smith, Richard; Coillot, Tiphaine; de Bast, Eric; Smith, Thierry (2014). "Dental and tarsal anatomy of Miacis latouri and a phylogenetic analysis of the earliest carnivoraforms (Mammalia, Carnivoramorpha)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.793195. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 86207013.
  6. Floréal Solé & Thierry Smith (2013.) "Dispersals of placental carnivorous mammals (Carnivoramorpha, Oxyaenodonta & Hyaenodontida) near the Paleocene-Eocene boundary: a climatic and almost worldwide story" Geologica Belgica 16/4: 254-261
  7. Flynn, John J.; Finarelli, John A.; Spaulding, Michelle (2010). "Phylogeny of the Carnivora and Carnivoramorpha, and the use of the fossil record to enhance understanding of evolutionary transformations". In Goswami, Anjali; Friscia, Anthony (eds.). Carnivoran evolution. New views on phylogeny, form and function. Cambridge University Press. pp. 25–63. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139193436.003. ISBN 9781139193436.
  8. J. Benton, Michael; C.J. Donoghue, Philip; J. Asher, Robert; Friedman, Matt; J. Near, Thomas; Vinther, Jakob (2015). "Constraints on the timescale of animal evolutionary history" (PDF). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology.
  9. Solé, Floréal; Smith, Thierry; De Bast, Eric; Codrea, Vlad; Gheerbrant, Emmanuel (2016). "New carnivoraforms from the latest Paleocene of Europe and their bearing on the origin and radiation of Carnivoraformes (Carnivoramorpha, Mammalia)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (2): e1082480. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1082480. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 87537565.
  10. Solé, Floréal; Ladevèze, Sandrine (2017). "Evolution of the hypercarnivorous dentition in mammals (Metatheria, Eutheria) and its bearing on the development of tribosphenic molars". Evolution & Development. 19 (2): 56–68. doi:10.1111/ede.12219. PMID 28181377. S2CID 46774007.
  11. Prevosti, Francisco Juan; Forasiepi, Analia M. (2018). "Introduction". Evolution of South American Mammalian Predators During the Cenozoic: Paleobiogeographic and Paleoenvironmental Contingencies. Springer Geology. pp. 1–16. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-03701-1_1. ISBN 978-3-319-03700-4.
  12. Tomiya, S.; Zack, S. P.; Spaulding, M.; Flynn, J. J. (2021). "Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world". Journal of Paleontology. 95 (Supplement S82): 1–115. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.74. S2CID 232358160.

Further reading


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