Limnocyon

Limnocyon ("swamp dog") is an extinct paraphyletic genus of limnocyonid hyaenodonts that lived in North America during the middle Eocene. Fossils of this animal have been found in California, Utah and Wyoming.[7]

Limnocyon
Temporal range: middle Eocene
Skull of Limnocyon verus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: †Hyaenodonta
Family: †Limnocyonidae
Genus: †Limnocyon
Marsh, 1872
Type species
†Limnocyon verus
Marsh, 1872
Species
  • †L. cuspidens (Morlo & Gunnell, 2005)[1]
  • †L. potens (Matthew, 1909)[2]
  • †L. verus (Marsh, 1872)[3]
Synonyms[4]
synonyms of genus:
  • Telmatocyon (Marsh, 1899)
synonyms of species:
  • L. potens:
    • Limnocyon douglassi (Peterson, 1919)[5]
    • Limnocyon protens (Kay, 1957)
  • L. verus:
    • Limnocyon riparius (Marsh, 1872)
    • Oxyaenodon wortmani (Van Valen, 1966)[6]
    • Sinopa vera (Matthew, 1899)
    • Sinopa verus (Matthew, 1901)
    • Stypolophus verus
    • Telmatocyon riparius (Marsh, 1899)
    • Triacodon grandis (Marsh, 1872)
    • Viverravus riparius (Marsh, 1872)

Description

Limnocyon was a small omnivorous hyaenodontid, with some estimates placing it at less than 1 kg in weight.[7] Like other limnocyonids, Limnocyon had only two molars in the upper and lower dentition.[1]

Phylogeny

The phylogenetic relationships of genus Limnocyon are shown in the following cladogram.[8][1][9][10][11][12][13]

 †Hyaenodonta 

†Eoproviverra

†Boualitomidae

 †Limnocyonidae 

†Oxyaenodon

 ? 

†Prolaena

 ? 

†"Thinocyon" sichowensis

†Limnocyon potens

†Limnocyon cuspidens

†Limnocyon verus

†Thinocyon

†Iridodon

†Prolimnocyon atavus

†Prolimnocyon haematus

†Prolimnocyon antiquus

†Prolimnocyon chowi

†Prolimnocyon eerius

 ? 

†Prolimnocyon sp. (South Pass, Green River Basin, Wyoming)

†Arfiidae

†Sinopidae

†Hyaenodontoidea

†Gazinocyon

†Pyrocyon

†Galecyon

 †Afro‑Arabian clade 

†Parvavorodon

†Indohyaenodontidae

†Glibzegdouia

†Koholiidae

†Tritemnodon

†Teratodontidae

†Apterodontinae

†Maocyon

 †Maocyon/Orienspterodon clade

†Orienspterodon

†Hyainailourinae

†Hemipsalodon

 ? 

†Ischnognathus

 †Akhnatenavus clade

†Akhnatenavus

†"Pterodon" sp. (BC 15’08)

†Hyainailourinae sp. (UON 84-359)

†Hyainailourinae sp. C (DPC 9243 & DPC 10315)

†Hyainailourinae sp. D (DPC 6545)

†Kerberos

†"Pterodon" syrtos

 †Pterodon clade

†Pterodontina

†Hyainailourinae sp. A (DPC 6555)

†"Pterodon" africanus

†Parapterodon

†"Pterodon" sp. (DPC 5036)

†"Pterodon" phiomensis

†Hyainailourini

†Paroxyaenini

†Falcatodon

†Sectisodon

†Exiguodon

†Isohyaenodon zadoki

†Isohyaenodon  (†Isohyaenodontina)

†Isohyaenodon andrewsi

†Sivapterodon

†Hyainailouros bugtiensis

†Hyainailouros napakensis

†Hyainailouros

†Hyainailouros sulzeri

†Hyainailourinae sp. (GSN AD 100’96)

†Simbakubwa

†Leakitheriini

†Megistotherium

†Mlanyama

†Metapterodontini

†Pakakali

†Prionogalidae

 †Hyainailouridae
†Lahimia clade
†Limnocyon
†Arfia clade
†Galecyon clade
†Indohyaenodon clade
†Tritemnodon clade

See also

References
  1. Michael Morlo; Gregg F. Gunnell (2005). "New Species of Limnocyon (Mammalia, Creodonta) from the Bridgerian (Middle Eocene)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (1): 251–255. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0251:nsolmc]2.0.co;2. S2CID 85666602.
  2. W. D. Matthew (1909.) "The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene." Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9:289-567
  3. O. C. Marsh (1872.) "Preliminary description of new Tertiary mammals. Part I." American Journal of Science 4(20):122-128
  4. J. Alroy (2002.) "Synonymies and reidentifications of North American fossil mammals."
  5. O. A. Peterson (1919.) "Report Upon the Material Discovered in the Upper Eocene of the Uinta Basin by Earl Douglas in the Years 1908-1909, and by O. A. Peterson in 1912." Annals of Carnegie Museum 12(2):40-168
  6. L. Van Valen (1966.) "Deltatheridia, a new order of Mammals." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 132(1):1-126
  7. Paleobiology Database: Limnocyon
  8. M. Morlo & G. F. Gunnell (2003.) "Small Limnocyonines (Hyaenodontidae, Mammalia) From the Bridgerian Middle Eocene of Wyoming: Thinocyon, Prolimnocyon And Iridodon, New Genus." Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 31(2):43-78
  9. Borths, Matthew R; Stevens, Nancy J (2017). "Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)". Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776.
  10. Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019). "Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1570222. Bibcode:2019JVPal..39E0222B. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222. S2CID 145972918.
  11. Floréal Solé; Bernard Marandat; Fabrice Lihoreau (2020). "The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian". Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185–214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13.
  12. Solé, F.; Morlo, M.; Schaal, T.; Lehmann, T. (2021). "New hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the late Ypresian locality of Prémontré (France) support a radiation of the hyaenodonts in Europe already at the end of the early Eocene". Geobios. 66–67: 119–141. Bibcode:2021Geobi..66..119S. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.02.004. S2CID 234848856.
  13. Averianov, Alexander; Obraztsova, Ekaterina; Danilov, Igor; Jin, Jian-Hua (2023). "A new hypercarnivorous hyaenodont from the Eocene of South China". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1076819. ISSN 2296-701X.
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