Hyainailourinae

Hyainailourinae ("hyena-cats") is an extinct paraphyletic subfamily of hyainailourid hyaenodonts that lived in Africa, Asia, North America and Europe from the middle Eocene to middle Miocene.[5][6][7][8] They appeared in Africa about 47.8 Ma ago and soon after spread as far as East Asia.[9]

Hyainailourinae
Temporal range: Middle Eocene to Middle Miocene
Comparison of various Early to Middle Miocene hyaenodonts, including the hyainailurids Hyainailouros sulzeri (top) and Megistotherium osteothlastes (center), and teratodontid Dissopsalis pyroclasticus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: †Hyaenodonta
Superfamily: †Hyainailouroidea
Family: †Hyainailouridae
Subfamily: †Hyainailourinae
Pilgrim, 1932[1]
Type genus
†Hyainailouros
(polyphyletic genus)
Biedermann, 1863
Genera
[see classification]
Synonyms
  • Hyaenaelurinae (Pilgrim, 1932)
  • Hyaninailourinae (Peigné, 2007)[2]
  • Hyaninailourini (Ginsburg, 1980)[3]
  • Pterodontinae (Polly, 1996)[4]

Classification and phylogeny

Taxonomy
  • Subfamily: †Hyainailourinae (paraphyletic subfamily) (Pilgrim, 1932)
    • Genus: †Megistotherium (Savage, 1973)
      • †Megistotherium osteothlastes (Savage, 1973)
    • Genus: †Mlanyama (Rasmussen & Gutierrez, 2009)
      • †Mlanyama sugu (Rasmussen & Gutierrez, 2009)
    • Genus: †Pakakali (Borths & Stevens, 2017)
      • †Pakakali rukwaensis (Borths & Stevens, 2017)
    • Genus: †Simbakubwa (Borths & Stevens, 2019)
      • †Simbakubwa kutokaafrika (Borths & Stevens, 2019)
    • (unranked): †Akhnatenavus clade
      • Genus: †Akhnatenavus (Holroyd, 1999)
        • †Akhnatenavus leptognathus (Osborn, 1909)
        • †Akhnatenavus nefertiticyon (Borths, 2016)
      • Genus: †Hemipsalodon (Cope, 1885)
        • †Hemipsalodon grandis (Cope, 1885)
        • †Hemipsalodon viejaensis (Gustafson, 1986)
      • Genus: †Ischnognathus (Stovall, 1948)
        • †Ischnognathus savagei (Stovall, 1948)
    • Tribe: †Hyainailourini (polyphyletic tribe) (Ginsburg, 1980)
      • Genus: †Exiguodon (Morales & Pickford, 2017)
        • †Exiguodon pilgrimi (Savage, 1965)
      • Genus: †Falcatodon (Morales & Pickford, 2017)
        • †Falcatodon schlosseri (Holroyd, 1999)
      • Genus: †Hyainailouros (polyphyletic genus) (Biedermann, 1863)
        • †Hyainailouros bugtiensis (Pilgrim, 1912)
        • †Hyainailouros napakensis (Ginsburg, 1980)
        • †Hyainailouros sulzeri (Biedermann, 1863)
      • Genus: †Parapterodon (Lange-Badré, 1979)
        • †Parapterodon lostangensis (Lange-Badré, 1979)
      • Genus: †Sectisodon (Morales & Pickford, 2017)
        • †Sectisodon markgrafi (Holroyd, 1999)
        • †Sectisodon occultus (Morales & Pickford, 2017)
      • Genus: †Sivapterodon (Ginsburg, 1980)
        • †Sivapterodon lahirii (Pilgrim, 1932)
      • Subtribe: †Isohyaenodontina (polyphyletic subtribe) (Lavrov, 1999)
        • Genus: †Isohyaenodon (polyphyletic genus) (Savage, 1965)
          • †Isohyaenodon andrewsi (Savage, 1965)
          • †Isohyaenodon zadoki (Savage, 1965)
      • (unranked): †Pterodon clade
        • Genus: †Kerberos (Solé, 2015)
          • †Kerberos langebadreae (Solé, 2015)
        • Subtribe: †Pterodontina (Lavrov, 1999)
          • Genus: †Pterodon (Blainville, 1839)
            • †Pterodon dasyuroides (Blainville, 1839)
        • Incertae sedis:
          • †"Pterodon" syrtos (Holroyd, 1999)
      • Incertae sedis:
        • †"Pterodon" africanus (Andrews, 1903)
        • †"Pterodon" phiomensis (Osborn, 1909)
        • †"Pterodon" sp. [DPC 5036] (Holroyd, 1999)
    • Tribe: †Leakitheriini (Lavrov, 1999)
      • Genus: †Leakitherium (Savage, 1965)
        • †Leakitherium hiwegi (Savage, 1965)
    • Tribe: †Metapterodontini (Morales & Pickford, 2017)
      • Genus: †Metapterodon (Stromer, 1926)
        • †Metapterodon brachycephalus (Osborn, 1909)
        • †Metapterodon kaiseri (Stromer, 1926)
        • †Metapterodon stromeri (Morales, 1998)
    • Tribe: †Paroxyaenini (Lavrov, 2007)
      • Genus: †Paroxyaena (Martin, 1906)
        • †Paroxyaena galliae (Filhol, 1881)
        • †Paroxyaena pavlovi (Lavrov, 2007)
    • Incertae sedis:
      • †"Pterodon" sp. [BC 15’08] (Pickford, 2008)
      • †Hyainailourinae sp. [GSN AD 100’96] (Morales, 1998)
      • †Hyainailourinae sp. [UON 84-359] (Solé, 2016)
      • †Hyainailourinae sp. A [DPC 6555] (Holroyd, 1999)
      • †Hyainailourinae sp. C [DPC 9243 & DPC 10315] (Holroyd, 1999)
      • †Hyainailourinae sp. D [DPC 6545] (Holroyd, 1999)

Phylogeny

The phylogenetic relationships of subfamily Hyainailourinae are shown in the following cladogram:[10][11][12][13][14][9]

 †Hyaenodonta 

†Eoproviverra

†Boualitomidae

†Arfiidae

†Limnocyonidae

†Sinopidae

†Hyaenodontoidea

†Gazinocyon

†Pyrocyon

†Galecyon

 †Afro‑Arabian clade 

†Parvavorodon

†Indohyaenodontidae

†Glibzegdouia

†Koholiidae

†Tritemnodon

†Teratodontidae

†Apterodontinae

†Maocyon

 †Maocyon/Orienspterodon clade

†Orienspterodon

†Hyainailourinae
 †Hemipsalodon 

†Hemipsalodon grandis

†Hemipsalodon viejaensis

 †Ischnognathus 

†Ischnognathus savagei

 ? 
 †Akhnatenavus clade
 †Akhnatenavus 

†Akhnatenavus leptognathus

†Akhnatenavus nefertiticyon

†"Pterodon" sp. (BC 15’08)

†Hyainailourinae sp. (UON 84-359)

†Hyainailourinae sp. C (DPC 9243 & DPC 10315)

†Hyainailourinae sp. D (DPC 6545)

 †Kerberos 

†Kerberos langebadreae

†"Pterodon" syrtos

 †Pterodon clade
 †Pterodontina 
 †Pterodon 

†Pterodon dasyuroides

†Hyainailourinae sp. A (DPC 6555)

†"Pterodon" africanus

 †Parapterodon 

†Parapterodon lostangensis

†"Pterodon" sp. (DPC 5036)

†"Pterodon" phiomensis

†Hyainailourini

 †Paroxyaenini 
 †Paroxyaena 

†Paroxyaena galliae

†Paroxyaena pavlovi

 †Sectisodon 

†Sectisodon markgrafi

†Sectisodon occultus

 †Falcatodon 

†Falcatodon schlosseri

 †Exiguodon 

†Exiguodon pilgrimi

†Isohyaenodon zadoki

†Isohyaenodon  (†Isohyaenodontina)

†Isohyaenodon andrewsi

 †Sivapterodon 

†Sivapterodon lahirii

†Hyainailouros bugtiensis

†Hyainailouros napakensis

†Hyainailouros

†Hyainailouros sulzeri

†Hyainailourinae sp. (GSN AD 100’96)

 †Simbakubwa 

†Simbakubwa kutokaafrika

 †Leakitheriini 
 †Leakitherium 

†Leakitherium hiwegi

 †Megistotherium 

†Megistotherium osteothlastes

 †Mlanyama 

†Mlanyama sugu

 †Metapterodontini 
 †Metapterodon 

†Metapterodon brachycephalus

†Metapterodon kaiseri

†Metapterodon stromeri

 †Pakakali 

†Pakakali rukwaensis

†Prionogalidae

 †Hyainailouridae
†Lahimia clade
†Arfia clade
†Galecyon clade
†Indohyaenodon clade
†Tritemnodon clade

See also

References
  1. Pilgrim G. E. (1932). "The fossil Carnivora of India. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India". Palaeontologica Indica. 18 (1–232). doi:10.1017/S0016756800096448. Archived from the original on April 13, 2023.
  2. S. Peigné, M. Morlo, Y. Chaimanee, S. Ducrocq, S. T. Tun and J. J. Jaeger (2007). "New discoveries of hyaenodontids (Creodonta, Mammalia) from the Pondaung Formation, middle Eocene, Myanmar—paleobiogeographic implications". Geodiversitas. 29: 441–458.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. Ginsburg, L. (1980). "Hyainailouros sulzeri, mammifère créodonte du Miocène européen". Annales de Paléontologie. 66: 19–73.
  4. P. D. Poll (1996). "The skeleton of Gazinocyon vulpeculus gen. et. comb nov. and the cladistic relationships of Hyaenodontidae (Eutheria, Mammalia)" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 16 (2): 303–31. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 25, 2023.
  5. Solé, F.; Lhuillier, J.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Mahboubi, M.; Tabuce, R. (2013). "The hyaenodontidans from the Gour Lazib area (?Early Eocene, Algeria): implications concerning the systematics and the origin of the Hyainailourinae and Teratodontinae". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 12 (3): 303–322. doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.795196. S2CID 84475034.
  6. Floréal Solé; Eli Amson; Matthew Borths; Dominique Vidalenc; Michael Morlo; Katharina Bastl (2015). "A New Large Hyainailourine from the Bartonian of Europe and Its Bearings on the Evolution and Ecology of Massive Hyaenodonts (Mammalia)". PLOS ONE. 10 (9): e0135698. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1035698S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135698. PMC 4580617. PMID 26398622.
  7. Matthew R. Borths; Patricia A. Holroyd; Erik R. Seiffert (2016). "Hyainailourine and teratodontine cranial material from the late Eocene of Egypt and the application of parsimony and Bayesian methods to the phylogeny and biogeography of Hyaenodonta (Placentalia, Mammalia)". PeerJ. 4: e2639. doi:10.7717/peerj.2639. PMC 5111901. PMID 27867761.
  8. Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2017). "The first hyaenodont from the late Oligocene Nsungwe Formation of Tanzania: Paleoecological insights into the Paleogene-Neogene carnivore transition". PLOS ONE. 12 (10): e0185301. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1285301B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185301. PMC 5636082. PMID 29020030.
  9. Averianov, Alexander; Obraztsova, Ekaterina; Danilov, Igor; Jin, Jian-Hua (2023). "A new hypercarnivorous hyaenodont from the Eocene of South China". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1076819. ISSN 2296-701X.
  10. Laudet, V.; Grohé, C.; Morlo, M.; Chaimanee, Y.; Blondel, C.; Coster, P.; Valentin, X.; Salem, M.; Bilal, A. A.; Jaeger, J. J.; Brunet, M. (2012). "New Apterodontinae (Hyaenodontida) from the Eocene Locality of Dur At-Talah (Libya): Systematic, Paleoecological and Phylogenetical Implications". PLOS ONE. 7 (11): e49054. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...749054G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049054. PMC 3504055. PMID 23185292.
  11. Borths, Matthew R.; Stevens, Nancy J. (2017). "Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)". Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776.
  12. Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019). "Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1570222. Bibcode:2019JVPal..39E0222B. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222. S2CID 145972918.
  13. Floréal Solé; Bernard Marandat; Fabrice Lihoreau (2020). "The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian". Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185–214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13. S2CID 219585388.
  14. Solé, F.; Morlo, M.; Schaal, T.; Lehmann, T. (2021). "New hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the late Ypresian locality of Prémontré (France) support a radiation of the hyaenodonts in Europe already at the end of the early Eocene". Geobios. 66–67: 119–141. Bibcode:2021Geobi..66..119S. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.02.004. S2CID 234848856.
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