Sinopa

Sinopa ("swift fox")[12] is an extinct genus of placental mammals from extinct family Sinopidae within extinct order Hyaenodonta, that lived in North America and Asia from the early to middle Eocene.[13][14]

Sinopa
Temporal range: Early to Middle Eocene
Sinopa major skeleton
Sinopa rapax skeleton
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: †Hyaenodonta
Family: †Sinopidae
Genus: †Sinopa
Leidy, 1871
Type species
†Sinopa rapax
Leidy, 1871
Species
  • †S. jilinia (Morlo, 2014)[1]
  • †S. lania (Matthew, 1909)[2]
  • †S. longipes (Peterson, 1919)[3]
  • †S. major (Wortman, 1902)[4]
  • †S. minor (Wortman, 1902)
  • †S. piercei (Bown, 1982)[5]
  • †S. pungens (Cope, 1872)[6]
  • †S. rapax (Leidy, 1871)[7]
Synonyms[8]
synonyms of genus:
  • Mimocyon (Peterson, 1919)
  • Proviverroides (Bown, 1982)
  • Stypolophus (Cope, 1872)
  • Triacodon (Marsh, 1871)
synonyms of species:
  • S. longipes:
    • Miacis longipes (Simpson, 1945)
    • Mimocyon longipes (Peterson, 1919)
    • Proviverra longipes (Dawson, 1980)
  • S. major:
    • Proviverra grangeri (Van Valen, 1965)[9]
    • Proviverra major (Gustafson, 1986)[10]
    • Sinopa grangeri (Matthew, 1906)
  • S. minor:
    • Proviverra minor (Van Valen, 1965)
  • S. piercei:
    • Proviverroides piercei (Bown, 1982)
  • S. pungens:
    • Proviverra pungens (Van Valen, 1965)
    • Stypolophus pungens (Cope, 1872)
  • S. rapax:
    • Proviverra rapax (Van Valen, 1965)
    • Sinopa aculeatus (Cope, 1871)[11]
    • Stypolophus aculeatus (Cope, 1872)
    • Stypolophus rapax
    • Triacodon aculeatus (Cope, 1872)
    • Triacodon fallax (Marsh, 1872)

Description

Sinopa was a small genus of hyaenodontid mammals. Its carnassial teeth were the second upper molar and the lower third. Sinopa species had an estimated weight of 1.33 to 13.97 kilograms.[15] The type specimen was found in the Bridger formation in Uinta County, Wyoming, and existed 50.3 to 46.2 million years ago.

Taxonomy

The putative African species "Sinopa" ethiopica from Egypt was considered a species of Metasinopa by Savage (1965), although Holroyd (1994) considered it a potential new genus related to Quasiapterodon.[16]

Phylogeny

The phylogenetic relationships of genus Sinopa are shown in the following cladogram.[17][18][19][20][21][22]

 †Hyaenodonta 

†Eoproviverra

†Boualitomidae

 †Sinopidae 
 †Sinopa 

†Sinopa major

 ? 

†Sinopa sp. A (AMNH FM 11538)

†Sinopa jilinia

†Sinopa longipes

†Sinopa lania

†Sinopa rapax

†Sinopa minor

†Sinopa pungens

†Sinopa piercei

 ? 

†Sinopidae sp. (FMNH PM 59529)

†Prototomus phobos

†Prototomus secundarius

†Prototomus viverrinus

†Prototomus deimos

 †Prototomus

†Prototomus martis

†Prototomus robustus

†Prototomus girardoti

†Prototomus minimus

†Acarictis

†Arfiidae

†Limnocyonidae

†Hyaenodontoidea

†Gazinocyon

†Pyrocyon

†Galecyon

 †Afro‑Arabian clade 

†Parvavorodon

†Indohyaenodontidae

†Glibzegdouia

†Koholiidae

†Tritemnodon

†Teratodontidae

†Apterodontinae

†Maocyon

 †Maocyon/Orienspterodon clade

†Orienspterodon

†Hyainailourinae

†Hemipsalodon

 ? 

†Ischnognathus

 †Akhnatenavus clade

†Akhnatenavus

†"Pterodon" sp. (BC 15'08)

†Hyainailourinae sp. (UON 84-359)

†Hyainailourinae sp. C (DPC 9243 & DPC 10315)

†Hyainailourinae sp. D (DPC 6545)

†Kerberos

†"Pterodon" syrtos

 †Pterodon clade

†Pterodontina

†Hyainailourinae sp. A (DPC 6555)

†"Pterodon" africanus

†Parapterodon

†"Pterodon" sp. (DPC 5036)

†"Pterodon" phiomensis

†Hyainailourini

†Paroxyaenini

†Falcatodon

†Sectisodon

†Exiguodon

†Isohyaenodon zadoki

†Isohyaenodon  (†Isohyaenodontina)

†Isohyaenodon andrewsi

†Sivapterodon

†Hyainailouros bugtiensis

†Hyainailouros napakensis

†Hyainailouros

†Hyainailouros sulzeri

†Hyainailourinae sp. (GSN AD 100'96)

†Simbakubwa

†Leakitheriini

†Megistotherium

†Mlanyama

†Metapterodontini

†Pakakali

†Prionogalidae

 †Hyainailouridae
†Lahimia clade
†Sinopa clade
†Arfia clade
†Galecyon clade
†Indohyaenodon clade
†Tritemnodon clade

See also

References
  1. M. Morlo, K. Bastl, W. Wu and S. F. K. Schaal (2014.) "The first species of Sinopa (Hyaenodontida, Mammalia) from outside of North America: implications for the history of the genus in the Eocene of Asia and North America." Palaeontology 57(1):111-125
  2. W. D. Matthew (1909.) "The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene." Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9:289-567
  3. O. A. Peterson (1919.) "Report Upon the Material Discovered in the Upper Eocene of the Uinta Basin by Earl Douglas in the Years 1908-1909, and by O. A. Peterson in 1912." Annals of Carnegie Museum 12(2):40-168
  4. J. L. Wortman (1902.) "Studies of Eocene Mammalia in the Marsh Collection, Peabody Museum." The American Journal of Science, series 4 14(79):17-23
  5. T. M. Bown (1982.) "Geology, Paleontology, and Correlation of Eocene Volcaniclastic Rocks, Southeast Absaroka Range, Hot Springs County, Wyoming." United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1201-A:A1-A75
  6. E. D. Cope (1872.) "Second account of new Vertebrata from the Bridger Eocene." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (separate) 1-3
  7. J. Leidy (1871) "Remarks on fossil vertebrates from Wyoming." Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 23(2):228-229
  8. J. Alroy (2002.) "Synonymies and reidentifications of North American fossil mammals."
  9. L. Van Valen (1965.) "Some European Proviverrini (Mammalia, Deltatheridia)." Palaeontology 8(4):638-665
  10. E. P. Gustafson (1986.) "Carnivorous mammals of the Late Eocene and Early Oligocene of Trans-Pecos Texas." Texas Memorial Museum Bulletin 33:1-66
  11. E. D. Cope (1871.) "Descriptions of some new Vertebrata from the Bridger Group of the Eocene." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 12:460-465
  12. Floréal Solé; Jocelyn Falconnet; Laurent Yves (2014). "New proviverrines (Hyaenodontida) from the early Eocene of Europe; phylogeny and ecological evolution of the Proviverrinae". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 171 (4): 878–917. doi:10.1111/zoj.12155.
  13. "Sinopa". The Paleobiology Database. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
  14. Tomiya, S.; Zack, S. P.; Spaulding, M.; Flynn, J. J. (2021). "Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world". Journal of Paleontology. 95 (Supplement S82): 1–115. Bibcode:2021JPal...95S...1T. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.74.
  15. Egi, Naoko (2001). "Body mass estimates in extinct mammals from limb bone dimensions: the case of North American hyaenodontids" (PDF). Palaeontology. 44 (3): 497–528. Bibcode:2001Palgy..44..497E. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00189. S2CID 128832577.
  16. Lewis, M. E., Morlo, M. (2010): Creodonta. – In : Werdelin, L., Sanders, W. (eds), Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 543–560. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520257214.003.0026
  17. G. F. Gunnell (1998.) "Creotonda." In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals"
  18. Borths, Matthew R; Stevens, Nancy J (2017). "Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)". Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776.
  19. Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019). "Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1570222. Bibcode:2019JVPal..39E0222B. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222. S2CID 145972918.
  20. Floréal Solé; Bernard Marandat; Fabrice Lihoreau (2020). "The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian". Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185–214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13.
  21. Solé, F.; Morlo, M.; Schaal, T.; Lehmann, T. (2021). "New hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the late Ypresian locality of Prémontré (France) support a radiation of the hyaenodonts in Europe already at the end of the early Eocene". Geobios. 66–67: 119–141. Bibcode:2021Geobi..66..119S. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.02.004. ISSN 0016-6995. S2CID 234848856.
  22. Averianov, Alexander; Obraztsova, Ekaterina; Danilov, Igor; Jin, Jian-Hua (2023). "A new hypercarnivorous hyaenodont from the Eocene of South China". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1076819. ISSN 2296-701X.

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